Ανδρέας Ιωάννου Κασσέτας

 

 

Φυσική του 20ου αιώνα   2
 

 

 

 


47.  Ένα σωματίδιο μάζας ηρεμίας m0 = 10-25 kg έχει κινητική ενέργεια 9.10-9 J.

α

η μάζα του σωματιδίου είναι 3m0 .

β

η ταχύτητα του σωματιδίου είναι 3c/2

γ

η ταχύτητα του σωματιδίου είναι  √18.108 m/s

δ

Είναι αδύνατον ένα σωματίδιο με τόσο μικρή μάζα να έχει τόση κινητική ενέργεια

 

 

 

 

 

 

48.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

α

η λύση της εξίσωσης Schrödinger μπορεί να είναι είτε μία μιγαδική συνάρτηση είτε μία πραγματική συνάρτηση

β

ο τελεστής της ορμής είναι ∂/∂x

γ

ο τελεστής της ορμής είναι -∂/∂x

δ

 o τελεστής της ενέργειας είναι -∂/∂t

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

49.  Σε μία μονοδιάστατη κίνηση

α

για την αβεβαιότητα της ορμής ισχύει (Δp)2 = ‹p2› - ‹p2

β

για τη μέση τιμή της ορμής ισχύει   p › = ∫ ψ*(iћ∂Ψ/∂x)dx

γ

για την αβεβαιότητα της θέσης  ισχύει (Δx)2 = ‹x2 - ‹x2

δ

η μέση τιμή ‹ x › της θέσης είναι ίση με ∫x|Ψ(x)|2 dx

 

 

 

 

 

 

50. Δύο σωματίδια Σ1 και Σ2 κινούνται με ταχύτητες υ1= 1,8.108 m/s και υ2= 2,4.108 m/s. Αν η μάζα ηρεμίας του Σ1

είναι διπλάσια από τη μάζα ηρεμίας του Σ2, ο λόγος των ορμών p1/p2 είναι ίσος με

α

2/3             

β

3/2

γ

9/8

δ

Έναν αριθμό διαφορετικό από τους τρεις προηγούμενους

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

51. Ένα σωματίδιο έχει ταχύτητα 0,8c ,  ορμή 3,6.10-22 Ns και μάζα ηρεμίας

α

9.10-31 kg

β

9.10-27 kg

γ

1,5.10-29 kg

δ

Διαφορετική από τις τρεις προηγούμενες

 

 

 

 

­­­­

 

52. Ένα σωματίδιο με μάζα ηρεμίας m0 έχει ταχύτητα 0,6c . Για να αυξηθεί η ταχύτητά του σε 0,8c πρέπει

να του μεταβιβαστεί ενέργεια

α

m0c2

β

m0c2/12

γ

5 m0c2/12

δ

Διαφορετική από τις τρεις προηγούμενες

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

53. Η κυματοσυνάρτηση Ψ = e i(kx- ωt)  είναι λύση της εξίσωσης Schrödinger

α

εφόσον το σωματίδιο κινείται ελεύθερα , σε χώρο δηλαδή χωρίς εξωτερικό δυναμικό

β

εφόσον το μάζας m σωματίδιο κινείται ελεύθερα και εφόσον ισχύει   ћk2= 2mω

γ

σε κάθε περίπτωση

δ

ουδέποτε

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

54. Μία ράβδος με μηδενική αρχική ταχύτητα ως προς ένα σύστημα αναφοράς βρίσκεται στο επίπεδο xoy και σχηματίζει γωνία 450 με τον άξονα x. Όταν κινείται μεταφορικά διατηρούμενη στο επίπεδο xoy με ταχύτητα 0,8 c παράλληλη προς τον άξονα x - φαίνεται να σχηματίζει γωνία φ ως προς άξονα x

α

φ = 450

β

εφφ = 5/3

γ

εφφ = 3/5

δ

η φ είναι διαφορετική από τις τρεις προηγούμενες

 

 

 

 

 

55. Κατά την τριδιάσταση κίνηση ενός σωματιδίου

α

είναι δυνατόν  να μετρήσουμε ταυτόχρονα και τις τρεις συνιστώσες της στροφορμής του

