��

o &qaAolo oVoqep&Tol:

e e opl Y' T u un A YLOTr OTlv Ko8llepLvr lo tUrl T p'A T u un A YLOTr Oe Ko8llepLv' �poOTlpL'TlTe l T u LOT pLK OTo8l Tl e�eALKTLKr n pefo

T u uALK KoL T u A YLOlLK l

1.1 XpoVonpoYpoJJoTlOJOC

uv ALK' np TeLv'lev xp'v 4 wpe (2 8eUpfo, 2 oOKrOeL )

M wpo 10: KoToVoJ� uA'C

a un A YLOTr OTlv Ko8llepLvr tUr aL AuT'loTe ToleL A YLOTLK' Mlxov' TUv Tponetwv a un A YLOTr Oe 'vo n AuKoTOOTllo a un A YLOTr OT u o8AlTLK oYwve a un A YLOTr OTlv uYefo a un A YLOTr OT v 'AeYx Tl KuKA pfo TUv ou-

T KLvrTUv aL e� l LUT' a un A YLOTr OTlv e�epe vlOl T u �LoOTrloT a un A YLOTr OTlv luxoYUYfo a un A YLOTr OTlv eKnof�euOl

M wpo 20: KoToVoJ� uA'C

nw TOOole OT u OllepLv un A YLOT' aL npwT L lAeKTp vLK f un A YLOT' H e�'AL�l T u uALK H e�'AL�l OT A YLOlLK' T l'AA v

o UrO.OyW T�c KaW OW ccaPlOytc TO�

1.2 r&Vl eC nopoT'p�O&lC

aL epYoOfe n u np (A'n uv enLOK'leL OTlpft vToL OTl �poOTlpL'TlTo le TfTA : «EnfOKell, eno r KoL leA'Tl ev' xwp u 'n u unOpxeL e opl Yr T u un A YLOTr»l

1.3 IXeilo Jo9'JaTwV

1.3.1 1o M wpo

Mlio Teo uA' a un A YLOTr OTlv Ko8llepLvr tUr aL AuT'loTe ToleL A YLOTLK' Mlxov' TUv Tpone

twv a un A YLOTr Oe 'vo n AuKoTOOTllo a un A YLOTr OT u o8AlTLK oYwve a un A YLOTr OTlv uYefo a un A YLOTr OT v 'AeYx Tl KuKA pfo TUv ou-

T KLvrTUv aL e� l LUT' a un A YLOTr OTlv e�epe vlOl T u �LoOTrloT a un A YLOTr OTlv luxoYUYfo a un A YLOTr OTlv eKnof�euOl

EpwT�O&lC: 1-14

AO �O&lC: 1-11, 13-15

Ynoi& �&lC -aL lo8lT' np'neL, l'Oo on' To nopo�efYloTo n u ovo 'nopoT'p�O&lC p vToL, vo lO8 uv vo �LoKpfv uv TL e opl Y' Tl nAlp

pLKr OTL Ko8llepLv' �poOTlpL'TlTe T u ov8pwn u KoL vo «evT nft uv» T nAlp pLoK' O OTllo n u «Kp (e-ToL» nfOU on' lLo T'T Lo e opl Yrl ILo vo neT x ule T u noponOvU OT'x u , np'neL, le (OOl To nopo�efYloTo n u �fv ule OT (L(Af , vo �8ef L�LofTep (Op OTL �uvoT'TlTe n u lo np O 'p uv L un A YLOT' YLo Tlv npoYloT n flOl TUv e opl Ywv ouTwv KoL 'xL onAw vo lO8 uv L lo8lT' lepLK' e opl Y' l EnfOl KoA' efvoL vo OutlTl8 v OTlv TO�l KoL OAAe e opl Y' T u un A YLOTr, 'nU , YLo nopO�eLYlo, l xprOl T u un A YLOTr Oe 'vov oYwvo lnOOKeT KoL nw ouTr ( l8O OTlv TlAe nTLKr leTO� Or T ul ao tlTl8ef �lAo�r on' T u

lo8lT' vo «evT nfO uv» T v un A YLOTr Oe lLo T'T Lo le-TO� Oll MeTO on' Tl OutrTlOl vo ovotlTl8 v KoL To 'Al n u np K nT uv on' Tl xprOl T u un A YLOTr Oe ouTr Tlv nepfnTUOll MLo ovOnTu�l T u 8'loT 8o ln p Oe vo efvoL l oK'A u8l:

o unoAoYlOT�C O& eVoV oYvVo JnaO &T

TeAeuTofo nAl8ofv uv L leTo�'OeL o8AlTLKwv eK�lAwOeUv on' Tlv TlAe'poOll n A �ll LAef efvoL OTl xwpo lo L oYwve lnOOKeT, l TlAe nTLKr leTO� Ol TUv n fUv YfveToL nL «tUvTovr» le Tlv nopO8eOl OToTLOTLKwv OT LxefUvl npLv on' Tlv 'vop�l, KoTO Tl �LOpKeLo, OT llfxp v KoL le-TO T T'A KO8e oYwvo (A'n ule OTlv 8'vl lo KOpTe 'n u el ovft vToL, T'O YLo TL lO�e 'O KoL YLo T u nofKTe , OToTLOTLKO OT Lxefo 'nU :

afKe - rTTe l n O OTO OTL Ouv ALK' ( A' l n O OTO OTL ( A' n'vTUvl n O OTO OTL ( A' TpLwv n'vTUvl ApL8l' pLlnO uvT (oluvTLKO, enL8eTLKO)l ApL8l' n'vTUv (Oluvo, enf8eOl)l

AuTO To OToTLOTLKO OT Lxefo �ev 8o rTov T'O oKpL(r KoL �ev 8o ln p Oole vo To el ovfO ule T'O YprY po xUpf T v un A YLOTrl npLv on' T v oYwvo, p'o n u 'xeL ovoAO(eL Tlv KOAulr T u �llL upYef To KoTOAAlAo opxefo n u nepL'x uv OT Lxefo YLo T u nofKTe KoL TL lO�e T u , xplOLl n LwvTo OT Lxefo np lY levUv oYwvUvl KoTO Tl �LOpKeLo T u oYwvo KoToxUpft vToL v'o OT Lxefo YLo T u nofKTe , n'Te le Tl ( r8eLo KoTOAAlAUv np -YpollOTUv YfveToL l ene�epYoOfo T u KoL ln p le, ovO nOOo OTLYlr, vo 'x ule TL nAlp pfe n u 8'A ulel MeTO T T'A KO8e oYwvo To v'o OT Lxefo YLo KO8e lO�o KoL nofKTl on 8lKe vToL on' T u une 8uv u Tl OToTL-OTLKr unlpeOfo YLo leAA vTLKr xprOll

a 'Al To 'Al n u np K nT uv on' ouTr Tlv ene�epYoOfo TUv

o UrO.OyW T�c KaW OW ccaPlOytc TOU

OT LxefUv efvoL n AAO: a TlAeOx ALoOTr KoL L �ll OL YpO L lO �fv uv lLo nAlp'OTepl eLK'vo T u oYwvol a np n vlTr KoL L une 8uv L ln p v, on' To OToTL-OTLKO OT Lxefo, vo �uv TL �ev nrYe KoAO OTlv lO�o KoL vo en'l( uv, ov xpeLoOTefl a KO8e nofKTl ln pef vo �eL Tl OToTLOTLKr T u KoL vo np Ono8rOeL vo (eATLwOeL ',TL �ev nOeL KoAOl

1.3.2 2o M wpo

Mlio Teo uA'

nw TOOole OT u OllepLv un A YLOT' aL npwT L lAeKTp vLK f un A YLOT' H e�'AL�l T u uALK H e�'AL�l OT A YLOlLK' T l'AA v

EpwT�O&lC: 15-23

AO �O&lC: 12, 16-18

Ynoi& �&lC - aL lo8lT' np'neL vo YvUpfO uv lepLKO LOT pLKO OT Lxefo

nopoT'p�O&lC YLo T u un A YLOT' Ko8w KoL YLo Tlv e�'AL�l T u uALK KoL T u A YLOlLK l EnfOl vo np (AlloTLOT v YLo Tlv e�'-AL�l TUv un A YLOTwv KoL TL e opl Y' T u OT l'AA vl lev 8o np'neL vo on OTl8fO uv llep llvfe KoL v'loTo, oAAO vo «nopoK A u8rO uv» Tlv e�'AL�l T u uALK KoL T u A YLOlLK l MeTo� OAAUv np TefveToL vo T vLOT v To e�r :

aL npwT L un A YLOT' , l'xpL Tlv el OvLOl Tl llxovr Von Neumann, �ev efxov A YLOlLK'l

Tlv opxr L un A YLOT' xplOLl n L vTov l'v on' eL�LKeul'v u enLOTrl ve , oAAO Orlepo ln pef vo T u xplOLl n LrOeL Ko8'vo l YnOpxeL lLo nopOAAlAl ovOnTu�l A YLOlLK KoL uALK l

e KO8e en xr un A YLOTr xplOLl n Lef Tlv oLxlr Tl Texv A Yfo (nlxl l'AL KoToOKeuOOTlKe T Tpovtf-OT p xplOLl n Lr8lKe YLo Tlv KoToOKeur un A YLOTwv)l n AA' p' l e�'AL�l TUv un A YLOTwv enL(OAAeToL

on' TL ovOYKe Tl en xr (YLo nopO�eLYlo l ovOnTu

�l TUv lfvL un A YLOTwv YLo vo xplOLl n Ll8 v 'n u unrpxe 'AAeLll xwp u , nlxl OTo �LoOTll'nA Lo)l H lefUOl T u 'YK u T u uALK KoL l o �lOl TUv �uvo-T TrTUv T u un A YLOTrl 'nU 'x ule Tlv Texv A Yfo T u uALK , 'x ule KoL Tlv Texv A Yfo T u A YLOlLK l

EnfOl , YLo T l'AA v TUv un A YLOTwv KoL TL e opl Y' T u , np TefveToL vo ll YfveL np OnO8eLo vo on OTl8fO uv

L lo8lT' ouTO n u ovo 'p vToL OT (L(Af , oAAO vo on

TeA'O uv o plr YLo vo np (AlloTLOT v KoL vo ovotlTr-

O uv KL OAAo OT Lxefo KoL YLo vo �LoTunwO uv TL �LK' T u

on'leL l EnfOl ovOA Yo le T �Lo8'OLl xp'v , vo OuYKe

vTpwO uv OT Lxefo YLo T l'AA v TUv un A YLOTwv KoL vo To

nop uOLOO uv OTlv TO�ll

1.4 JuO&lC - unoi& �&lC &pwT�O&wV

nepLYpOlTe TL �Lo�LKoOfe KoL TL AeLT upYfe n u Yfv vToL KoTO Tlv ovOAlll xpllOTUv le Tl xprOl Tl ATM l [§ aL AuT'loTe ToleL A YLOTLK' Mlxov' TUv Tponetwvl
ao enLA'�eTe TL OUOT' onovTrOeL l

An' Tl xprOl TUv ATM OTL TpOnete : D Au�Ov vToL L nL8ov'TlTe Ao8wv

I MeLwv vToL To '� �o AeLT upYfo

D aL TponetLK' OuvoAAoY' nepL pft vToL OT xp'v AeLT upYfo TUv Tponetwv

D Au�Ov vToL To '� �O Tl l

3. ao ovTLOT LxfOeTe To nepLex'levo Tl npwTl OTrAl le ouTO Tl �e Te

pl l ATM •

• ToleLoKr llxovr

• E� l LUTr 'K� Ol on �ef�eUv •

• TponetLKr OuvoAAoYr

o UrO.OyW T�c KaW OW ccaPlOytc TOU

ao nepLYpOleTe Tl �Lo�LKoOfo 'K� Ol on'�eL�l nAlpUlr on' Tlv ToleLoKr llxovr ev' n AuKoToOTrloT l [§ a un A YLOTr Oe 'vo n AuKoTOOTllol

MepLKO nAe veKTrloTo on' Tl xprOl T u un A YLOTr YLo Tl �L fKlOl ev' n AuKoToOTrloT efvoL: o) l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l () l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l Y) l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l �) l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l
e) l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l [§ a un A YLOTr Oe 'vo n AuKoTOOTllol

a un A YLOTr ln pef vo xplOLl n Ll8ef OT u aAulnLoK AYwve YLo: o) l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l () l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l Y) l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l
�) l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l e) l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l [§ a un A YLOTr OT u o8AlTLK oYwve l

TL evv le le T v 'p TlAe'oTpLKr; [§ a un A YLOTr OTlv uYefol
ao ovo 'peTe LoTpLKO llxovrloTo n u (oOft vToL Oe un A YLOTLK' O OTllol [§ a un A YLOTr OTlv uYefol

ao ovo 'peTe TexvLK' oneLK'vLOl n u eKleToAAe vToL L T l YpO Ll o) l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l () l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l Y) l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l
[§ a un A YLOTr OTlv uYefol

nepLYpOlTe Tlv pYOvUOl KoL Tl AeLT upYfo ev' un A YLOTLK OuOTr
TL YvUpfteTe YLo T u e� l LUT' ; [§ aL e� l LUT' l

ao nepLYpOleTe TL �Lo�LKoOfe KoL TL AeLT upYfe n u Yfv vToL KoTO Tl
�LOpKeLo lLo «eLK vLKr » nTrOeU l [§ aL e� l LUT' l

ao ovo 'peTe ev'pYeLe n u Yfv vToL le Tl ( r8eLo T u un A YLOTr OTlv e�epe vlOl T u �LoOTrloT l o) l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l () l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l Y) l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l
�) l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l e) l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l [§ a un A YLOTr OTlv e�epe vlOl T u �LoOTrloT l

ao ovo 'peTe YvUOT' KoTlY pfe lAeKTp vLKwv noLxvL�Lwvl o) l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l () l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l Y) l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l

loT	n u eA'YxeL OlloT �'Te		KuKA		pfo l
[§ a un A YLOTr		OT v 'AeYx	Tl	KuKA	pfo TUv ouT KLvrTUvl
					15

�) l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l e) l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l

[§ a un A YLOTr	OTlv luxoYUYfol
15. n L enLv'lOe Tlv L�'o T u on 8lKeul'v u np YpOlloT YLOTr; [§ aL npwT L lAeKTp vLK f un A YLOT' l			OT v un A		-
16. ILoTf L npwT L un A YLOT' vLK f �eLv'Ooup L»; [§ H e�'AL�l T u uALK l		xopoKTlpft vToL on' lepLK	U	«lAeKTp	-

17. n Lo efvoL l (oOLKr �lLKr l vO�o Oe Ko8elfo on' TL YevL' TUv un A -YLOTwv; 1l YevLO: 'A& TpoVl �AuXV o 2l YevLO: TpoV� OTop 3l YevLO: oAo A'pwJeVo u AwJo 4l YevLO: oAo A'pwJeVo u AwJo J& J&YaA' OJ puVO'

o UrO.OyW T�c KaW OW ccaPlOytc TOU

n L rTov (oOLK' OT'x TUv enLOTll'vUv YLo T u un A YLOT' n'lnTl YevLO ; [§ H e�'AL�l T u uALK l

ulnAlpwOTe TL A'�eL n u Aefn uvl An' T'Te, A Ln'v, OpxLOe OLYO OLYO l �LOKpLOl TUv �lepwv T u un A YL-OTr:
T u uAl ou, �lAo�r T u Ouv'A u TUv uOLKwv lepwv KoL e�opTllO-TUv T u, 'nU lAeKTp vLKO l'pl, KoAw�Lo, OuOKeu' , KlOl, KoL T u AoYlOJl ou �lAo�r T u Ouv'A u TUv �lYLwv n u �fv ule OT u-ALK' YLo vo AeLT upYrOeL KoL vo KoA leL TL ovOYKe TUv xplOTwv, 'nU AeLT upYLKO OuOTrloTo, YAwOOe np YpolloTLOl , ( l8lTLKO np YpOlloTo, KlOl

aL (oOLK'Tep L eKnp'OUn L TUv npwTUv un A YLOTwv efvoL: o) Mark I () ENIAC
T v nopoKOTU nfvoKo vo OlleLwOeTe Tl OUOTr onOvTlOll
ulnAlpwOTe TL A'�eL n u Aefn uv: Me Tl Ouvexr e�'AL�l T u A YLOlLK , OpxLOe vo YfveToL l �LOKpLOr T u Oe

KoTO Tlv e�'AL�l TUv un A YLOTwv TL nopoTlpefToL YLo To oK'A u8o OT Lxefo T u;	A �lOl	MefUOl
'YK		v
luvoT'TlTe	v
KoTovOAUOl ev'pYeLo		v
Tox TlTo	v

(oOLK' KoTlY pfe : T AoYlOJl O OuOT�JoToC �lAo�r T O v A TUv np YpollOTUv n u efvoL onopofTlT YLo Tlv on TeAeOloTLKr AeLT upYfo T u uALK l'p u KoL Tl OuvepYoOfo T u le �LO pe OuOKeu' , KoL T AoYlOJl O &qopJoYvV �lAo�r T O v A TUv np YpollOTUv n u onoLT vToL YLo vo eKTeAeOT v �LO pe e opl Y' l

23. n Le on' TL nopoKOTU pOOeL efvoL OUOT' ; I H L�'o T u on 8lKeul'v u np YpOlloT on T'AeOe Tl (OOl Tl �llL upYfo T u A YLOlLK D a ENIAC 8eUpefToL npwT un A YLOTr le on 8lKeul'v np'-

Ypollo I a lLKp ene�epYoOTr efvoL 'vo A KAlpUl'v K KAUlo 'n u 'x uv

T n 8eTl8ef (oOLK'			l vO�e	T u un A YLOTr
D aL npwTe		YAwOOe	np YpolloTLOl		v lOOTlKov YAwOOe	ull-
A	enLn'� u

1.5 JuO&lC ol OXOAlo oO �O&wV ol ipoOT'ploT�TwV

1. a une 8uv nUArOeUv lLo unepoY pO Tp flUv 8'AeL vo nAlp pl8ef YLo To np ''vTo n u «ArY uv» Oe OuYKeKpLl'vl llep llvfol n Lo �Lo-

�LKoOfo oK A u8efToL on' T A YLOlLK', wOTe vo �llL upYl8ef lLo T'T Lo KoTOOToOl;

I:OAIA

AVa�1ToUVTal ano T1 {ao1 oFooJtVwV TwV npoioVTwV, FKF{Va nou oTo nFo{o «H MEPOMHNIA IH=HL" txouV 1JFpoJ1V{a {o1 JF auTrV nou Jar FVolactpFl. Mla TtTola KaTaoTao1 xp1olJFUFl oT1 ArL1 anocaoFwV yla T1V tyKalp1 olaeFo1 auTWV TwV npoioVTwV.

