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EXPANDED UNIVERSE CHANGES THE NATURAL LAWS

 

ABSTRACT

 

The natural laws were become for a static world.

 

In the Newton’s gravity theory (and in the General Relativity), is in effect for the gravity the law of reverse square.

This law results from the law of Gauss about the gravity’s dynamic lines. I will prove that the law of reverse square is absolutely right only in one static universe.

                                                                                                       

An expanding universe, modify the gravity dynamic lines toward m1ßà  m2 direction (m1,m2 are masses). Gauss and gravity laws doesn’t take into consideration this modification.

 

Gravity Dynamics lines and energy density are reduced more than inverse square law calculates.

We must replace (1/r2) with   (1/(r2*(1+z)).

 

The Newton’s law must be replaced with ….=>Fnew=F/(1+z).

 

Force between two electric charges must be replaced with

 

Z=”redshift” of gravity waves [Z=function(R)]

(Z=z=redshift of light that travels from m1 to m2, if the speed of gravity waves is equal with c).

 

I will give you an example.

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If you want to see animation gif , click blank picture below or click here.

An Object m1 emitted light (for t sec) to all directions

Total energy of light is W.

 

A) STATIC UNIVERSE.
There is an object (m2), R meters away.

Light arrives to m2. Observer_m2 looks the light for t sec, and he measures the Apparent Brightness (ABstatic=f1).

 The Apparent Brightness is how much energy is coming from object m1 per square meter per second, as measured on object m2. The units are watts per square meter per sec (W/m2 sec).  

f1=Wstatic_obz/Tobz*Sobz                                    (Tobz=1 sec   Sobz=1 m2).  

The Energy Density (DE) of the area is WDE1=W/(4*pi*R2*c*t)               joule/m3     (t*c<<R)

 

B) EXPANDING UNIVERSE

There is an object (m2), r meters away

Because of the expansion, distance between m1 and m2 is R, when light arrives to m2.
An observer on m2 measures the Apparent Brightness (ABexpan=f2).

f2=Wexpant_obz/Tobz*Sobz                                       (Tobz=1 sec   Sobz=1 m2). 

 

The Energy Density (DE) of the area is:
WDE2=W/(4*pi*R2*c*t(1+z))= WDE1/(1+z)                                                joule/m3     (t*c<<R)

 

Is the f1 equal with f2; The answer is NO.

Observer1 clocks the light for t sec.

Observer2 clocks the light for t*(1+z) sec. Because of the expansion (1+z= R/r), the thickness of the moving shell of light has increased from t*c to t*c*(1+z).

 

Every second, 299792459 m3, (space include light), crash to Sobz=1 m2 surface.
So because (Tobz=1 sec   Sobz=1 m2):

Wstatic_obz= WDE1*299792459                                                                joule
Wexpant_obz= WDE2*299792459                                                              joule

 

 

While light is traveling the Apparent Brightness become smaller:

1)1/R2 because of the surface expansion of shell

2)1/(1+z) because of the changing of shell’s thickness (only in the expanding universe).

 

f1= Wstatic_obz /Tobz*Sobz

f2=Wexpant_obz/Tobz*Sobz

 

f1/f2=1+z èf2=f1/(1+z).

 

 

 

GRAVITY and COSMOLOGICAL MODELS

If we accept that, gravity uses gravitons to travel, gravity reduce their density like the above example, so the law of gravity must be changed too. Fnew=F/(1+Z).

 

If the gravity is the result of time-space stretch, i can't assert the above result for the gravity law, even if in the General Relativity, is in effect for the gravity, the law of reverse square.

Maybe, someone who knows General Relativity and cosmological models can do it.

 

Gravity seems to leak.

Read more:

http://www.physics4u.gr/articles/2004/outofdarkness1.html

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7047871/

http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/dark_energy_050228.html

http://net.larc.nasa.gov/news.php?id=30

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/02/050223151354.htm

 

If the R is small (Neighboring galaxies) the difference is negligibly.

If the R is large the difference are huge. Cosmological models must be changed.
I personally believe that, we live in a constant expansion universe. (Ho=1/To must be the law of expansion), because gravity from an object is in influence only with the near objects.  In no case with all the universe, because in the large distances z is huge. Forces in an object (m1) are statistically equal from all directions.

 

Validakis Constantine

 

You can send me your opinion:     validakis@google.com

045518761