β

είναι δυνατόν να μετρήσουμε ταυτόχρονα τη συνιστώσα  x  της θέσης και τη συνιστώσα px της ορμής του

γ

είναι αδύνατον να μετρήσουμε ταυτόχρονα τις τρεις συνιστώσες px, py, pz της ορμής του

δ

είναι αδύνατον να μετρήσουμε ταυτόχρονα τις τρεις συνιστώσες x, y, z της θέσης του

 

 

 

 

 

 

56. Κατά την τριδιάσταση κίνηση ενός σωματιδίου

α

το γινόμενο «αβεβαιότητα της ορμής Δpx επί αβεβαιότητα θέσης Δx»  είναι αδύνατον να είναι μεγαλύτερο από ½ ћ/2

β

δεν υπάρχει έννοια «αβεβαιότητα χρόνου» διότι για το μέγεθος χρόνος δεν υπάρχει τελεστής

γ

για την αβεβαιότητα της ορμής ισχύει (Δp)2 = ‹p2 - ‹p2

δ

δεν υπάρχει έννοια «αβεβαιότητα ενέργειας διότι για το μέγεθος ενέργεια

δεν υπάρχει τελεστής

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

57. Αν η ακτίνα του ατόμου του υδρογόνου στο μοντέλο του Bohr θεωρηθεί 0,5 Ǻ το μήκος κύματος de Broglie ενός ηλεκτρονίου στη θεμελιώδη κατάσταση θα είναι

α

3,14  Ǻ

β

0,5  Ǻ

γ

1  Ǻ

δ

6,28   Ǻ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

58. Από τα τέσσερα φωτόνια με τα παρακάτω μήκη κύματος, ένα μόνο μπορεί να προκαλέσει ιονισμό του ατόμου του υδρογόνου

α

80000 Ǻ

β

6000   Ǻ

γ

900    Ǻ

δ

100 cm

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

59. Σε μια από τις εκτελέσεις του πειράματος Davisson-Germer σε νικέλιο η προνομιούχα γωνία ανάκλασης ήταν 630 .

Αν ημ630 = 0,89 και δεδομένου ότι για το νικέλιο d = 2,15 Ǻ η ενέργεια της ηλεκτρονικής δέσμης ήταν

α

42 eV

β

84 eV

γ

21 eV

δ

56 eV

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

60. Μια  αμαξοστοιχία επιστημονικής φαντασίας κινούμενη με ταχύτητα 0,6 c έχει ιδιομήκος 200 μέτρα και κατευθύνεται σε μια σήραγγα . Ένας παρατηρητής, καθισμένος στο έδαφος και εφοδιασμένος με ειδικό χρονόμετρο, διαπιστώνει ότι το χρονικό διάστημα που βρισκόταν ολόκληρη μέσα στη σήραγγα ήταν 2.10-6s.Το μήκος της σήραγγας είναι

α

520 m

β

260 m

γ

1040 m

δ

Διαφορετικό από τα τρία προηγούμενα

 

 

 

 

 

 

61. Αν η αμαξοστοιχία του προηγούμενου ερωτήματος έχει μάζα ηρεμίας m0 .

α

Ένας επιβάτης διαπιστώνει ότι το χρονικό διάστημα μέσα στη σήραγγα ήταν 3. 10-6s.

β

Ένας επιβάτης διαπιστώνει ότι το χρονικό διάστημα μέσα στη σήραγγα ήταν 2,5. 10-6s.

γ

η ορμή της αμαξοστοιχίας είναι ίση με 0,6m0c

δ

Κανένα από τα τρία προηγούμενα δεν είναι σωστό

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

62. To μέτρο της στροφορμής ενός κβαντικού σωματιδίου είναι 6 ћ. Η μέγιστη τιμή της προβολής του σε άξονα z

α

είναι ίση με 2 ћ

β

είναι ίση με 3 ћ

γ

είναι ίση με  ћ

δ

είναι ίση με  3ћ/2

 

 

 

 

 

 