2. KoToYpOlTe To noLxvf�Lo OTpoTlYLKr n u 'x uv leTo ep8ef OT v un A YLOTrl np Ono8rOTe vo nop uOLOOeTe To nAe veKTrloTo KoL To leL veKTrloTo n u nop uOLOt vToL OTlv lAeKTp vLKr T u l p r, Oe Ox'Ol le Tlv nopo� OLoKrl

I:OAIA

LToxor T1r Fpyao{ar auTrr oFV F{Val 1 anAr KaTaypacr TtTolou F{oour nalxVlolWV, aAAa Va KaTaVoroouV ol Jae1Ttr oTl o unoAoyloTrr JnopF{ Va xp1olJonol1eF{ JF FnlTux{a yla TtTolou F{oour nalxV{ola Kal oxl JoVo yla Ta nalxV{ola opao1r Ta ono{ a F{Val nlo o1JoclAr. KAaolKo napaoFlyJa anoTFAF{ To nalxV{ol oKaKl. nAFoVFKTrJaTa: ola{aeJlo1 ouoKoA{ar, FnloTpocr oF npo1yoUJFVFr KlVroFlr, npoTao1 yla T1 {tATloT1 FnoJFV1 K{V1o1, FUKoA1 KaTaypacr KlVroFwV, K.a. MFloVFKTrJaTa: anapa{T1T1 1 Unap�1 Tou unoAoyloTr, anoJoVwo1 Tou aVepWnou,

K.a.

o UrO.OyW T�c KaW OW ccaPlOytc TOU

3. EpeuvrOTe Tl xprOl T u un A YLOTr Oe 'n L T l'o T u xwp u Tl �LorlLOl enL8ulefTe (TlAe'poOl, po�L' Uv , e llepf�e , nepL �LKO, KlOl)l e KO8e nepfnTUOl np Ono8rOTe vo evT nfOeTe epYoOfe n u Yfv vToL le Tl ( r8eLo T u un A YLOTrl

Tl Ouv'xeLo np Ono8rOTe vo �llL upYrOeTe lLo �Lo rlLOl YLo 'vo 8'lol nepLYpOlTe T v Tp'n le T v n f 8o xplOLl n L OoTe T v un A -YLOTrl eo ln p OoTe vo �llL upYrOeTe Tl �Lo rlLOl, xUpf Kov vo T v xplOLl n LrOeTe;

I:OAIA LTo xWpo T1r olacrJlo1r y{VFTal FupF{a xpro1 Tou unoAoyloTr Tooo yla T1 o1Jloupy{a T1r {olar T1r olacrJlo1r ooo Kal yla T1 olaxF{plor T1r. M{a KaAr lota yla Tour Jae1Ttr F{Val olacrJlo1 Jlar FKorAwo1r Tou oxoAF{ou (KaTaoKFur ac{oar, KaTaxWplo1 oToV TonlKo TUno, K.a.).

4. ao KoToYpOleTe �poOTlpL'TlTe OTL n fe ln pef vo o�L n Ll8ef l np O l fUOll Tl Ouv'xeLo vo enLA'�eTe lLo on' ouT' KoL vo np O�L pfOeTe AeLT upYfe n u 8o np'neL vo nepLAol(OveL e� l LUTr l

I:OAIA LToxor auTrr T1r Fpyao{ar F{Val Va KaTaVoroouV ol Jae1Ttr acFVor T1 ouVaToT1Ta nou Jar npooctpFl o unoAoyloTrr Va npoooJola�ouJF FVtpyFlFr r AFlToupy{Fr Kal acFTtpou T1 JF{wo1 TwV KlVoUVwV yla ToV FKnaloFuoJFVo JF tVaV F�oJolwTr. Dr napaoF{yJaTa ea JnopoUoaV Va aVacFpeoUV F�oJolwTtr yla ToV xFlploJo FAlKonTtpwV, nAo{wV, olo1poopoJwV, olaoT1JonAo{wV, aywVloTlKWV auToKlVrTwV Kal yFVlKa noAUnAoKwV J1xaVWV. Dr napaoFlyJa yla aVaAuo1 ea JnopoUoF Va FnlAFyF{ 1 oory1o1 auToKlVrTou r JoToolKAtTar, etJaTa nlo olKF{a oTa nalola ano auTa nou aVactpouJF napanaVw.

5. ao nepLYpOleTe T u xeLpLOl KoL TL ev�ef�eL n u, KoTO Tl Yvwll Oo , np'neL vo np (A'neL 'vo e� l LUTr un (puxf ul

I:OAIA npoooJo{wo1 yla tVa etJa To ono{o oFV F{Val Kal Tooo olKF{o oTa nalola. nla To Aoyo auTo, nloTFUouJF, oTl Tour o{VouJF tVa K{V1Tpo yla Va JaeouV Va aVa�1ToUV nA1pocop{Fr Kal KaTonlV Va Tlr ouVetoouV. LF Jla TtTola FcapJoyr ea nptnFl Va npo{AtnoVTal FVtpyFlFr, uAlKo Kal opyaVa JF Ta ono{a ea FnlTuyxaVFTal 1 aocaArr nAFUo1 Tou uno{pux{ou. nlo ouyKFKplJtVa: !laolKao{a yla T1V KaTaouo1, nAFUo1 Kal aVaouor Tou. !laolKao{a yla To xFlploJo Tou nFploKon{ou. XapTFr Tooo yla T1V FnlcaVFla T1r eaAaoolar nFploxrr, ooo Kal Tou {ueoU onou ea KlV1eoUV.

!lacopa opyaVa Tooo yla T1V nAFUo1 Tou uno{pux{ou ({ueoJFTpa, K.a.) ooo Kal yla T1V aocaAFla Tou nA1pWJaTor (JaVoJFTpa yla T1 JtTp1o1 TwV nltoF wV, opyaVa yla T1 JtTp1o1 TwV aFp{wV Tou xWpou, K.a.). !laolKao{a yla To xFlploJo TwV onAwV JF Ta ono{a F{Val FcoolaoJtVo To uno{pUxlo.

6. EnLOKe 8efTe T un KoTOOTllo lLo TpOneto OTlv nepL xr T u Ox Aef u Oo KoL tlTrOTe vo Oo YfveL enf�eL�l T u Tp'n u AeLT upYfo lLo ATMl

I:OAIA

BaoloTF{TF oT1 opaoT1ploT1Ta JF T{TAo: «En{oKFL1, Fnacr Kal JFAtT1 FVor xWpou onou unapxFl FcapJoyr Tou unoAoyloTr". LTlr opaoT1ploT1TFr FnloKtLFwV KaAo F{Val Va o{VouJF lola{TFpo {apor oT1V npo FTolJao{a Tour. !1Aaor ol Jae1Ttr Va yVwp{�ouV ooo To ouVaToV nFploooTFpa npayJaTa yl' auTo nou npoKFlTal Va oouV Kal Va txouV npoFTolJaoFl copJFr yla T1V KaTaypacr TwV oTolxF{wV nou etAouV Va ouyKFVTpWoouV. LT1 ouyKFKplJtV1 Fn{oKFL1 KaAo F{Val 1 FV1Jtpwo1 Va J1V nFploploTF{ oT1V ATM, aAAa, aV F{Val ouVaToV, Va nFplAaJ{aVFl Kal To unoAolno unoAoyloTlKo oUoT1Ja T1r TpanF�ar.

7. EnLOKe TefTe 'vo n AuKoTOOTllo T n f eK�f�eL on �ef�eL KoL TLl A'-YLo le Tl xprOl un A YLOTr KoL OuYKevTpwOTe nAlp pfe YLo T un A YLOTLK' O OTllo n u �Lo8'TeLl ao KoToYpOleTe: o) TL ef� u A YLOlLK' KoL uALK' xplOLl n LefToLl () TL np (A'neToL Oe nepfnTUOl �LoK nr T u lAeKTpLK pe loT l Y) TL np (A'neToL Oe nepfnTUOl n u T O OTllo «lnA KOpeL» YLo n L v

�rn Te A'Y l �) n Lo OT Lxefo TUv np ''vTUv efvoL KoToxUpLOl'vo OTl (OOl �e� l'vUvl e) KO8e n'Te �llL upY vToL ovTfYpo o oO oAefo (aakuu))l

I:OAIA

BaoloTF{TF oT1 opaoT1ploT1Ta JF T{TAo: «En{oKFL1, Fnacr Kal JFAtT1 FVor xWpou onou unapxFl FcapJoyr Tou unoAoyloTr". Ol napanaVw FpwTroFlr F{Val FVoFlKTlKtr. MnopF{TF Va npooetoFTF ooFr VoJ{�FTF oTl ea rTaV xprolJFr yla T1 ouyKtVTpwo1 TwV nA1pocoplWV.

8. o) lllL upYrOTe KoTOAAlAo 'vTuno YLo Tlv KoToYpo r OToTLOTLKwv OT L

xefUv o8AlTLKwv oYwvUvl () KoToYpOlTe OT Lxefo on' oYwve T u Ox ALK npUTo8ArloT l Y) KoToxUpfOTe To OT Lxefo OT v un A YLOTr KoL OTl Ouv'xeLo ene�epYo-

OTefTe Tol �) lllL upYrOTe lLo nop uOfoOl TUv on TeAeOlOTUv Tl ene�epYoOfo l

o UrO.OyW T�c KaW OW ccaPlOytc TOU

I:OAIA H Fpyao{a auTr txFl wr oToxo acFVor Va KaTaVoroouV ol Jae1Ttr oTl oF opaoT1ploT1TFr onou analTF{Tal aJFo1 Kal tyKup1 nA1pocop1o1, F{Val anapa{T1Tor o unoAoyloTrr Kal acFTtpou Va KaVouV xpro1 auTWV nou txouV JaeFl oTo nuJVaolo AoyloTlKo cUAAo, FnF�Fpyao{a KFlJtVou yla T1V FnF�Fpyao{a Kal napouo{ao1 TwV oTolxF{wV. Bt{ala FoW napoAo nou oFV txouJF T1AFonTlKr JFTaooo1, JnopoUJF Va KaVouJF Jla aVacopa, WoTF Va KaTaVoroouV ol Jae1Ttr T1V npoFTolJao{a nou analTF{Tal yla Va napouola�oVTal oT1V oeoV1 Ta oTolxF{a ypryopa Kal JF aKp{{Fla KaTa T1 olapKFla T1r F�tAl�1r FVor aeA1TlKoU yFyoVoTor.

9. uYKevTpwOTe nAlp pfe YLo TL e�eAf�eL OTlv e�epe vlOl T u �Lo-OTrloT l EnLA'�Te 'vo 8'lo YLo nop uOfoOl OTlv TO�l Oo 'nU YLo nopO�eLYlo To To�f�Lo TUv �LoOTllLKwv AeU pefUv, l eYKoTOOToOl TexvlTwv �pu 'pUv OT �LOOTllo, �LoOTll'nA Lo n u (pfOK vToL Oe on OT Ar, np lY leve on OT A' , KlOl T 8'lo n u 8o enLA'�eTe np Ono8rOTe vo evT nfOeTe TL AeLT upYfe n u onoLT v Tl xprOl T u un A YLOTrl

I:OAIA Epyao{a 1 ono{a txFl wr oKono Va anoKTroouV ol Jae1Ttr lKaVoT1Ta oT1 ouyKtVTpwo1 Kal napouo{ao1 uAlKoU, To ono{o oFV Tour F{Val Kal Tooo olKF{o.

10. uYKevTpwOTe OT Lxefo YLo To lAeKTp vLKO noLxvf�Lo KoL nop uOLOOTe OTlv TO�l Oo TL 8eTLK' KoL TL opvlTLK' enLnTwOeL TUv noLxvL�Lwv ou-Twvl

I:OAIA LT1V Fpyao{a auTr KaAo ea rTaV Va ooeF{ npoooxr oT1V napouo{ao1 Tooo TwV eFTlKWV ooo Kal TwV apV1TlKWV FnlopaoFwV, Jla Kal JnopF{ Va uloeFT1eoUV aKpa{Fr anoLFlr. KaAo F{Val Va napouolaoToUV oAFr ol anoLFlr, aAAa oT1V KaeFJ{a Va ooeF{ 1 {apUT1Ta nou T1r aVTloTolxF{.

11. Av OT Ox ALK' epYoOTrpL �LoTf8eToL l lAeKTp vLKr l p r T u noLxvL«OKOKL» KoL lLo lO�o lo8lTwv YvUpfteL nw nofteToL T noLxvf�L,

�L pYovwOTe 'vov oYwvo «ov8pwn u-llxovr »l np Ono8rOTe vo KoTo-YpOleTe T v Tp'n ovTf�poOl T u A YLOlLK -nofKTl KoL TL �Lo p' T u on' Tlv ovTf�poOl T u ov8pwn ul

I:OAIA !paoT1ploT1Ta 1 ono{a JnopF{ Va ouVouaoTF{ JF T1V aoK1o1 2 Kal txFl wr oKono Va npo{A1JaT{oFl Tour Jae1Ttr yla ToV Tpono JF ToV ono{o aVTlopa o aVepwnor oF TtTolFr nFplnTWoFlr, oF oUyKplo1 JF T1 J1xaVr 1 ono{a F{Val o1JloUpy1Ja Tou. LT1 ouyKFKplJtV1 nFp{nTwo1 o unoAoyloTrr aVTlopa JF {ao1 Tlr oo1y{Fr nou Tou o{VFl To AoyloJlKo Tou nalxVloloU. AVaAUFl Tlr FnoJFVFr KlVroFlr, aVaAoya JF Ta oTolxF{a JF Ta ono{a F{Val FcoolaoJtVor, Kal FnlAtyFl T1 {tATloT1 AUo1 JF {ao1 auTa Ta oTolxF{a. LuVrewr oFV «euola�Fl" nloVla, onwr JnopF{ Va KaVFl o aVepwnor, oTaV To Kp{VFl anapa{T1To. Bt{ala oFV Koupa�FTal noTt, «oKtcTFTal" naVTa JF ToV {olo pueJo Kal oFV unapxFl nFp{nTwo1 Va KaVFl Aaeor ano a{AFL{a.

12. KoToYpOlTe T v e� nALOl' T u Ox Aef u Oo Oe un A YLOT' l Tl Ouv'xeLo �llL upYrOTe 'vov KoTOA Y le TL ovOYKe T u Ox Aef u Oo YLo v'e np lr8eLe Oe uALK' KoL A YLOlLK'l ao OuvTO�eTe lLo 'K8eOl OTlv

n fo vo TeKllpLwveTe Tlv ovOYKl np lr8eLo T u v' u e� nALOl l

I:OAIA H Fpyao{a auTr txFl wr oKono Va {o1eroFl Tour Jae1Ttr Va JaeouV Tooo Va KaTaypacouV Tlr aVayKFr Tour oF uAlKo Kal AoyloJlKo, ooo Kal oT1 oUVTa�1 FKetoFwV yla Tlr aVayKFr auTtr.

13. KoToYpOlTe T lef T u �ll'OL u T l'o 'n u YfveToL xprOl T u un A -YLOTr KoL ovo 'peTe epYoOfe n u 8o ln p Oov vo Yfv uv le Tl xprOl T u KoL �ev Yfv vToLl

I:OAIA LToxor Va npo{A1JaTloToUV ol Jae1Ttr, yla T1V FcapJoyr Tou unoAoyloTr, Tooo ano T1V nAFupa Tou noA{T1 yla T1V napoxr un1pFolWV, ooo Kal ano T1V nAFupa Tou Fpya�oJFVou wr FpyaAF{o.

14. EnLOKe TefTe lLo LoTpLKr l vO�o KoL KoToYpOlTe T u T lef 'n u Yfve-ToL xprOl T u un A YLOTr r To llxovrloTo n u (oOft vToL OT v un A -YLOTrl np Ono8rOTe vo evT nfOeTe epYoOfe n u 8o ln p Oov vo Yfv uv le Tl xprOl T u KoL �ev Yfv vToLl Tl Ouv'xeLo OuvTO�Te lLo 'K8eOl le TL on'leL Oo , 'n u 8o TeKllpLwveTe T u A'Y u YLo T u n f u np TefveTe Tl xprOl T u un A YLOTr YLo TL epYoOfe ouT' l

I:OAIA BaoloTF{TF oT1 opaoT1ploT1Ta JF T{TAo: «En{oKFL1, Fnacr Kal JFAtT1 FVor xWpou onou unapxFl FcapJoyr Tou unoAoyloTr".

o UrO.OyW T�c KaW OW ccaPlOytc TOU

15l EnLOKe TefTe Tl �ll TLKr opxr Tl nepL xr Oo KoL KoToYpOlTe T u T lef 'n u YfveToL xprOl T u un A YLOTrl np Ono8rOTe vo evT nfOeTe epYoOfe n u 8o ln p Oov vo Yfv uv le Tl xprOl T u KoL �ev Yfv vToLl Tl Ouv'xeLo OuvTO�Te lLo 'K8eOl le TL on'leL Oo 'n u 8o TeKllpLwveTe T u A'Y u YLo T u n f u np TefveTe Tl xprOl T u un A YLOTr YLo TL epYoOfe ouT' l

I:OAIA BaoloTF{TF oT1 opaoT1ploT1Ta JF T{TAo: «En{oKFL1, Fnacr Kal JFAtT1 FVor xWpou onou unapxFl FcapJoyr Tou unoAoyloTr".

16l ao KoToYpOleTe Ko8llepLv' �poOTlpL'TlTe , eKT' on' ouT' n u ovo 'p vToL OT (L(Af , OTL n fe xplOLl n LefToL un A YLOTr l ao TL KoToTO�eTe Oe �KoTlY pfe , eK TUv n fUv l lfo 8o nepL'xeL ouT' n u l xprOl T u un A YLOTr efvoL onopofTlTl KoL l OAAl ouT' n u l xprOl T u un A YLOTr efvoL xprOLlll

I:OAIA H Fpyao{a auTr F{Val ouJnArpwJa TwV oowV aVactpoVTal oTo {l{A{o yla Tlr FcapJoytr Tou unoAoyloTr. LToxor T1r F{Val, Va anoKTroouV ol Jae1Ttr T1V lKaVoT1Ta Va «olaKp{VouV" Ta o1JF{a nou unooT1p{�oVTal ano ToV unoAoyloTr. MFplKtr Kae1JFplVtr opaoT1ploT1TFr: oTlr FnlxFlproFlr yla T1 o1Jloupy{a FyypacwV, nlVaKwV, napouolaoFwV, K.a. oTlr aFponoplKtr r aKTonAoiKtr FTalpF{Fr yla KpaTroFlr etoFwV oTlr JFTacoplKtr FTalpF{Fr yla ToV npoypaJJaTloJo opoJoAoy{wV oTlr o1JoolFr olKoVoJlKtr un1pFo{Fr yla ToV unoAoyloJo copwV oTa AoyloTrpla yla T1V tKooo1 KaTaoTaoFwV Jloeoooo{ar, unoAoyloJo KpaTroFwV, K.a. oTour T1AFonTlKoUr Kal paolocwVlKoUr oTaeJoUr yla T1V unooTrpl�1 Tou npoypaJJaTor, yla T1 ouyKtVTpwo1 TwV FloroFwV, K.a.

17. ao OuYKevTpwOeTe OT Lxefo YLo Tlv e�'AL�l TUv un A YLOTwv, n'pov ou-Twv n u ovo 'p vToL OT (L(Af Oo KoL vo To nop uOLOOeTe OTlv TO�l Oo l Mn pefTe vo enLA'�eTe lfo on' TL KoTlY pfe e�eAf�eUv, 'nU : o) OT uALK' () OT A YLOlLK'

�) OTL YAwOOe np YpolloTLOl e) OTlv e�OnAUOl xprOl TUv lLKp nn A YLOTwv, KlOl r vo TL Ouv�uOOeTe 'nU enL8ulefTel

I:OAIO EAFUeFpo, KaTa Kanolo Tpono, etJa nou o{VFl T1 ouVaToT1Ta oTo Jae1Tr Va JaeFl Va aVa�1Ta nA1pocop{Fr. MnopF{ Va aVa�1TroFl nA1pocop{Fr oF {l{A{a, nFploolKa Kal Kup{wr oTo !lao{KTuo. Ol 1AFKTpoVlKtr oFA{oFr TwV JFyaAwV FTalpFlWV ouVrewr nFplAaJ{aVouV Kal loToplKa oTolxF{a.

18l ao ovotlTrOeTe, vo KoToYpOleTe KoL vo nop uOLOOeTe OTlv TO�l Oo o-n'leL YLo T l'AA v TUv un A YLOTwvl

I:OAIA napoJolo JF To npo1yoUJFVo etJa JF {aolKo oToxo Va npo{A1JaT{oFl To Jae1Tr yla To JtAAoV TwV unoAoyloTWV Kal T1V Fn{opaor Tour oT1V KolVwV{a.

H fVVoIa KaI ' napaaraa' r'� n�'�opop�a� aroV �no�o�Iar�

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I:OAIA H OaKTaT auTr tXwl we aToXo va {oTerawl Toue JaeTTte va KaTavoraouv Tle tvvolwe owooJtva Kal nMTpocop{a. fla napOowlYJa Jnopw{ va XpTalJonolTew{ T Jlaeoooa{a wvoe unaMMrMou, onou olOcopwe apleJTTlKte TlJte oTav avTlaTolXTeoUv Jw tvvolwe onwe {aalKoe Jlaeoe, KpaTrawle, wn{ooJa YOJou, wn{ooJa TtKvwv, K.O. o{vouv nMTpocop{we Yla To Jlaeo Tou.

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I:OAIA

Mw auTr TTv noMU anMr wpYaa{a etMouJw va ow{�ouJw aToue JaeTTte noawe nMTpocop{we nptnwl va Yvwp{�ouJw, aKoJT Kal Yla opaaTTploTTTwe nou wnavaMaJ{OvouJw auXvO.

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I:OAIA

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�F�101101001010110�� 55126₍₈₎(5A56₍₁₆₎

N��
N��

b��	100	011	010	110	111
a��	4	�	3	6	8

b��	1010	1011	0100	1101	1111
b��	A		8	D	F

�F�345368�� 14AF7

�F�56810�� 5DC8

�F�113�� 4A

12. N��

��
�F�398A��	�4572
�F�A3�6��	24�555�
�F�606��	170154

1�. ��NA�� a��

A��	398�10F	388�8F	438�16F	131�3F	4G8�16F	1011�3F	1011�8F
A��	NAI	OXI	NAI	OXI	OXI	NAI	NAI

N�
N��
N��

b��	0	1	3	3	4	5	6	8	8	9
��	0	1	2	�	4	5	6	10	11	12

b��	10	11	13	13	14	15	16	18	18	19
��	1�	14	15	16	20	21	22	2�	24	25

101011100	101110001	1110001010	111000111
�+11001010	+10000111	�10110010	�100011100
1000100110	111111000	1011011000	10101011

11110001 11110001 10101010 100010001 x1011 x111 110011001 101001011011 10010100110 +111111

1111011010

17. n��

I:OAIA

0l JaeTTte JnopoUv va uMonolraouv To TwTpaolKo Kal owowKaolKo aUaTTJa.

18. N�

.��f�� i� �	.��f��a� ��Wa	.��f��a� �wf��O� iai�f��f��i��i� w�(BCD)
0	0	0000
9	1001	1001
4	100	0100
5	101	0101
1	1	0001
�	11	0011
6	110	0110
8	1000	1000
9	1001	1001

19. ��F�� MF��

	H��n��n��
	T��5��8�
	'��
	H��
M	T�� 100�

20. n�

	K��
>	A��
	M��
>	a�b��
>	��n��
	'�� K��

N��
N�� F�

x	Y	Z	x�RY�Y�RY�Z
0	0	0	0
0	0	1	1
0	1	0	1
0	1	1	1
1	0	0	1
1	0	1	1
1	1	0	1
1	1	1	1

A	B	A�ADD�B	DRT(A�ADD�B)
1	1	1	0
1	0	0	1
0	1	0	1
0	0	0	1

A	B	C	B�RY�C	A�xRY�(B�RY�C)
0	0	0	0	0
0	0	1	1	1
0	1	0	1	1
0	1	1	1	1
1	0	0	0	1
1	0	1	1	0
1	1	0	1	0
1	1	1	1	0

A	B	C	DRT(A�RY�B)	NO�(A�RY�B)�ADD�C
0	0	0	1	0
0	0	1	1	1
0	1	0	0	0
0	1	1	0	0
1	0	0	0	0
1	0	1	0	0
1	1	0	0	0
1	1	1	0	0

2�. N

�)�Z�A�X�(A�AND�B)�NRY�(C�ADD�D)�� P)�Z�A�X�(A�XRY�B)�ADD�(�(C�ADD�D)�XRY�(E�ADD�F)�)�� C)�Z�A�X�(�A�xRY�B�)�ADD�(DRT�C)��

��

To K&qaAaIo avaqtp&TaI:

LTO UAlKO. LTa (OflK6 fepl nOU aUv8eTOUv TO UAlKO TOU UnOAOYlaTr. LTO nOe aUvepY6�OvTal Ta fepl feTa�u TOUe. LTa xapaKTlplaTlK6 TOU K68e fepOUe.

3.1 XpovonpoYpaJJaTIOJOC

LUvOAlKOe npOTelvOfevOe xpOvOe 4 Opee K3 8eWpla, 1 aaKraele).

.Mwpo 10: KaTavoJ� uA'C

H apxlTeKTOvlKr TOU UnOAOYlaTr

TO KevTplKO fepOe TOU UnOAOYlaTr

H MevTplKr MOv6(a Ene�epYaalae KMME)

H KevTplKr fvrfl

H fOv6(a ElaO(OU / E�O(OU

o (laUAOe enlKOlvWvlae

.Mwpo 20: KaTavoJ� uA'C

TO neplqepelaKO fepOe TOU UnOAOYlaTr

nAlKTpOAOYlO

nOvTlKl

o8Ovl

EKTUnWTee

neplqepelaKr fvrfl

MOvTef

LapWTre

Lxe(lOYp6qOe

<WTOYpaql(a

'AAee neplqepelaKee aUaKeUee

blaauv(eal UnOAOYlaTOv

3.2 r&vIKtC napaT'p�O&IC

LTOxOe aUTOu TOU KeqaAalOU elval va KaTavOraOUv Ol fa8lTee Tlv apxlTeKTOvlKr evOe <anAOu» UnOAOYlaTr. ea npenel va TOvlaTel aTOUe fa8lTee OTl aTO Keq6AalO aUTO neplYp6qOvTal Ta �aalK6 fepl aUTOu TOU UnOAOYlaTr Kal Oxl evae TeAeUTalOU TunOU flKpOunOAOYlaTre. H aUv8eTlKr epYaala nOU aUv(eeTal fe TO Keq6AalO aUTO elval l: <'peUva aYOp6e Yla npOfr8ela UAlKOu».

3.3 ��tiIo Ja�'JaTwv

3.3.1 1o .Mwpo

.IiaKTta uA'

H apxlTeKTOvlKr TOU UnOAOYlaTr

TO KevTplKO fepOe TOU UnOAOYlaTr H MevTplKr MOv6(a Ene�epYaalae KMME) H KevTplKr fvrfl H fOv6(a ElaO(OU / E�O(OU

o (laUAOe enlKOlvWvlae

EpwT�O&IC: 1-18

AOK�O&IC: 1-3

Ynoi&M�&IC -BaalKOe aTOxOe TOU (lWpOU aUTOu elval va KaTavOraOUv Ol napaT'p�O&IC fa8lTee: Tl elval UAlKO. Tl (l6Kplal UAlKOu - AOYlaflKOu. nOla elval Ta fepl TOU UAlKOu. Tl elval l MevTplKr MOv6(a Ene�epYaalae, nOlOe elval O pOAOe Tle, nOla Ta alfavTlKOTepa xapaKTlplaTlK6 Tle. nOla elval Ta el(l Tle MevTplKre Mvrfle Kal nOlOe O pO-AOe TOU Ka8evOe. nOla elval Ta xapaKTlplaTlK6 Tle KevTplKre fvrfle. nOlOe elval O pOAOe Tle MOv6(ae ElaO(OU / E�O(OU. nOlOe O pOAOe TOU blauAOU EnlKOlvWvlae. E6v elval eqlKTO, va avOlx8el TO KOUTl evOe UnOAOYlaTr Kal va enl(elx8Ouv aTOUe fa8lTee Ta (l6qOpa TfrfaTa TOU.

3.3.2 2o .Mwpo

.IiaKTta uA'

TO neplqepelaKO fepOe TOU UnOAOYlaTr nAlKTpOAOYlO nOvTlKl o8Ovl EKTUnWTee neplqepelaKr fvrfl MOvTef LapWTre Lxe(lOYp6qOe <WTOYpaql(a 'AAee neplqepelaKee aUaKeUee

blaauv(eal UnOAOYlaTOv

EpwT�O&IC: 19-36

AOK�O&IC: 4-12

Ynoi&M�&IC - LTO (lWpO aUTO 8a Ylvel neplYpaqr TWv KUplOTepWv neplqepela

napaT'p�O&IC KOv aUaKeUOv. Mal e(O 8a npenel va TOvlaTel OTl avaqepOvTal Ol �aalKee apxee TWv aUaKeUOv Kal Oxl Ol AenTOfepelee TOUe. E6v elval eqlKTO, va enl(elx8Ouv aTOUe fa8lTee (l6qOpee neplqepelaKee aUaKeUee. MaAO elval va Ylvel enl(el�l Yla TOv TpOnO (laauv(eale TWv aUaKeUOv aUTOv fe TO KevTplKO fepOe TOU UnOAOYlaTr. Enlale av elval (UvaTOv va Ylvel enl(el

�l Yla TOv TpOnO aAAaYre TWv avaAWalfWv TOU eKTUnWTr TOU epYaaTlplOU KTalvla, TOvep, qUalYYla feA6vle). Enlale 8a npenel va TOvlaTel aTOUe fa8lTee OTl aTO Keq6AalO aUTO YlveTal anAr avaqOp6 aTOUe TpOnOUe (laauv(eale UnOAOYlaTOv, fla Kal aTO (euTepO fepOe TOU �l�AlOU Un6pxel Keq6AalO nOU avaqepeTal aTa (lKTUa.