63. To μέτρο της στροφορμής ενός κβαντικού σωματιδίου είναι 12 ћ. Στην κατάστασης μέγιστης προβολής του στον άξονα z το διάνυσμα της στροφορμής σχηματίζει μ ε τον άξονα z γωνία θ για την οποία

α

θ = 300

β

θ = 600

γ

εφθ = √12

δ

κανένα από τα τρία προηγούμενα δεν είναι σωστό

 

 

 

 

 

 

64. Η σύμφωνα με το κβαντομηχανικό μοντέλο τροχιακή στροφορμή του ηλεκτρονίου σε άτομο υδρογόνου, για ηλεκτρόνιο ορισμένης ενέργειας, είναι ίση με μηδέν. Μπορούμε να συμπεράνουμε ότι 

α

η  ενέργεια του ηλεκτρονίου είναι μηδέν

β

η  ενέργεια του ηλεκτρονίου είναι  -13,6/4 eV

γ

η  ενέργεια του ηλεκτρονίου είναι -13,6

δ

είναι αδύνατον να συμβαίνει οτιδήποτε από τα προηγούμενα

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

65. Εκτός από τις εννοιολογικές τους διαφορές η θεωρία του Bohr διαφέρει από την κβαντομηχανική θεωρία του ατόμου του υδρογόνου ως προς την πρόβλεψή της 

α

το μέγεθος του ατόμου

β

το φάσμα εκπομπής του ατόμου

γ

το έργο ιοντισμού του ατόμου

δ

τη στροφορμή στη θεμελιώδη κατάσταση

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

66. Η ενέργεια Fermi ενός μετάλλου είναι 5,2 eV  . Σε 300 Κ η ενεργειακή στάθμη με τιμή 1% μεγαλύτερη από την ενέργεια Fermi έχει πιθανότητα κατάληψης περίπου  

α

12 %

β

1 %

γ

62 %

δ

με καμία από τις παραπάνω τιμές

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

67.   Η ενέργεια Fermi

α

είναι ίση με την ενέργεια της τελευταίας κατειλημμένης στάθμης ενός συστήματος φερμιονίων στο απόλυτο μηδέν

β

είναι ίση με ћ2/2m . (3π2n)3 όπου n ο αριθμός των ελευθέρων ηλεκτρονίων ανά μονάδα όγκου του κρυστάλλου

γ

είναι η ενέργεια που αντιστοιχεί σε στάθμη με πιθανότητα κατάληψης 1/e

δ

είναι ίση με ћ2/2m . (3π2n)2 όπου n ο αριθμός των ελευθέρων ηλεκτρονίων ανά μονάδα όγκου του κρυστάλλου και m η μάζα του ηλεκτρονίου

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

68. στους ημιαγωγούς 

α

Η αύξηση της θερμοκρασίας δεν επηρεάζει την αγωγιμότητα

β

Η αύξηση της θερμοκρασίας συνεπάγεται ελάττωση της αγωγιμότητας

γ

Στην αγωγιμότητα συνεισφέρουν  μόνο οι οπές

δ

Ένα μικρό αλλά μη αμελητέο  πλήθος ηλεκτρονίων της τελευταίας κατειλημμένης ζώνης σθένους,  θα διασχίσει την «απαγορευμένη» περιοχή και βρεθεί στη ζώνη αγωγιμότητας

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

69 . Στους ημιαγωγούς τύπου p

α

η ενέργεια Fermi υποβιβάζεται

β

τα ενεργειακά επίπεδα του δέκτη είναι πλησιέστερα στη ζώνη σθένους

γ

τα ενεργειακά επίπεδα του δέκτη είναι πλησιέστερα στη ζώνη αγωγιμότητας

δ

οι προσμείξεις είναι από αγώγιμο υλικό

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

70. Kατά την εκτέλεση ενός πειράματος Davisson-Germer σε νικέλιο ( d = 2,15 Ǻ ) η δέσμη ηλεκτρονίων έχει ενέργεια 66 eV.

Για την προνομιούχα γωνία ανάκλασης φ ισχύει

α

φ 750

β

φ  450

γ

ημφ = 0, 89

δ

μια τιμή διαφορετική από τις τρεις προηγούμενες