3.4 JuO&IC - unoi&M�&IC &pwT�O&wv

Tl avTlAaf�6veaTe fe TOv OpO UAlKO; [§ H apxlTeKTOvlKr TOU UnOAOYlaTr]
AnO nOla aTOlxela anOTeAelTal TO KevTplKO fepOe evOe UnOAOYlaTr Kal

nOla l AelTOUpYla Ka8evOe� [§ H apxlTeKTOvlKr TOU UnOAOYlaTr]

nOla elval l �aalKr l(ea Tle apxlTeKTOvlKre onn eumannn� [§ H KevTplKr fvrfl]
nOlOe O pOAOe Tle fOv6(ae eAeYxOU� [§ H MevTplKr MOv6(a Ene�epYaalae]
nOlOe O pOAOe TOU pOAOYlOu aTl AelTOUpYla Tle MME� [§ H MevTplKr MOv6(a Ene�epYaalae]
nOla KUKAlKr (la(lKaala eKTeAel l fOv6(a eAeYxOU� [§ H MevTplKr MOv6(a Ene�epYaalae]
nOla Ta el(l fvrfle Kal nOlee Ol (laqOpee TOUe� [§ H KevTplKr fvrfl]
Tl OvOf6�OUfe xpOvO npOaneAaale fvrfle� [§ H KevTplKr r Kupla fvrfl]
Tl OvOf6�OUfe xpOvO KuKAOU fvrfle� [§ H KevTplKr fvrfl]
Tl OvOf6�OUfe xWplTlKOTlTa fvrfle; [§ H KevTplKr fvrfl]
Tl OvOf6�OUfe eupOe �Ovle fvrfle; [§ H KevTplKr fvrfl]
nOla elval l nTlTlKr, l (UvaflKr Kal nOla l aTaTlKr fvrfl; [§ H KevTplKr fvrfl]
ol fvrfee EPROM elval fvrfee Ol OnOlee fnOpOuv va enavanpOYpaffa-TlaTOuv.
nOlOe O pOAOe Tle fOv6(ae elaO(OU Kal nOlOe Tle fOv6(ae e�O(OU; [§ H fOv6(a ElaO(OU / E�O(OU]
nOla el(l (e(OfevWv feTaqepel O (laUAOe enlKOlvWvlae; [§ o (laUAOe enlKOlvWvlae]
Tl elval l Aav86vOUaa fvrfl; [§ H KevTplKr fvrfl]
nOlO Tfrfa Tle MME eKTeAel fa8lfaTlKee Kal AOYlKee np6�ele; [ H apl8flTlKr Kal AOYlKr fOv6(a Tle MME ]
Tl elval TO npWTOKOAAO (lauAOU; [§ o (laUAOe enlKOlvWvlae]
nOlee elval Ol OfOlOTlTee Kal nOlee Ol (laqOpee nAlKTpOAOYlOU Kal nOvTlKlOu; [§ nAlKTpOAOYlO - § nOvTlKl]
Na neplYpaqel O TpOnOe AelTOUpYlae Tle O8Ovle Ka8O(lKOu aWArva. [§ o8Ovl]
Yn6pxOUv (uO TexvlKee (lflOUpYlae xpOfaTOe aTle O8Ovee UYpOv KpUaT6AAWv: a) na�'TIK�C J�TpaC

�) &v&pY�C J�TpaC

nOla Ta felOveKTrfaTa TWv O8OvOv aqre; [§ o8Ovl]
nOla el(l eKTUnWTOv YvWpl�eTe; nOe AelTOUpYOuv; [§ EKTUnWTee]
nOla elval KaT6 Tl YvOfl aae Ta nAeOveKTrfaTa Kal nOla Ta felOveKTrfa-Ta TWv eKTUnWTOv lnsur evavTl TWv eKTUnWTOv aKl(Wv Kdnt antrix);
nOaa lxvl exel fla faYvlTlKr Talvla; nOla anO aUT6 xplalfOnOlOuvTal Yla Tlv anO8rKeUal (e(OfevWv Kal nOlOe O pOAOe Yla Ta UnOAOlna lxvl; [§ MaYvlTlKr Talvla]
IlaTl l q6al Tle (lafOpqWale elval alfavTlKr Yla fla (laKeTa; [§ EuKafnTOe (laKOe]
nOe AelTOUpYOuv Ta fOvTef; [§ MOvTef]
nOe AelTOUpYel O aapWTre; [§ LapWTre]
Na aUv(eaeTe Ta neplexOfeva Tle npOTle aTrAle fe aUT6 Tle (euTeple.

nA&ov&KT�JaTa	ol lnsur eKTUnWTee eKTUnOvOUv fe feYaAuTepl KKaT6
	KavOva) TaxuTlTa.
	Elval AlYOTepO 8OpU�O(ele.
	EKTUnOvOUv fla nAel6(a xapaKTrpWv.
	EKTUnOvOUv YpaqlK6.
	TO anOTeAeaf6 TOUe elval KaAuTeple nOlOTlTae.
M&Iov&KT�JaTa	MeYaAuTepO KOaTOe aYOp6e.
	MeYaAuTepO KOaTOe AelTOUpYlae.
	bev fnOpOuv va nap6YOUv nOAAanA6 avTlYpaqa fe
	xpral KapfnOv.

RAM .

. neplqepelaKr aUaKeUr

nOvTlKl .

LapWTre .

. fvrfl EPROM .

LTle faYvlTlKee Talvlee Ol nAlpOqOplee anO8lKeuOvTal ae (la(OxlK6 M�v'. Ta 8 anO aUT6 xplalfOnOlOuvTal Yla Tlv anO8rKeUal TWv 8 bit i&ioJtvwv Kal TO 9O Yla tA&Y�o IOoTIJMaC Kpnrity chuck), fe aKOnO Tlv avlxveUal TUxalWv Aa8Ov.
nOlOl elval Ol alfavTlKOTepOl TpOnOl (laauv(eale TWv UnOAOYlaTOv; [§ blaauv(eal UnOAOYlaTOv]
Na avaqepeTe el(l enlKOlvWvlae TOU KevTplKOu fepOUe fe Tle neplqepela-Kee aUaKeUee. [§ TO neplqepelaKO fepOe TOU UnOAOYlaTr]
LTOv napaK6TW nlvaKa alfelOaTe fe <Y» aUT6 nOU avrKOUv aTO UAlKO Kal fe <1» aTO AOYlaflKO.
EnlAe�Te aTOv napaK6TW nlvaKa Tle aUaKeUee elaO(OU Kal Tle aUaKeUee e�O(OU.
nOlee anO Tle napaK6TW npOT6aele elval aWaTee; D TO fOvTef elval AOYlaflKO aUaTrfaTOe D 'vae ene�epYaaTre elval evae feY6AOe UnOAOYlaTre D H MevTplKr MOv6(a Ene�epYaalae elval evae npOaWnlKOe UnOAOYlaTre

Y	o8Ovl
1	Ene�epYaaTre KelfevOU
Y	EKTUnWTre
Y	nOvTlKl
Y	MOvTef
1	naKeTO fla8O(Oalae
Y	nAlKTpOAOYlO
Y	LKAlpOe (laKOe

�uOK&u�	EIOOiou	E�Oiou
o8Ovl		v
nAlKTpOAOYlO	v
MlKpOqWvO	v
MeY6qWva		v
nOvTlKl	v
LapWTre	v
EKTUnWTre		v

I H MevTplKr MOv6(a Ene�epYaalae elval eva aTOlxelO TOU KevTplKOu fepOUe evOe UnOAOYlaTr

I o eKTUnWTre elval fla aUaKeUr e�O(OU

D H KevTplKr fvrfl TOU UnOAOYlaTr xplalfOnOlelTal Yla Tlv anO8rKeUal (e(OfevWv aKOfa Kal OTav O UnOAOYlaTre elval KAelaTOe

36. EnlAe�Te Tle aWaTee eKqp6aele. D H faYvlTlKr Talvla anOTeAel neplqepelaKr aUaKeUr

D H KevTplKr fvrfl xplalfeuel aTlv anO8rKeUal npOYpaff6TWv

I LTaTlKr OvOf6�eTal l fvrfl Tle OnOlae TO neplexOfevO (ev aAA6�el nOTe D Ta �aalK6 nOlOTlK6 xapaKTlplaTlK6 TWv eKTUnWTOv lnsur elval O apl8fOe TWv aKl(Wv Tle KeqaAre Kal l TaxuTlTa eKTunWale I TO fOvTef feTaTpenel llqlaK6 arfaTa ae avaAOYlK6 Kal TO avTlaTpOqO

3.5 JuO&IC KaI O�OAIa aOK�O&wv KaI ipaOT'pIoT�Twv

1. o UnOAOYlaTre fOU (la8eTel RAM 128 MB Kal aKAlpO (laKO 20,5 GB. nOaa bytu elval l RAM Kal nOaa O aKAlpOe (laKOe;

DCOAIA 128 MB = 128 * 1024KB = 128 * 1024 * 1024byte = 134.217.728 byte 20,5 GB = 20,5 * 1024MB = 20,5 * 1024 * 1024 KB= = 20,5 * 1024 *1024*1024 byte = 22.011.707.392 byte

2. Na ava�lTraeTe aTO bla(lKTUO eTalpelee nOU KaTaaKeU6�OUv MME Kal va napOUal6aeTe TO KaAuTepO fOvTeAO K68e eTalpelae.

DCOAIA LTOxoe auTre TTe opaaTTplOTTTae w{val va w�olKwlWeoUv ol JaeTTte Jw TT olaolKaa{a ava�rTTaTe nATpocoplwv aTo Jlao{KTuo Kal Tov TpOno napoua{aare Toue aTTv Ta�T. En{aTe ea yvWp{aouv va Ta�lvoJoUv Ta npoiOvTa Jw faaT Tle ouvaTOTTTte Toue. ETalpw{we KaTaaKwure wnw�wpyaaTwv w{val yla napaowlyJa ol lntel (www.intel.com), Motorola (www.motorola.com), MD(www.amd.com), lBM (www.ibm.com).

3. Na avOl�eTe TO KOUTl evOe UnOAOYlaTr Kal va KaTa(el�eTe Ta (l6qOpa TfrfaT6 TOU.

DCOAIA

o aTOxoe TTe aaKTaTe auTre w{val va Jaeouv ol JaeTTte va avayvWp{�ouv Ta olacopa TJrJaTa Tou unoAoylaTr.

4. 'aTW OTl evae aKAlpOe (laKOe elval (lafOpqWfevOe fe 512 bytu av6 TOfea. E6v UnO8eaOUfe OTl O faYvlTlKOe (laKOe exel 2 nAeUpee, 10 TOfele Kal 50 lxvl, nOaa bytus fnOpOuv va anO8lKeUTOuv;

DCOAIA

2*10*50*512

5. Na aneYKaTaaTraeTe TO fOvTef TOU UnOAOYlaTr aae Kal aTl aUvexela va TO enaveYKaTaaTraeTe.

DCOAIA LTOxoe auTre TTe opaaTTplOTTTae w{val va w�olKwlWeoUv ol JaeTTte Jw TT olaolKaa{a wyKaTaaTaaTe Kal anwyKaTaaTaaTe Tou JOvTwJ.

6. ea ava�lTraeTe nAlpOqOplee anO TO bla(lKTUO axeTlK6 fe: a) DoD

�) o8Ovee aqre Y) Enlne(ee O8Ovee () o8Ovee qOplTOv e) MOvTef Kal va Tle napOUal6aeTe aTlv T6�l aae.

DCOAIA LTOxoe auTre TTe opaaTTplOTTTae w{val va w�olKwlWeoUv ol JaeTTte Jw TT olaolKaa{a ava�rTTaTe nATpocoplwv aTo Jlao{KTuo Kal Tov TpOno napoua{aare Toue aTTv Ta�T. En{aTe va yvWp{aouv Tle Tonoewa{we Onou JnopoUv va fp{aKouv nATpocop{we Kal va wvTJwpwvovTal yla Tle TwAwuTa{we w�wA{�wle TTe TwxvoAoy{ae TWv unoAoylaTwv.

7. 'aTW OTl K6nOla flKpr eTalpela enl8Ufel Tl (laauv(eal 5 UnOAOYlaTOv Tle, Ol OnOlOl �plaKOvTal ae eva aUYKeKplfevO YpaqelO. Na npOTelveTe TpOnOUe UAOnOllale.

DCOAIA

[§ JlaaUvowaT unoAoylaTwv]

8. nOlee vOfl�eTe OTl elval Ol analTraele ae UAlKO TOU UnOAOYlaTlKOu aUaTrfa-

TOe flae Tp6ne�ae evOe UnOUpYelOU evOe navenlaTlflOU evOe AUKelOU evOe (rfOU evOe KaTaaTrfaTOe evOe TexvlKOu YpaqelOU evOe fa8lTr r qOlTlTr.

DCOAIA

o aTOxoe TTe aaKTaTe auTre w{val va avTlATceoUv ol JaeTTte Tle olacopte aTa xapaKTTplaTlKa Tou uAlKoU nou analToUvTal aw olacopwTlKre KA{JaKae Jwyteoue unoAoylaTlKa auaTrJaTa.

9. Na elaaY6YeTe fla qWTOYpaqla aae aTOv UnOAOYlaTr Kal aTl aUvexela va Tlv eKTUnOaeTe.

DCOAIA

o aTOxoe TTe aaKTaTe auTre w{val va w�olKwlWeoUv ol JaeTTte Jw TT xpraT Tou aapWTr Kal Ta npoypaJJaTa wnw�wpyaa{ae wlKOvae.

10. Na anO8lKeuaeTe Ta neplexOfeva flae laTOaeAl(ae TOU bla(lKTuOU: a) LTO aKAlpO (laKO TOU UnOAOYlaTr.

�) Le fla (laKeTa. Y) Le eva eYYp6llfO �D.

DCOAIA

o aTOxoe TTe aaKTaTe auTre w{val va yvWp{aouv ol JaeTTte TT olaolKaa{a TTe anoerKwuaTe aw olacopa anoeTKwuTlKa Jtaa.

11. Na ava�lTraeTe nAlpOqOplee Yla TOv TpOnO AelTOUpYlae Kal Ta xapaKTlplaTlK6 TWv O8OvOv aqre.

DCOAIA LTOxoe auTre TTe opaaTTplOTTTae w{val va w�olKwlWeoUv ol JaeTTte Jw TT olaolKaa{a ava�rTTaTe nATpocoplwv aTo Jlao{KTuo Kal va Jaeouv Tle TwAwuTa{we w�wA{�wle yla Tle oeOvwe acre.

12. npOKelTal va enlaKeq8elTe eva KaT6aTlfa nOAlale UnOAOYlaTOv fe aKOnO va aYOp6aeTe evav npOaWnlKO UnOAOYlaTr. MaTaYp6lTe OAee Tle npO(laYpaqee nOU 8a 8eAaTe va exel O UnOAOYlaTre nOU aae ev(laqepel, OaTe O nWAlTre va fnOpeael va UnOAOYlael Tlv TeAlKr Tlfr TOU.

DCOAIA LTOxoe auTre TTe opaaTTplOTTTae w{val va w�olKwlWeoUv ol JaeTTte Jw TT olaolKaa{a ayopae unoAoylaTr, waTw va ayopa�ouv aUJcWva Jw Tle avayKwe Toue. nnopoUv va ctpouv anoKOJJaTa anO nwploolKa Kal olacTJlaTlKa tvTuna yla unoAoylaTte. LTT auvtxwla va npoanaeraouv va auvetaouv To KaAUTwpo aUaTTJa Jw napaJtTpoue Tle avayKwe Toue Kal tva avW Oplo TlJre.

��

4.1 X��O��C��WW��aW��

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	I '	��on-�sn� Unsx DOS WsnTows��WsnTows�N�
M w��	K��Wa�U��C
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4.� r��C�O��aa��C

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4.� IX�f��W��W��w�

4.�.1 1��M w��

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E�w�aa��C��	1-6
Aa�aa��C��	1
YO�f� -��C�( n��aa��C	M��O�O��o��q� ��o� � ��J��o��O��q� ��n��O�o� ��o��O��sJ ��J��Eq�� o� ��n��o��o�	� �

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4.�.� ��M w��

M�f��U��

M b��o��ME b� b��o� b��o��q�

E�

��on-�sn�

I Unsx DOS WsnTows��WsnTows�N�

E�w�aa��C�� 2-18

Aa�aa��C�� 2-7

YO�f� -��C�( M��O�O��o��q� n��aa��C � ��Oo��s�

IO��o��q��O��o��o

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E�o��O�O� � '��q��		�� -

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n��O�O��o� ��o��o��-�s��on

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o
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4.�.� ��M w��

Aa�aa��C�� 8-10 '��O��s��o��s�-��Jo

4.4 JUa��C�(��O�f� -��C��w�aa�w�

1. N��q��o��o��Oo

��o� [�A�J�

�. n��o��J� [�A�J�

�.� n��o��s��sJ [�A��o��s��s��J�

4. A��s�

O²� O^��so

O¹O��O��so

On �

N��q��O��o��oJ [A�E��o��J�

n��oo O O��qO O M��q��oq I b��qO
I Y��sO I bo

N��qJ [A�M��J�

n��J� O E I o O n I bo
O O I b��o��ME

T��oe��J� [A�M��J��n�

T��oe��o��(�s��s ��T��o��n
��o��J� [A�b��o��o�

n��o��q��o��-I Eo O M��q��oo I Ao O A��(�on�s�o

I A��q��o��OoO I A��q��o��oO��Oo

1�. n��o ��o��T��o��ME� [A�b��o��ME�	-
1�. T��o��o��O��oJ ��o� [A�b��o�
14. Eo��O��oq ��n��O��oe��Oo ��q��J� [A�b��o��q��O�	-
15. T��oe��s��on��sn�� [A�E�O�
16. N��q��J��T��oe� [A�I��J�
17. E��s��q� I T��J��oe��JJ
Eq

O T��J��o��O��O��o O '��J��Oo

I T��o��o��O��OO I O��oe��oO O '��O��s��o��eo

��ME O T��J��Oo q O M��O��o��Jq ��o��so O o ��oo

4.5�JUa��C��aX��a�aa�w��f��a��a�w�

1. Y��O��J��q��o��O�O��

I:OAIA

H auVaTaTTTa auTr oTa WindowsNT naptxeTal Jtoa ana aVT{oTolxee auVaTaTT Tee Tou n{VaKa eAtyxou, eVw oTo UNIX unapxouV ol eVToAte who Kal finger.

�. Es��oO ��oO

I:OAIA

H auVaTaTTTa auTr e�apTaTal ana To unoAoyloTlKa ouoTTJa Tou epyaoTTp{ou oae. Le Kaee nep{nTwoT e�TyroTe oToue JaeTTte Tle {aolKte auVaTaTTTee nou unapxouV oTTV npooTao{a eVae apxe{ou ana aAAoue xproTee.

�. Y��o��O��

A��o�

I:OAIA

LTa WINDOWS T auVaTaTTTa auTr unapxel Jtow TTe enlAoyre «LuoTTJa» oToV n{VaKa eAtyxou, oTo UNIX Jtow TTe eVToAre quota, eVw oTo DOS ana TTV mem.

4. A��e��o��oo «��O��(��T�on��

I:OAIA

LTa Windows ana TTV KapTtAa «lalaTTTee» Tou apxe{ou. LTo UNIX ana TTV eVToAr chmod. Na epwTTeouV ol JaeTTte aV txouV KaTaAa{el TTV aVayKT unap�Te Jlae TtTolae npooTao{ae Tou apxe{ou ana To AelToupylKa ouoTTJa. npaoeeTa Jnope{ Va aVacepeouV Kal aAAee TtTolee auVaTaTTTee nou naptxoVTal ana AelToupylKa ouoTrJaTa, anwe «Kpucahidden», «eKTeAtolJoexecutable».

5. A��e��o��Oo� ��oe ��oe � ��OI

I:OAIA

LTa Windows, ana Tle enlAoyte 'Vap�TAEupeoTAApxe{a r OaKeAol. LTo Unix ol eVToAte ls Kal find. LTo Dos T eVToAr dir.

6. M� N��O��o��Ts��o�� N��O��oo

N��q�oo No NO

��n�wTs� N��q�o��o��n�wTs� N��o��o��n�w�s�� N��O��q�o��o��Ts��o�� b��O��Ts��o��

I:OAIA

LTa Windows ana ToV Explorer AE�epeuVToT TwV Windows. LTo Dos Je TT xproT TwV eVToAwV cd, md, rd, copy. LTo Unix Je TT xproT TwV eVToAwV cd, mkdir, rm, rm r , cp Kal xproT Tou vi yla ouVTaKTT KelJtVou. LxeTlKa Je TTV alaypacr Tou KaTaAayou mydirectory Kal oTTV nep{nTwoT nou To AelToupylKa ouoTTJa e{Val Ta Windows, npoTe{VeTal Va ToVloTe{ oToue JaeTTte T auVaTaTTTa Va y{VeTal alaypacr Tou KaTaAayou mydirectory eVw unapxel of auTaV neplexaJeVo.

7. b��o��O��O��oJ ��o��q��O��oo

I:OAIA

H A{oTa nou ea aTJloupyTee{ e�apTaTal ana To unoAoyloTlKa ouoTTJa Tou epyaoTTp{ou oae. LTa Windows Jnope{ Va npoKulel ana TTV «E�epeuVToT» r «nnoAoyloTre». fla napaaelyJa enlAtyoVTae Kanolo apxe{o JnopouV Va napaTTproouV ol JaeTTte Tle {aolKte enlAoyte anwe: AVTlypacr, MeToVoJao{a, flaypacr K.a. Na ou�TTTee{ T alacopa TTe aVTlypacre (copy) Kal TTe alaalKao{ae JeTacopae (move).

8. A��e��q��o��NU�

I:OAIA

To Linux e{Val Jla napaAAayr Tou Unix. =eK{VToe ana ToV Linus Torvald Kal anoTeAe{ tVa napaaelyJa TTe oJaalKre aVa nTu�Te AoyloJlKou oTo flaa{KTuo ana eeeAoVTte. LrJepa e{Val lala{Tepa aTJoclAte Aayw TwV auVaToTrTwV Tou, nou ouVexwe ene KTe{VoVTal, Kal TTe eAeueepTe anaKTTore Tou.

9. A

��o��o ��o�

I:OAIA

LTaxoe TTe aoKToTe e{Val Va aVacepeouV Ta nlo yVwoTa AelToupylKa ouoTrJaTa, anwe Window 9x, 2000 ,NT, Unix, Linux, Je Tle {aolKte oJolaTTTee r alacopte Toue Kaewe Kal TT etoT Toue oTTV oTJeplVr npayJaTlKaTTTa. MnopouV Va y{VouV nolK{Aee anaVTroele aeKTte, aVaAoya Je ToV Tpano Kal TTV eyKupaTTTa alKaloAayToTe TTe enlAoyre, apKe{ Va e{Val enapKwe alTloAoyTJtVee. Na ATcee{ unalT T unap�T alacopeTlKwV TunwV lL aVaAoya Je Tle aVayKee, Tle ono{ee ea nptnel Va e�unTpeTroouV.

10. A��e��qo

��e ��O

O�

I:OAIA

Ol JaeTTte JnopouV Va enlKolVwVroouV Je ToV uneueuVo eVae aVT{oTolxou copta Kal Va KaTaypalouV Ta AelToupylKa ouoTrJaTa nou xpTolJonole{.

KaT'yopif�

UnoJoyIOTIIWV

OUOT'P£TWV

To K&qaAoIo ovoqep&ToI:

LTa xapaKTrplOTlKa yvwp(OwaTa �aOel Twv ono(wv Ta UnoAoyl OTlKa OUOTrwaTa KaTaTaOOovTal Oe KaTryop(eC.
LTlC KaTryop(eC weyaAwv UnoAoylOTlKWv OUOTrwaTwv, OTrv e Al r ToUC Kal OTa neC(a ecapwoyWv ToUC.
LTlC KaTryop(eC wlKpounoAoylOTWv Kal OTa neC(a ecapwoyWv ToUC.

5.1 XpovonpoYpoJJoTIOJOC

LUvoAlKOC npoTelvOwevoC xpOvoC 2 WpeC.

.Mwpo 10: KoTovoJ� uA'C

XapaKTrplOTlKa yvwp(OwaTa UnoAoylOTWv

KaTryop(eC weyaAwv OUOTrwaTwv blacopeTlKr TexvoAoy(a AvT(OTolxr ApxlTeKTovlKr neC(a ecapwoyWv Kal e Al r Twv weyaAwv UnoAoyl OTlKWv OUOTrwaTwv

KaTryop(eC wlKpounoAoylOTWv neC(a ecapwoyWv Twv wlKpounoAoylOTWv Tunol wlKpounoAoylOTWv LTa8wo( epyaO(aC

5.2 r&vIKeC nopoT'p�O&IC

LTo KecaAalo 3 ol wa8rT C yvWplOav Ta CowlKa w pr noU OUv8 ToUv To UAlKO ToU UnoAoylOTr Kal Tov TpOno AelToUpy(aC ToUC. LTo KecaAalo aUTO OUwnAr pWvovTal ol yvWOelC ToUC OxeTlKa we Tr Cowr Twv UnoAoylOTlKWv OUOTrwa Twv. LKonOC e(val va KaTavorOoUv Tr OrwaO(a Twv xapaKTrplOTlKWv �aOel Twv ono(wv Ta UnoAoylOTlKa OUOTrwaTa KaTaTaOOovTal Oe KaTryop(eC.

o neploplOwOC OTo Cla8 Olwo xpOvo enl�aAAel Trv eK Twv npoT pwv npoe TolwaO(a Twv wa8rTWv, we wlKp C epyaO(eC enlAoyrC ToU ClCaOKovTa, anO aUT C noU npoTe(vovTal OTo TeTpaClo ToU wa8rTr.

MeTa To T AoC aUTou ToU KecaAa(oU, wnope( va avaTe8e( OToUC wa8rT C r OUv8eTlKr epyaO(a we T(TAo: <'peUva ayopaC yla npowr8ela UAlKou».

5.3 IXeiIo Jo9'JaTwv

5.3.1 1o .Mwpo

.IioKTeo uA'

XapaKTrplOTlKa yvwp(OwaTa UnoAoylOTWv

KaTryop(eC weyaAwv OUOTrwaTwv blacopeTlKr TexvoAoy(a AvT(OTolxr ApxlTeKTovlKr neC(a ecapwoyWv Kal e Al r Twv weyaAwv UnoAoyl OTlKWv OUOTrwaTwv

KaTryop(eC wlKpounoAoylOTWv neC(a ecapwoyWv Twv wlKpounoAoylOTWv Tunol wlKpounoAoylOTWv

LTa8wo( epyaO(aC

EpwT�O&IC: 1 12

AOK�O&IC: 1 5

Ynoi&M�&IC -KaTa Tr ClCaOKaA(a, To �apoC 8a np nel va Co8e(: nopoT'p�O&IC • OTa xapaKTrplOTlKa, �aOel Twv ono(wv KaTaTaOOovTal Ta OUOTrwaTa Oe KaTryop(eC.

• OTlC UnapxoUOeC KaTryop(eC OUOTrwaTwv Kal OTa neC(a

ecapwoyWv ToUC . ol epwTrOelC 8a np nel va xprOlwonolr8ouv wC UnoOTrpl

KTlK C TrC ClCaOKaA(aC, npoKelw voU va oAoKArpw8e( To KecaAalo we enlypawwaTlKO, OnoU enlTp neTal, TpOno Kal we wlKp C wOvo napew�aOelC ToU Ka8ryrTr.

5.4 JuO&IC - unoi&M�&IC &pwT�O&wv

1. nola e(val Ta ClaKplTlKa yvwp(OwaTa yla Trv KaTaTa r Twv UnoAoylOTWv Oe KaTryop(eC; a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

�) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [§ XapaKTrplOTlKa yvwp(OwaTa UnoAoylOTWv]

2. Na OUwnArpWOeTe Ta Keva, enlA yovTaC TlC KaTaAArAeC A elC anO aUT C noU napaT(8evTal OTo avT(OTolxo epWTrwa: a) ol CUvaTOTrTeC evOC OUOTrwaToC Ka8op(eovTal anO

Trv TaxuTrTa &n&�&pYoOMoC
Tr xwprTlKOTrTa TrC KupIoC Jv�J'C
To nAr8oC Twv Jovaiwv &IOOiou-&�Oiou

(&n&�&pYoOMoC KpUcr wvrwr, Jovaiwv &IOOiou-&�Oiou KupIoC Jv�J'C) �) H TaxuTrTa ene epyaO(aC e apTaTal anO

Trv TaxuTrTa ToU poAoYIou TrC KME
To wrKoC TrC Ae�'C TrC KME
To xpOvo npoOneAoO'C i&ioJevwv OTr wvrwr
To &upoC Kal Trv ToXuT'To ToU ClauAoU enlKolvwv(aC (&upoC Ae�' poAOI npoOneAoO' i&ioJevwv ToXuT'To ene epyaO(a) y) H UnoAoylOTlKr lOxuC npoOClop(eeTal anO Trv TaxuTrTa ene epyaO(aC

Kal Tr Xwp'TIKOT'To Jv�J'C MeTpl Tal Oe MIPS. (TaxuTrTa ene epyaO(aC, MIPS Xwp'TIKOT'To Jv�J'C) [§ XapaKTrplOTlKa yvwp(OwaTa UnoAoylOTWv]

Le nola �aOlKr apxr OTrp(eeTal r apxlTeKTovlKr Twv UnoAoylOTlKWv OU OTrwaTwv, ave apTrTa anO Trv KaTryop(a OTrv ono(a avrKoUv; [§ blacopeTlKr TexvoAoy(a, AvT(OTolxr ApxlTeKTovlKr]
Na avac peTe TlC KaTryop(eC UnoAoylOTlKWv OUOTrwaTwv a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

�) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [§ KaTryop(eC weyaAwv OUOTrwaTwv, § KaTryop(eC wlKpounoAoylOTWv]

Na avac peTe weplKa anO Ta neC(a ecapwoyWv Twv UnepUnoAoylOTWv Kal Twv weOa(wv OUOTrwaTwv. [§ neC(a ecapwoyWv Kal e Al r Twv weyaAwv UnoAoylOTlKWv OUOTrwa Twv]
Na OrwelWOeTe Trv r TlC KaTryop(eC UnoAoylOTWv noU e(val KaTaAArAeC yla Ka8e va anO ToUC cope(C noU aKoAoU8ouv:
nola wovaCa Clacoponole( ToUC wlKpounoAoylOT C anO Ta UnOAolna Uno AoylOTlKa OUOTrwaTa; [MlKpoene epyaOTrC]
Na avac peTe ToUC TunoUC wlKpounoAoylOTWv, Oe Ox Or we To w ye8oC Kal Tr wopcr ToUC. [§ Tunol wlKpounoAoylOTWv]
Na avac peTe weplKa anO Ta neC(a ecapwoyWv Twv wlKpounoAoylOTWv. [§ neC(a ecapwoyWv Twv wlKpounoAoylOTWv]
Na avac peTe weplKa anO Ta nAeoveKTrwaTa Kal Ta weloveKTrwaTa Twv coprTWv UnoAoylOTWv. [§ neC(a ecapwoyWv Twv wlKpounoAoylOTWv]
Le noleC neplnTWOelC vaC wlKpounoAoylOTrC xapaKTrp(eeTal wC <LTa8 wOC epyaO(aC»; [§ LTa8wo( epyaO(aC]
IlaT(, KaTa Tr yvWwr OaC, e(val aKpl�OTepol ol coprTo( Oe Ox Or we ToUC UnOAolnoUC wlKpounoAoylOT C; [XprOlwonolouv e apTrwaTa wlKpOTepoU OyKoU Twv ono(wv r KaTaOKeUr analTe( elClKr TexvoyvwO(a. H ayopa OTrv ono(a aneU8uvovTal e(val wlKpOTepr anO aUTr Twv UnoAo( nwv wlKpounoAoylOTWv.]

	UnepUnoAoylOT C	weyaAolUnoAoylOT C	weOa(olUnoAoylOT C	wlKpounoAoylOT C
MeTewpoAoylK C YnrpeO(eC	>	>	>	>
MeOa(eC Kal weyaAeC enlxelprOelC		>	>	>
MlKp C enlxelprOelC			>	>
Blowrxav(a KaTaOKeUrC aepoOKacWv	>	>	>	>
MeyaAa epeUvrTlKa K vTpa Kal opyavlOwo(	>	>	>	>
MeyaAol opyavlOwo( (oTE, bEH, KAn.)		>	>	>
KU�epvrTlK C YnrpeO(eC	>	>	>	>
noAUKaTaOTrwa			>	>
LxoAlKa epyaOTrpla				>
navenlOTrwla	>	>	>	>
TpaneeeC		>	>	>

5.5 JuO&IC KoI OXOAIo oOK�O&wv KoI ipoOT'pIoT�Twv

1. Na avaerTrOeTe nArpocop(eC OxeTlKa we Ta xapaKTrplOTlKa Kal TlC CUva TOTrTeC ClaOTaOelC, wvrwr, nAr8oC ene epyaOTWv, TaxuTrTa ene epya O(aC, neC(a ecapwoyWv, K.a. OUyKeKplw vwv wovT Awv weyaAwv UnoAoyl OTlKWv OUOTrwaTwv. a) Na CrwloUpyrOeTe exwplOTO n(vaKa yla Trv KaTaypacr Twv xapaKTr

plOTlKWv Ka8e KaTryop(aC. �) Le lCla(Tepr OTrAr ToU n(vaKa va KaTaxwp(OeTe TlC nry C Twv nArpo coplWv OaC (�l�A(a, CleU8uvOelC blaClKTuoU, KAn.).

	M&OoMoI unoAoYIOTeC
MovT Ao	blaOTaOelC	.........	.........	.........	nry C nArpocOprOrC
CRAY J90/se

I:OAIA Na oTIlouPYTet{ auYKtvTPWTlKac n{vaKac ana Tlc nrTPocoP{tc olacoPtTlKcv oI6oWv Kal va olavtITet{ aTouc IaeTTtc.

2. Na OUyKevTpWOeTe nArpocop(eC anO neploClKa yla Ta e(Cr Twv wlKpoe ne epyaOTWv noU e(val Cla8 Olwa yla wlKpounoAoylOT C. a) Na KaTaypaleTe Oe n(vaKa To wovT Ao, Trv TaxuTrTa Kal Tr w Or Tlwr nWArOrC yla Ka8e wlKpoene epyaOTr. �) Na CrwloUpyrOeTe pa�COypawwa, we a oveC Ta wovT Aa Twv wlKpoene epyaOTWv Kal Trv Tlwr ToUC. y) H Clacopa TlwrC e(val avaAoyr TrC ClacopaC OTrv TaxuTrTa ene ep yaO(aC; Mnope(Te va alTloAoyrOeTe Ta OUwnepaOwaTa OaC;

C) Ynapxel Clacopa TlwrC avaweOa Oe wlKpoene epyaOT C avT(OTolxwv CUvaToTrTwv aAAa ClacopeTlKou wovT AoU; Na ClaTUnWOeTe TlC enlOr wavOelC OaC Kal va erTrOeTe nArpocop(eC OxeTlKa we TlC npaywaTlK C enlCOOelC ToUC.

I:OAIA H tPYaa{a auTr InoPt{ va anoTtrtatl ItPoc TTc auvetTlKrc tPYaa{ac «'Ptuva aYoP6c Yla TTv nPoIretla urlKoU».

3. Na KaTaypaleTe Oe n(vaKa wovT Aa coprTWv UnoAoylOTWv, Trv Tlwr ToUC Kal Ta xapaKTrplOTlKa ToUC: xwprTlKOTrTa wvrwrC Kal OKArpou C(OKoU, evOwwaTww va neplcepelaKa OnwC oCryO ClOK TaC, oCryO onTlKou C(OKoU, wOvTew, K.a. Tuno o8OvrC, �apoC Kal ClaOTaOelC. Na KaveTe wla OUyKplTlKr weA Tr.

I:OAIA H tPYaa{a auTr InoPt{ va anoTtrtatl ItPoc TTc auvetTlKrc tPYaa{ac «'Ptuva aYoP6c Yla TTv nPoIretla urlKoU».

4. Na KaTaypaleTe Oe n(vaKa ClacopoUC TunoUC o8ovWv, Ta TexvoAoylKa xapaKTrplOTlKa ToUC Kal Trv Tlwr ToUC, TOOo yla KolvouC UnoAoylOT C, OOo Kal yla coprTouC. Na KaveTe w(a OUyKplTlKr weA Tr.

I:OAIA H tPYaa{a auTr InoPt{ va anoTtrtatl ItPoc TTc auvetTlKrc tPYaa{ac «'Ptuva aYoP6c Yla TTv nPoIretla urlKoU».

5. Na OUyKevTpWOeTe nArpocop(eC yla ToUC UnoAoylOT C naAawrC, Ta xapaKTrplOTlKa ToUC, TlC CUvaTOTrTeC noU xoUv Kal To AoylOwlKO noU xprOlwonolouv. a) Na OUwnArpWOeTe Tov n(vaKa noU aKoAoU8e(: ol UnoAoylOT C naAawrC:

	NAI	oXI
wnopouv va xprOlwonolrOoUv Clacopa e(Cr AoylOwlKou;	>
wnopouv va xprOlweuOoUv OTr CleKnepa(wOr UnoAoylOwWv;	>
wnopouv va xprOlweuOoUv wC npoOwnlKO Orwel wwaTaplo;	>
wnopouv va xprOlweuOoUv OTrv opyavwOr Kal Claxe(plOr wlaC �aOrC CeCow vwv;	>

�) Me nolo TpOno Tov OUvC oUwe we vav wlKpounoAoylOTr yla avTaAAa yr nArpocoplWv; [M Ow elClKou KaAwC(oU Kal KaTaAArAoU AoylOwlKou]

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6.1 X��O��C��a�r�

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DCOAIA LTOxoe OuTre TTe tpwTTaTe t{vOl vO KOTOvoraouv KOA(TtpO ol JOeTTte Tle QuvOTOTTTte nou npoactptl o unoAoylaTre ylO TT xpraT TWv tcOpJoywv noAuJtaWv KOewe KOl Toue vtoue TpOnoue JoeTaTe nou npoactpouv ol tcOpJoyte OuTte.

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1. N��t

DCOAIA

H oaKTaT OuTr npoactptl aToue JOeTTte TTv OuTovoJ{O nou nptntl vO QlOetTtl o xpraTTe tvOe JlKpounoAoylaTr.

�. N��b�� 2��f��2��f��

DCOAIA

AvoAoyO Jt Tle OvoyKte TTe QlQOaKOA{Oe vO KOTtue(vtTt Toue JOeTTte aTTv OvO

�rTTaT nATpocoplwv ylO auyKtKplJtvou T(nou AoylaJlKO

�. N��2�� 2��N��

DCOAIA LTOxoe OuTre TTe QpOaTTplOTTTOe t{vOl vO t�olKtlWeo(v ol JOeTTte Jt TT QTJloupy{O KOl tKT(nWaT tvT(nWv nou eO xpTalJonolraouv at tKQTAwatle Tou axoAt{ou Toue.

4. N��

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DCOAIA LTOxoe OuTre TTe QpOaTTplOTTTOe t{vOl vO t�olKtlWeo(v ol JOeTTte Jt TT QTJloupy{O oQTywv xpraTe AoylaJlKo(.

5. N��

DCOAIA De nlo npoalTr A(aT npoTt{vtTOl aToue JOeTTte T xpraT Tou tnt�tpyOaTr KtlJtvou. MlO oAAT A(aT t{vOl vO xpTalJonolraouv tlQlKO AoylaJlKO Jt To ono{o QTJloupyo(vTOl oAJnouJ cWToypOclwv.

6. N��f�� obatRpa�eep�ea��

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DCOAIA LTOxoe OuTre TTe QpOaTTplOTTTOe t{vOl vO t�olKtlWeo(v ol JOeTTte Jt TTv OvO�rTTaT nATpocoplwv aTo !lOQ{KTuo, Tle QuvOTOTTTte Tou auyKtKplJtvou npoypoJJOToe KOewe KOl TT QlOQlKOa{O tyKOToaTOaTe JlOe tcOpJoyre. 0 Acrobat Reader t{vOl To npOypOJJO To ono{o QlOfo�tl Opxt{O T(nou .pdf (portabee docmmedt format Jopcr copTTo( tyypocou). 'yypOcO OuTo( Tou T(nou QTJloupyo(vTOl Kup{We OnO To nOKtTo Adobe Acrobat OAAo KOl OnO oAAte tcOpJoyte nou npoactpouv OuTr TT QuvOTOTTTO. BOalKO xOpOKTTplaTlKO TTe Jopcre .pdf t{vOl T QuvOTOTTTO vO QlOTTpt{ TTv OpxlKr Jopcr Tou tyypocou (ypOJJOToatlpte, aTo{xlaT, tlKOvte, K.o.) Ovt�OpTrTWe TTe nAOTcOpJOe (ixddows, ndx,, KAn.) r TTe auaKture (oeOvT, tKTunWTre, KAn.) aTTv ono{O tJcOv{�tTOl To tyypOco, OpKt{ vO t{vOl QlOetalJoe o Acrobat Reader. H Jopcr .pdf t{vOl QloQoxoe TTe Jopcre postscrxpt. 0 Acrobat Reader QlOT{etTOl QWptov OnO TTv tTOlpt{O KOTOaKture Tou aTTv Tonoeta{O www.adobe.com

7. N��

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DCOAIA H tpyOa{O OuTr Jnopt{ vO OnoTtAtatl Jtpoe TTe auvetTlKre tpyOa{Oe Jt T{TAo «L(vQtaT KOl tvaWJoTWaT OvTlKtlJtvou».

8. N��

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H tpyOa{O OuTr Jnopt{ vO tntKTOet{ KOl vO OnoTtAtatl auvetTlKr oJOQlKr tpyOa{O.

10. N��

DCOAIA

H tpyOa{O OuTr Jnopt{ vO tntKTOet{ KOl vO OnoTtAtatl auvetTlKr oJOQlKr tpyOa{O.

11. N��

�N�Y� fN�Y�

DCOAIA

LTOxoe OuTre TTe QpOaTTplOTTTOe t{vOl vO Joeouv ol JOeTTte OTl nplv xpTalJo

nolraouv JlO tcOpJoyr, KOAO t{vOl, vO JtAtTo(v TO opepO TTe oQtlOe xpraTe KOl vO Kp{vouv Ov nptntl vO TT xpTalJonolraouv r Oxl.

1�. N��2��

��N��

DCOAIA

H JtAtTT KOl T nOpoua{OaT TWv OnoTtAtaJoTWv vO y{vouv Jt unoAoylaTr. Mnopt{ vO tntKTOet{ KOl vO OnoTtAtatl auvetTlKr oJOQlKr tpyOa{O.

1�. N�� N�T�� fN�T��

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DCOAIA�

!pOaTTplOTTTO T ono{O txtl We aKonO vO OnoKTraouv ol JOeTTte lKOvOTTTO aTT auyKtvTpWaT KOl nOpoua{OaT uAlKo(. 0l JOeTTte Jnopo(v vO tnlaKtcTo(v tJnoplKte tnlxtlpratle Onou OvOJtvtTOl vO fpouv nOKtTO tJnoplKre QlOxt{plaTe aTo TJrJO nWAratWv, AoylaTlKre QlOxt{plaTe aTo AoylaTrplo, nOKtTO OuToJOTlaJo( ypOct{ou at OAO axtQOv TO TJrJOTO, K.o.

��

�o K&�OAaIo aVa�&p&TaI:

��LTlc YAwOOec npOYpoffoTlOfOu� ��LTl oloolKoO(o KoToOKeUrc npOYpoffoTWV� ��LTlc opxec Kol To npOTUno npOYpoffoTlOfOu� ��LTo npOYpoffoTlOTlKo nepl�oAAOVTo�

7.1 XpoVonpoYpaJJaTIOJOC

LUVOAlKOc npOTelVOfeVOc xpOVOc 10 wpec (4 8eWp(o, 6 oOKrOelc).

M wpo 10: KaTaVoJ� uA'C

H npOYpoffoTl�OfeVl flxoVr Ol xprOTec npOYpoffo - IAwOOec npOYpoffoTlOfOu

TO npOYpoffo IAwOOo flxoVrc LUf�OAlKec YAwOOec IAwOOec UllAOu enlneoOU 'Vo OUYKplTlKO nopooelYfo IOTOp(o YAWOOwV UllAOu enlneoOU E�opTlOl TWV YAWOOwV onO TO OKOnO MeToqpoOTec

Apxec KoToOKeUrc AOYlOflKOu

M wpo 20: KaTaVoJ� uA'C

npOTUno npOYpoffoTlOfOu bloolKoOTlKOc npOYpoffoTlOfOc AVTlKelfeVOOTpeqrc npOYpoffoTlOfOc JOYlKOc npOYpoffoTlOfOc LUVopTlOloKOc npOYpoffoTlOfOc

npOYpoffoT(�OVToc Ko8OplOfOc npO�ArfoTOc AVoAUOl TOU npO�ArfoTOc LxeoloOfOc YAOnO(lOl 'AeYxOc LUVTrplOl TeKflp(WOl TpOnOl nopoOToOlc oAYOpl8fWV

npOYpoffoTlOTlKo nepl�oAAOVTo

'Vo nopooelYfo oVonTU�lc npOYpoffoTOc npOOolOplOfOc TWV onolTrOeWV TOU npO�ArfoTOc AVoAUOl TOU npO�ArfoTOc LxeoloOfOc oAYOpl8fOU Ylo TlV en(AUOl TOU npO�ArfoTOc YAOnO(lOl TOU oAYOpl8fOU

'AeYxOc TOU npOYpoffoTOc

M wpo 30: KaTaVoJ� uA'C

AOKrOelc

M wpo 40: KaTaVoJ� uA'C

AOKrOelc

M wpo 50: KaTaVoJ� uA'C

AOKrOelc

7.2 r&VIK&C napaT'p�O&IC

Le oUTO TO KeqoAolO Ol fo8lTec epxOVTol Oe enoqr fe To 8efoTo TOU npO-YpoffoTlOfOu TOU UnOAOYlOTr. npenel Vo exOUfe KoTo VOU OTl OTOxOc TOU fo8rfoTOc oeV e(Vol Vo KoVOUfe TOUc fo8lTec foc npOYpoffoTlOTec, OnOTe npenel Vo onOquYOUfe TOV nelpoOfO. O OTOxOc e(Vol Vo fnOpeOOUV Vo KoToAo�OUV OTl Ol UnOAOYlOTec AelTOUpYOuV fe npOYpoffoTo To OnO(o KonOlOl KoToOKeUo�OUV Kol nOU OTl �oOl TOUc onOTeAOuVTol onO onAec eVTOAec nOU Ko8OolYOuV TOV UnOAOYlOTr, fe OKOnO TeAlKo Vo onOfU8OnOll8e( OTo foTlo TOUc O UnOAOYlOTrc. LTO TeAOc TOU KeqoAo(OU 8o npenel:

�: No exOUV �eKo8op(Oel Tlc eVVOlec TOU npOYpoffoTlOfOu, TWV YAWOOwV Kol TWV npOYpoffoTlOTlKwV nepl�oAAOVTWV.
�: No exOUV oVTlAlq8e( TO nwc eVo npO�Alfo fnOpe( Vo AU8e( fe TOV KoToAAlAO npOYpoffoTlOfO eVOc UnOAOYlOTr.
�: No oVTlAof�oVOVTol TlV oVoYKl xprOlc OUYKeKplfeVlc fe8OoOAOY(oc OTlV oVonTU�l npOYpoffoTWV.

Ol epYoOTlploKec oOKrOelc 8o TOUc oe(�OUV nwc fnOpOuV Vo KoToOKeUoOOUV onAo npOYpoffoTo Ylo Vo olepeUVrOOUV, eKTOc onO TOV npOYpoffoTlOfO TOU UnOAOYlOTr, 8efoTo Kol npO�ArfoTo onO oAAo YVWOTlKo oVTlKe(feVo.

IeVlKo Ol oOKrOelc oeV onolTOuV e�e�lTlfeVO npOYpoffoTlOfO Kol O oAYOpl8fOc Ko8e npOYpoffoTOc fnOpe( euKOAo Vo e�lYl8e(. Ol oAYOpl8fOl nOU npOTe(VOVTol OTl OUVexelo exOUV Y(Vel fe YVwfOVo TlV eUKOA(o KoToVOlOrc TOUc onO TOUc fo8lTec Kol exOUV onOqeUx8e( npOYpoffoTlOTlKec �eATlOTOnOlrOelc. Ol oAYOpl8fOl nOU o(VOVTol e(Vol YpoffeVOl Oe leUoOYAwOOo nOU e(Vol nOAu KOVTo OTO OUVToKTlKO Tlc Pascal. Ol oOKrOelc 35 Kol 36 oeV UnopxOUV OTO TeTpoolO epYoO(oc fo8lTr Kol feVOUV OTlV Kp(Ol Ooc Vo oloox8OuV OTlV nep(nTWOl nOU Unopxel onO TlV To�l l oVeOl Ylo oVoqOpo Oe opxe(o.

LTOUc oAYOp(8fOUc TWV AuOeWV TWV oOKrOeWV xplOlfOnOlOuVTol To:

�: m mod n: TO oKepolO UnOAOlnO Tlc olo(peOlc m : n
�: m div n: TO oKepolO nlA(KO Tlc olo(peOlc m : n.

npOTe(VeTol, OTlV nep(nTWOl TWV oOKrOeWV nOU OTl AuOl TOUc onolTe(Tol xprOl nlVoKWV, Vo OU�lTe(Tol TO oVT(OTOlxO 8efo (n(VoKec) Tlc nopoYpoqOU TWV elolKwV 8efoTWV TOU TeTpoo(OU oOKrOeWV fo8lTr. TO (olO Vo Y(Vel Kol

OTlV nep(nTWOl TWV UnOnpOYpoffoTWV. LlfelWTeOV OTl OTo elolKo 8efoTo, OTO Tfrfo Tlc Pascal, Y(VeTol oVoqOpo Kol Oe eVVOlec npOYpoffoTlOfOu OUfnAlpWfoTlKo onO Tl 8eWp(o.

Ol OUV8eTlKec epYoO(ec nOU OUVoeOVTol fe TO KeqoAolO oUTO e(Vol Ol:

� BoOl nopoAAlAWV IOTOplKwV IeYOVOTWV A0OYKYbIbHL" � boVelOTlKr Bl�AlO8rKl AAJEAANbEEIA�

7.3 IX&iIo Ja9'JOTwV

7.3.1 1o M wpo

MIiaKT&a uA'

H npOYpoffoTl�OfeVl flxoVr Ol xprOTec npOYpoffo - IAwOOec npOYpoffoTlOfOu

TO npOYpoffo IAwOOo flxoVrc LUf�OAlKec YAwOOec IAwOOec UllAOu enlneoOU 'Vo OUYKplTlKO nopooelYfo IOTOp(o YAWOOwV UllAOu enlneoOU E�opTlOl TWV YAWOOwV onO TO OKOnO MeToqpoOTec

Apxec KoToOKeUrc AOYlOflKOu

EpwT�O&IC: 1-11

AOK�O&IC:

Ynoi& �&IC - Le oUTO TO o(WpO 8o nopOUOloOTe( l lOTOplKr e�eAl�l TWV

napaT'p�O&IC YAWOOwV npOYpoffoTlOfOu. No Y(Vel KoToVOlTr OTOUc fo8lTec l oVoYKl Ylo YAwOOec UllAOu enlneoOU Ko8wc Kol Ol eVVOlec TOU compiler & interpreter

7.3.2 2o, 3o M wpo

MIiaKT&a uA'

npOTUno npOYpoffoTlOfOu

bloolKoOTlKOc npOYpoffoTlOfOc AVTlKelfeVOOTpeqrc npOYpoffoTlOfOc JOYlKOc npOYpoffoTlOfOc LUVopTlOloKOc npOYpoffoTlOfOc

npOYpoffoT(�OVToc Ko8OplOfOc npO�ArfoTOc AVoAUOl TOU npO�ArfoTOc LxeoloOfOc YAOnO(lOl 'AeYxOc LUVTrplOl TeKflp(WOl TpOnOl nopoOToOlc oAYOpl8fWV

npOYpoffoTlOTlKo nepl�oAAOVTo

'Vo nopooelYfo oVonTU�lc npOYpoffoTOc npOOolOplOfOc TWV onolTrOeWV TOU npO�ArfoTOc AVoAUOl TOU npO�ArfoTOc LxeoloOfOc oAYOpl8fOU Ylo TlV en(AUOl TOU npO�ArfoTOc YAOnO(lOl TOU oAYOpl8fOU

'AeYxOc TOU npOYpoffoTOc

EpwT�O&IC: 12-17

AOK�O&IC: 1-12

Ynoi& �&IC -BopuTlTo Vo oO8e( OTl fe8OoOAOY(o en(AUOlc npO�AlfonapaT'p�O&IC TWV.

7.2.3 4o, 5o M wpo

MIiaKT&a uA'

EpwT�O&IC:

AOK�O&IC: 12-34 Kol (35, 36)

7.3 JuO&IC - unoi& �&IC &pwT�O&wV

1. Tl e(Vol oUTO nOU KoVel TOV (olO UnOAOYlOTr lKoVO Vo eKTeAe( epYoO(ec oloqOpeTlKec feTo�u TOUc (n.x. Vo KoVel OToTlOTlKr oVoAUOl, Vo Oxeolo�el On(Tlo, Vo ene�epYo�eTol �(VTeO);

D TO UAlKO

0 TO AOYlOflKO D 'AAO.

2. AIlo Vo xplOlfOnOll8e( O UnOAOYlOTrc Wc epYoAe(O Oe eVo TOfeo e(Vol opKeTO Vo npOfl8eUTOufe To KoToAAlAo npOYpoffoTo. TO UAlKO oeV exel Kof(o OlfoO(o". LUfqWVe(Te;

D Nol.

0 'xl.

Tl OVOfo�eTol npOYpoffo UnOAOYlOTr; [§ TO npOYpoffo]
Tl eVVOOufe AeYOVToc OTl O UnOAOYlOTrc npOYpoffoT(�eTol; [§ H npOYpoffoTl�OfeVl flxoVr]
Tl e(Vol l YAwOOo flxoVrc; [§ IAwOOo flxoVrc]

No oVoqepeTe Tpelc KoTlYOp(ec eVTOAwV YAwOOoc flxoVrc. o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
�) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [§ IAwOOo flxoVrc]

Ol npOYpoffoTlOfOc Oe OUf�OAlKr YAwOOo e(Vol nlO iuOKoAoC Oe OxeOl fe TOV npOYpoffoTlOfO Oe YAwOOec UllAOu enlneoOU. (euKOAOc / ouOKOAOc)
No oVoqepeTe Tpelc YAwOOec npOYpoffoTlOfOu elolKOu OKOnOu Kol Tpelc YeVlKOu: o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

�) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

OT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [§ IOTOp(o YAWOOwV UllAOu enlneoOU]

9. H LISP Kol l SMALLTALK e(Vol: 0IAwOOec npOYpoffoTlOfOu UllAOu enlneoOU

D IAwOOec flxoVrc TOU flKpOene�epYoOTr ao0 D 'AAO.

No neplYpoleTe To �rfoTo Ylo TlV eKTeAeOl eVOc npOYpoffoTOc fe Tl xprOl feToqpoOTr. [§ MeToqpoOTec]

nOlec onO Tlc nopoKoTW olonlOTwOelc e(Vol OWOTec; 0 O TflfoTlKOc npOYpoffoTlOfOc onOTeAe( OTpoTlYlKr KoToOKeUrc npOYpoffoTWV. 0 O oOflfeVOc npOYpoffoTlOfOc �oO(�eTol OTlV opxr Tlc AelTOUpYl-
Krc onOOuV8eOlc. D H UnOpOUT(Vo e(Vol eVo flo oOfr enlAOYrc.

nOlOc O OKOnOc TWV eVTOAwV OUV8rKlc OTO oloolKoOTlKO npOYpoffoTl-OfO; [§ bloolKoOTlKOc npOYpoffoTlOfOc]
Tl e(Vol Ol fe8OoOl Kol Tl Ol lolOTlTec OTOV oVTlKelfeVOOTpeqr npOYpoffoTl-OfO; [§ AVTlKelfeVOOTpeqrc npOYpoffoTlOfOc]

To oeoOfeVo OTOV oVTlKelfeVOOTpeqr npOYpoffoTlOfO onO8lKeuOVTol OTlc fe8OoOUc. LUfqWVe(Te;
D Nol. 0 'xl.

Tl e(Vol eVo npOYpoffoTlOTlKO nepl�oAAOV Kol onO Tl onOTeAe(Tol; [§ npOYpoffoTlOTlKo nepl�oAAOVTo]
nOlo �rfoTo oKOAOU8OuVTol KoTo TlV oVonTU�l AOYlOflKOu; [§ npOYpoffoT(�OVToc]

17. No OUVoeOeTe To OTOlxe(o Tlc npwTlc OTrAlc fe oUTo Tlc oeuTeplc.

ITOiIo AnoT&A&OJa

EKTeAeOlfO npOYpof-LUYYpoqr npOYpoffoTOc . . fo

MeToYAwTTlOl . . nlYo(O npOYpoffo

AVTlKe(feVO npOYpof-

LuVoeOl . .

7.4 JuO&IC KaI OXOAIa aOK�O&wV KaI ipaOT'pIoT�TwV

1. blepeUVrOTe TO npOYpoffoTlOTlKO nepl�oAAOV nOU e(Vol olo8eOlfO OTO epYoOTrplO Ooc.

�: nwc OVOfo�eTol;
�: nOlo r nOlec YAwOOec UnOOTlp(�el;
�: No YpoleTe eVo npOYpoffo nOU Vo TUnwVel AKoAlfepo".
�: No KoToYpoleTe To �rfoTo Kol Tlc eVTOAec nOU onolTr8lKoV OTO npOYpoffoTlOTlKO nepl�oAAOV TOU epYoOTlp(OU Ooc Ylo TOV nlO noVW OKOnO.

n OAIO

LKOnoe aUTre TTe tpyaa{ae t{val Ol JaeTTte va K6vOUv Jla npwTT yvwplJ{a Jt TO npOypaJJaTlaTlKo ntpl{6AAOv TOU tpyaaTTp{OU TOUe Kal Ta {aalK6 {rJaTa nOU analTOUvTal yla va UAOnOlraOUv tva npoypaJJa (ypacr, JtTayAwTTlaT, tKTtAtaT).

2. No Ypoqe( eVo npOYpoffo nOU Vo olo�o�el TOUc �o8fOuc 8epfOKpoO(oc Oe Fahrenheit Kol Vo TUnwVel TOUc oVT(OTOlxOUc Oe Celsius.

n OAIO

Algorithm Celsius Variables far, eel: real

Begin read(far) eel <- 5/9*(far - 32) write(eel)

end algorithm

3. No Ypoqe( eVo npOYpoffo nOU Vo olo�o�el Tpelc opl8fOuc Kol Vo onoVTo oV fnOpOuV Vo onOTeAeOOUV YWV(ec TplYwVOU (fOVooo feTplOlc TWV YWVlwV l fO(po).

n OAIO

Algorithm Gonies_trigonou Variables a, b, e, sum: real

Begin read(a, b, e) sum <- a + b + e if sum = 180 then

write('Eival ywviEC lPly�vOU') else write('�Ev Eival ywviEC lPly�vOU') end if end algorithm

4. No Ypoqe( npOYpoffo nOU Vo UnOAOY(�el TO ef�ooO eVOc TplYwVOU onO Tlc nAeUpec TOU.

n OAIO

Algorithm Emvado Variables a, b, e, t, emv: real

Begin read(a, b, e) t <- (a + b + e) / 2 emv <-Yt( a) - t- )

t- (t )( c

write('EbPai6=', emv) end algorithm

5. No Ypoqe( npOYpoffo nOU Vo olo�o�el ouO oKepolOUc opl8fOuc Kol Vo TUnwVel TO nOlOc e(Vol O feYoAuTepOc Kol nOlOc O flKpOTepOc.

n OAIO

Algorithm min_max Variables a, b, min, max : integer

Begin read(a, b) if a > b then

max <- a min <- b

else max <- b min <- a

end if write('Max=', max, 'Min=', min) end algorithm

6. No Ypoqe( npOYpoffo nOU Vo olo�o�el eVoV oKepolO opl8fO Kol Vo �p(-OKel oV e(Vol opTlOc r neplTTOc.

n OAIO

Algorithm Artios_i_peritos Variables

a: integer

Begin read(a) if (a mod 2 = 0) then

write('Eival aPllOC') else write('Eival IEPlll6C') end if end algorithm

7. No Ypoqe( npOYpoffo nOU Vo olo�o�el eVoV oKepolO opl8fO N, Kol Vo UnOAOY(�el TO o8pOlOfo TWV neplTTwV feTo�u 1 Kol N.

n OAIO

Algorithm Athrisma_peritwn Variables n, i, sum: integer

Begin read(n) sum <- 0 for i <- 1 to n step 2

sum <- sum + i end for write('Sum=', sum)

end algorithm

8. No Ypoqe( npOYpoffo nOU Vo olo�o�el 20 opl8fOuc Kol Vo TUnwOel nOOOl onO oUTOuc e(Vol 8eTlKO( Kol nOOOl opVlTlKO(. 0eWprOTe TO 0 8eTlKO.

n OAIO

Algorithm Thetikoi_arnitikoi

Variables

i, peount, neount: integer

a: real

Begin

peount <- 0

neount <- 0

for i <- 1 to 20 step 1

read(a)

if a >= 0 then

peount <- peount + 1

else

neount <- neount + 1

end if

end for

write('8EllKOi: ', peount, 'APvnllKOi:', neount)

end algorithm

9. No Ypoqe( npOYpoffo nOU Vo olo�o�el eVoV oKepolO opl8fO N Kol Vo UnOAOY(�el TO o8pOlOfo 1N2N3N...NN.

n OAIO

Algorithm Athrisma

Variables

n, i, sum: integer

Begin

read(n)

sum <- 0

for i <- 1 to n step 1

sum <- sum + i

end for

write('1+2+..+',n,'=', sum)

end algorithm

100

10. No Ypoqe( npOYpoffo nOU Vo olo�o�el eVoV oKepolO opl8fO N Kol Vo UnOAOY(�el TO YlVOfeVO 1�2�3...�N.

n OAIO

Algorithm Paragodiko

Variables

n, i, par: integer

Begin

read(n)

par <- 1

for i <- 1 to n step 1

par <- par * i

end for

write('1*2*..*',n,'=', par)

end algorithm

11. No Ypoqe( npOYpoffo TO OnO(O Vo eVoAAoOOel To neplexOfeVo ouO feTo-�AlTwV.

n OAIO

Algorithm swap

Variables

a, b, temp: real

Begin

....

temp <- a

a <- b

b <- temp

....

end algorithm

12. No Ypoqe( eVo npOYpoffo nOU Vo olo�o�el TO nOOO eVOc KeqoAo(OU Kol TO eTrOlO enlTOKlO Kol Vo UnOAOY(�el TO TeAlKO KeqoAolO feTo onO 10 xpO-Vlo fe eTrOlO oVoTOKlOfO.

n OAIO

Algorithm Anatokismos

Variables

kef, tel_kef, epit:real

n: integer Begin

101

n<-10 read(kef, epit) tel_kef <- kef * (1 + epit / 100)An write('TEAlK6 KEcaAalO=', tel_kef)

end algorithm

13. Le flo eTolpe(o nWArOeWV, OTO TeAOc Ko8e frVo O Ko8e nWAlTrc eKTOc onO TO flO8O TOU no(pVel Kol eVo bonus nOU e(Vol oVoAOYO TWV nWArOe-WV nOU eKoVe. No YpoleTe eVo npOYpoffo nOU Vo oexeTol OTlV e(OOoO TO OVOfo Kol TO ulOc TWV nWArOeWV eVOc nWAlTr Kol Vo TUnwVel OTlV e�OoO TO OVOfo Kol TO oVT(OTOlxO bonus. O TpOnOc UnOAOYlOfOu TOU bonus e(Vol:

'lOc nWArOeWV	Bonus
0 - 2.000.000	0
2.000.001 - 5.000.000	2%
5.000.001 - 10.000.000	4%
10.000.001 -	5%

TO nOOOOTO TOU bonus UnOAOY(�eTol xWplOTo Ylo Ko8e Tfrfo Tlc KA(foKoc.

n OAIA

Algorithm bonus

Variables bonus, poliseis : real onoma : string

Begin bonus <- 0 read(onoma, poliseis) if poliseis > 10000000 then

temp <- poliseis - 10000000 bonus <- bonus + temp * .05 poliseis <- poliseis - 10000000

end if if poliseis > 5000000 then

temp <- poliseis - 5000000 bonus <- bonus + temp * .04 poliseis <- poliseis - temp

102

end if if poliseis > 2000000 then temp <- poliseis - 2000000 bonus <- bonus + temp * .02 end if write('O IwAnlDC: ',name,'ilKalOulal bonus: ', bonus) end algorithm

14. No YpoleTe eVo npOYpoffo nOU Vo olo�o�el eVoV opl8fO oeUTepOAenTWV Kol Vo TUnwVel TOV oVT(OTOlxO xpOVO Oe wpec, AenTo Kol oeUTepOAenTo OTl fOpqr OO:JJ:bb. n.x. 3:15:43.

n OAIA

Algorithm time Variables hour,min, see, num_see: integer

Begin read(num_see) hour <- num_see div 3600

num_see <- num_see - hour * 3600 min <- num_see div 60 num_see <- num_see - min * 60 see <- num_see write(hour, ':', min, ':', see)

end algorithm

15. No YpoleTe eVo npOYpoffo nOU Vo �p(OKel Oe eVoV KuKAO TlV nep(feTpO Kol TO ef�ooOV TOU, oV e(Vol YVWOTr l oKT(Vo TOU.

n OAIA

Algorithm eirele Variables aktina, emvado, perim: real

Begin pi <- 3.1415 read(aktina) emvado <- pi * aktina2 perim <- 2 * pi * aktina write('EbPai6: ',emvado, 'IEPibElPOC: ', perim)

end algorithm

103

16. No YpoleTe eVo npOYpoffo nOU Vo �p(OKel TO MKb ouO oKepo(WV 8eTlKwV opl8fwV.

n OAIA

Baal�oJtvOl aTOv aAyopleJO TOU EUKAt{oT JnOpOUJt va aKOAOUeraOUJt Ta napaK6Tw {rJaTa:

1.Av Ol apleJO{ t{val {aOl, ToTt O MKi t{val tvae ano aUTOUe Kal O aAyopleJOe Ttp-JaT{�tTal.

Bp{aKOUJt TOv JtyaAUTtpO Kal TOv avTlKaelaTOUJt Jt TT olacOp6 TOU ano TOv JlKpoTtpO.
MtTactpoJaaTt aTO {rJa 1.

Algorithm mkd Variables a, b: integer Begin read(a,b) while a<>b if a>b then a <- a - b else b <- b - a

end if end while write('MK�: ', a) end algorithm

104

17. No YpoleTe eVo npOYpoffo nOU Vo �p(OKel TO EKn ouO oKepo(WV 8eTlKwV opl8fwV.

n OAIA

na{pvOUJt olaoOXlK6 Ta nOAAanA6ala TOU JtyaAUTtpOU apleJOU, twe oTOU {pOUJt K6nOlO nOU TO olalpt{ aKpl{we O JlKpoTtpOe.

Algorithm EKP Variables a, b, max, min, ekp: integer

Begin read(a,b) if a>b then

max <- a min <- b

else max <- b min <- a

end if ekp <- max while ekp mod min <> 0

ekp <- ekp + max end while write('EKI: ', ekp)

end algorithm

18. No YpoleTe eVo npOYpoffo nOU Vo �p(OKel TO oKepolO nlA(KO Kol TO UnO-AOlnO ouO oKepo(WV opl8fwV, fOVO fe Tl xprOl npOO8eOlc Kol oqo(pe-Olc.

n OAIA

Algorithm piliko_ipolipo_A Variables a, b, piliko, ipolipo, temp :integer

Begin read(a, b) piliko <- 0 temp <- b while a >= temp

temp <- temp + b piliko <- piliko + 1

105

end while ipolipo <- b - (temp - a) write('InAiKO: ',piliko, ' YI6AOlIO: ', ipolipo)

end algorithm

19. MnOpe(Te Vo AuOeTe TO npOlYOufeVO npO�Alfo fOVO fe Tl xprOl npOO8eOlc;

n OAIA

Algorithm piliko_ipolipo_B Variables a, b, piliko, ipolipo, temp :integer

Begin read(a, b) piliko <- 0 temp <- 0 while a >= temp + b

temp <- temp + b

piliko <- piliko + 1 end while ipolipo <- 0 while a > temp + ipolipo

ipolipo <- ipolipo + 1 end while write('InAiKO: ',piliko, ' YI6AOlIO: ', ipolipo)

end algorithm

20. Le eVo ne(pofo Xlfe(oc feTpofe Tlc Tlfec eVOc feYe8OUc (n.x. 8epfOKpoO(oc). 'xOUfe enoVoAo�el TO ne(pofo e(KOOl qOpec Kol exOUfe KoToYpolel To onOTeAeOfoTo Tlc feTplOlc. 0eAOUfe Vo KoToOKeUoOOUfe eVo npO-Ypoffo nOU Vo olo�o�el Tlc feTprOelc Kol Vo TUnwVel TO feOO OpO Kol TlV TUnlKr onOKAlOl TWV feTprOeWV.

n OAIA

npOTt{vtTal va t�TyTeOUv aTOUe JaeTTte Ol aTaTlaTlKte tvvOlte TOU JtaOU opOU Kal TTe TUnlKre anoKAlaTe. En{aTe va aU�TTTet{ T tvvOla TOU n{vaKa.

Algorithm Chemistry Variables

106

m[20J , sum, sum_dx, mesos, apokl: real

i: integer

Begin {�laPaoba bElPDoEwv� for i <- 1 to 20 step 1 read(m[iJ) end for

{YIOAOylob6C bEoOU 6POU} sum <- 0 for i <- 1 to 20 step 1

sum <- sum + m[iJ end for mesos <- sum / 20

{YIOAOylob6C lUIlKDC aI6KAlonC} sum_dx <- 0 for i <- 1 to 20 step 1

sum_dx <- sum_dx + (m[iJ-mesos)²end for

apokl <-YsUf dx/20

{EKluIwon} write('MEoOC 6POC:', mesos) write('TUIlKD aI6KAlon: ', apokl)

end algorithm

21. No Ypoqe( eVo npOYpoffo nOU Vo olo�o�el eVo oKepolO onO TO 1 eWc TO 7 Kol Vo TUnwVel Oe nOlo lfepo Tlc e�oOfoooc oUTOc oVTlOTOlxe(. TO 1 oVTlOTOlxe( OTl beUTepo.

n OAIA

H 6aKTaT aUTr JnOpt{ va tntKTaet{, tTal waTt va y{vtTal tnavaATnTlK6 tlaaywyr TOU apleJOU TJtpae JtXpl va oOet{ Jla TlJr ntp6TwaTe TTe olaolKaa{ae.

Algorithm days_of_week

Variables days[7J: string day_num: integer

Begin

107

days[1J <- '�EUlEPa' days[2J <- 'TPiln' days[3J <- 'TElaPln' days[4J <- 'IEbIln' days[5J <- 'IaPaoKEUD' days[6J <- '�aPPalO' days[7J <- 'KUPlaKD'

read(day_num) write(days[day_numJ)

end algorithm

22. KoToOKeUoOTe npOYpoffo nOU Vo e�eTo�el oV eVoc opl8fOc e(Vol npw-TOc.

n OAIA Mla nlO Oper npOypaJJaTlaTlK6 AUaT ea tnptnt va TtpJaT{�tl TTv tnav6ATTT TTv npwTT cOp6 nOU O apleJoe olalpt{Tal aKpl{we Jt TO i. UTo ea JnOpOUat va UAOnOlTet{ Jt TT XpraT TTe while.

Algorithm Protos_A

Variables m, n, i: integer protos: boolean

Begin read(m)

n <- aKEPalO bEPOC lOU Ym protos <- true for i <- 2 to n step 1

if (m mod i) = 0 then protos <- false

end if

end for

if protos then

write('Eival IP�lOC') else write('Eival ouv8ElOC') end if end algorithm

108

23. No feToTpeleTe TO npOlYOufeVO npOYpoffo Oe KoToAAlAO UnOnpO-Ypoffo Kol xplOlfOnOlrOTe TO Ylo Vo TUnwOeTe TOUc npwTOUc opl8fOuc onO 2 eWc N. TO N o(VeTol onO TO xprOTl.

n OAIA

TO JtTaTptnOUJt at UnOnpoypaJJa TUnOU aUv6pTTaTe Jt nap6JtTpO TOv Uno t�t-TaaT apleJo, T OnO{a tnlaTtctl true av O apleJoe t{val npwTOe, aAAlwe false. npOTt{vtTal Jt aUTr TTv tUKalp{a va TOUe JlAratTt yla Ta UnOnpOyp6JJaTa (ano TT etwp{a Kal Ta tlolK6 etJaTa TOU TtTp6olOU Epyaa{ae MaeTTr) Kal va TOvlaTt{ T a�{a TOUe ToaO aTTv tnavaXpTalJOnO{TaT TOU KwolKa, oaO Kal aTTv TJTJaTlKr av6nTU�T tvoe npOyp6JJaTOe.

O oAYOpl8fOc Ylo TO UnOnpOYpoffo e(Vol O oKOAOU8Oc:

funetion einai_protos(m : integer): boolean

Variables n, i: integer protos: boolean

begin

n <- aKEPalO bEPOC lOU Yf protos <- true for i <- 2 to n step 1

if (m mod i) = 0 then protos <- false

end if end for return protos

end funetion

o aAyopleJOe TOU npOyp6JJaTOe y{vtTal:

Algorithm Protos_B Variables i, N: integer

Begin read(N) for i <- 2 to N step 1

if einai_protos(i) then write(i)

109

end if end for end algorithm

24. H lfepOflV(o TOU noOxo KonOlOU eTOUc fnOpe( Vo UnOAOYlOTe( xplOlfOnOlwVToc TOV TunO TOU Gauss. O TunOc TOU Gauss e(Vol: H lfepOflV(o TOU noOxo e(Vol 3 AnplA(OU N n, OnOU n = D N F, D = [19A N 16]₃₀, F = [2B N 4C N 6D]₇, A = [E]₁₉, B = [E]₄, C = [E]₇

E: TO eTOc Kol [o] e(Vol TO oKepolO UnOAOlnO Tlc olo(peOlc TOU o fe TO �. XplOlfOnOlwVToc TOV TunO TOU Gauss, KoToOKeUoOTe eVo npOYpoffo nOU Vo TUnwVel TlV lfepOflV(o TOU noOxo Ylo To eTl onO 2000 eWc 2100.

n OAIA

Algorithm pasha Variables a, b, e, d, e, f, p: integer Begin

for e <- 2000 to 2100 step 1 a <- e mod 19 b <- e mod 4 e <- e mod 7 d <- (19 * a + 16) mod 30 f <- (2 * b + 4 * e + 6 * d) mod 7 p <- d + f + 3 if p <= 30 then

write(p, ' AIPlAiOU') else write(p-30, ' MaiOU')

end if end for end algorithm

25. No KoToOKeUoOeTe npOYpoffo nOU Vo oexeTol OTlV e(OOoO Tlc feOec 8epfOKpoO(ec eVOc oYVwOTOU opl8fOu lfepwV Kol Vo TUnwVel Tl feYlOTl Kol TlV eAoxlOTl Ko8wc Kol OAec Tlc lfepOflV(ec nOU oUTec feTpr8lKoV. TO TeAOc TWV oeoOfeVWV olAwVeTol fe TO Ouf�OAO OTl 8eOl Tlc lfepOflV(oc. Ol lfepOflV(ec o(VOVTol OTl fOpqr AHH/MM/EEEE". Ol 8epfOKpoO(ec exOUV feTpl8e( feOo OTO (olO eTOc.

110

n OAIA

Algorithm temperature

Variables days[366J:string tempr[366J: real max, min: real i, N: integer

Begin i <- 1 read(days[iJ, tempr[iJ) while days[iJ <> '@'

i <- i + 1

read(days[iJ, tempr[iJ) end while if i > 1 then

max <- days[1J min <- days[1J N <- i - 1 for i <- 1 to N step 1

if tempr[iJ > max then

max <- tempr[iJ end if if tempr[iJ < min then

min <- tempr[iJ

end if end for write('H bEyloln 8EPbOKPaoia Eival: ', max) write('�nbEl�8nKE ollC:') for i <- 1 to N step 1

if tempr[iJ = max then write(days[iJ)

end if end for write('H EAaxloln 8EPbOKPaoia Eival: ', min) write('�nbEl�8nKE ollC:') for i <- 1 to N step 1

if tempr[iJ = min then write(days[iJ)

111

end if end for end if end algorithm

26. KoToOKeUoOTe npOYpoffo nOU Vo feToTpenel eVoV oKepolO 8eTlKO opl8fO onO TO oeKoolKO OuOTlfo OTo OUOTrfoTo oUoolKO, OKToolKO Kol oeKoe�oolKO.

n OAIA

Algorithm 10_to_2_8_16

Variables base[3J:integer result[100J: ehar

N: integer i, �, k, m, x: integer temp: string

Begin base[1J <- 2 base[2J <- 8 base[3J <- 16

read(N)

for i <- 1 to 3 step 1 m <- N � <- 0 while m >0

� <- � + 1 x <- m mod base[iJ if x<10 then result[�J <-xaPaKlDPaC bE aseii aUl6v lOU

('0'+x) else result[�J <-xaPaKlDPaC bE aseii aUl6v lOU ('A'+x-10) end if m <- m div base[iJ end while

112

temp <- KEv6 string for k <- � to 1 step -1

temp <- temp oUvEvwon result[kJ end for write(N,' Paon 10 -> ',temp,'Paon ',base[iJ)

end for end algorithm

27. 'Voc Tof(oc 8eAel Vo nAlpwVel TOUc flO8Ouc Oe feTplTo xplOlfOnOlwVToc TOV eAoxlOTO oUVoTO opl8fO VOflOfoTWV. KoToOKeUoOTe eVo npOYpoffo Ylo Vo TOV �Ol8rOeTe. 0eWprOTe OTl Ol flO8O( e(Vol OTpOYYUAOnOllfeVOl OTlc 100 opoxfec.

n OAIA

o aKoAOUeOe aAyopleJOe tXtl TT JOpcr UnOnpOyp6JJaTOe, waTt va a�lOnOlTet{ aTTv tnoJtvT 6aKTaT.

subroutine anal_posou(poso:integer, analisi[6J:integer, nomism[6J: integer)

Variables

i: integer Begin

for i <- 1 to 6 step 1 analisi[iJ <- poso div nomism[iJ poso <- poso mod nomism[iJ

end for end subroutine

28. TpOnOnOlrOTe TO npOlYOufeVO npOYpoffo wOTe Vo fnOpe(, fe �oOl TOUc flO8Ouc eVOc frVo, Vo UnOAOY(�el TOV oKpl�r opl8fO VOflOfoTWV nOU 8o npenel Vo npOfl8eueTol O Tof(oc onO TlV Tpone�o Ylo Vo nAlpw-Oel OAOUc TOUc flO8Ouc xplOlfOnOlwVToc TOV eAoxlOTO oUVoTO opl8fO VOflOfoTWV.

n OAIA

TO TtAOe Twv otoOJtvwv Op{�tTal Jt TTv TlJr � aTO nOao.

Algorithm Nomismata_B Variables

113

anal[6J: integer total[6J: integer poso: integer nomism[6J: integer

i: integer

Begin nomism[1J <- 10000 nomism[2J <- 5000 nomism[3J <- 1000 nomism[4J <- 500 nomism[5J <- 200 nomism[6J <- 100 read(poso)

for i <- 1 to 6 step 1 total[iJ <- 0 end for

while poso <> 0 anal_posou(poso, anal, nomism) for i <- 1 to 6 step 1

total[iJ <- total[iJ + anal[iJ end for read (poso) {EIObEvwC EPya16bEvOC}

end while for i <- 1 to 6 step 1 write(nomism[iJ, ' x ', total[iJ) end for end algorithm

29. AnAO nolxV(ol: O UnOAOYlOTrc AOKenTeTol" eVoV opl8fO onO TO 1 eWc TO 1000. LTl OUVexelo npOOno8Oufe Vo foVTelOUfe TOV opl8fO fe olooOxlKec oOKlfec. Le Ko8e foc npOOno8elo, O UnOAOYlOTrc onoVTo fe eVo onO To: � Mnpo�O TO �prKec!

�: O opl8fOc nOU eoWOec e(Vol nlO flKpOc.
�: O opl8fOc nOU eoWOec e(Vol nlO feYoAOc.

o) IpolTe TO KoToAAlAO npOYpoffo.

114

�) MnOpe( KonOlOc TUxo(o Vo �pel TOV opl8fO OTl npwTl npOOno8elo, OfWc e(Vol nl8oVO Vo xpeloOTe( Kol 1000 npOOno8elec. MnOpe(Te Vo oVonTu�eTe flo OTpoTlYlKr nOU Vo eYYUoTol, OTl xelpOTepl nep(nTW-Ol, TOV flKpOTepO opl8fO npOOno8elwV onO OnOloornOTe oAAl; nOlOc e(Vol oUTOc O opl8fOc;

n OAIA

H 6aKTaT aUTr anOTtAt{ Jla KaAr tUKalp{a va TOUe JlAraOUJt yla TT oUaolKr ava�rTTaT. En{aTe npOTt{vtTal va TOUe JlAratTt yla TT oTJlOUpy{a TtUoOTUXa{wv apleJwv.

Algorithm game Variables num: integer

i: integer

a: integer found: boolean

Begin num <- EvaC lUxaiOC aPl8b6C aI6 lO 1-1000 i <- 1 found <- false repeat

write('IPOoIa8Ela: ', i) read(a) if a = num then

write(' MIPaPO lO PPDKEC�') found <- true

else if a > num then write(' O aPl8b6C IOU EiwoEC Eival IlO bEyaAOC.')

else write(' O aPl8b6C IOU EiwoEC Eival IlO blKP6C.')

end if end if until found

end algorithm

115

30. KoToOKeUoOTe eVo npOYpoffo nOU Vo oexeTol OTlV e(OOoO TOV opl8flTr Kol TOV nopoVOfoOTr eVOc KAoOfoTOc Kol Vo TUnwVel TO KAoOfo onAOnOllfeVO.

n OAIA

H tUptaT TOU MKi y{vtTal aTTv 6aKTaT 5 TOU KtcaAa{OU Kal tTal tow JnOpt{ va XpTalJOnOlTet{ we UnOnpoypaJJa. UTo aTJa{vtl oTl nptntl va tXtl npOTyTet{ T 6aKTaT aUTr.

Algorithm klasma

Variables arith, par: integer mkd: integer

Begin read(arith, par) mkd <- MK� (arith, par) write(arith/mkd, '/', par/mkd)

end algorithm

31. No KoToOKeUoOeTe eVo npOYpoffo nOU Vo oexeTol TOUc �o8fOuc eVOc fo8lTr, npOqOplKOuc Kol YponTOuc, Ko8wc Kol TOV opl8fO TWV onOUOlwV TOU Kol Vo TUnwVel nAlpOqOp(ec OxeTlKec fe TO oV npOoYeTol r Oxl.

Algorithm vathmoi

Variables grapta, prof, mesos: real apousies: integer orio: integer

Begin orio <- 30 read(prof, grapta, apousies) mesos <- (grapta + prof)/2 if (mesos >= 10) and (apousies <= orio) then

if mesos > 18 then write('IPOayElal bE ;arista: ', mesos) else write('IPOayElal bE: ', mesos) end if else

116

if (apousies > orio) and (mesos >= 10) then write('AIOPiIlElal A6yw aIOUol�v') else if mesos < 10 then write('AIOPiIlElal: ', mesos) end if end if end if end algorithm

32. MeToTpelTe TO npOYpoffo Tlc npOlYOufeVlc oOKlOlc Oe KoToAAlAO UnOnpOYpoffo Kol xplOlfOnOlrOTe TO Ylo Vo owOeTe To onOTeAeOfoTo floc To�lc. LTO TeAOc owOTe xprOlfo OToTlOTlKo OTOlxe(o. n.x. feOO OpO, nOOOOTO oUTwV nOU op(OTeUOoV, nOOOOTO oUTwV nOU npOrx8lOoV, KAn.

n OAIA

Algorithm vathmoi_taxis Variables

N: integer {aPl8b6C ba8nl�v} name: string prof, grapt, mo: real apous: integer ok: boolen num_arist, num_ok: integer

Begin read(N) num_arist <- 0 num_ok <- 0 for i <- 1 to N step 1

read(name, prof, grapt, apous) {�PnolbOIOlOubE lnv IPOnyOubEvn aoKnon wC UIOIP6yPabba eompute} eompute(prof, grapt, apous, ok, mo) if ok then

num_ok <- num_ok + 1 if mo >= 18 then num_arist <- num_arist + 1 end if end if

117

end for

write('�E ouvOAO: ', N, 'Ma8nl�v') write('IPODx8noav: ',num_ok,' ',num_ok/N*100,'%') write('AIOPic8nKav:',N-num_ok,' ', (N

num_ok)/N*100,'%')

write('APiolEUoav:',num_arist,' ',num_arist/N*100,'%') end algorithm

33. 0eAOUfe Vo KoToOKeUoOOUfe eVo npOYpoffo nOU Vo e�OfOlwVel TlV Opl-

�OVTlo �OAr onO KonOlO ulOc. H YpoqlKr nopoOToOl Tlc �OArc oeV e(Vol onopo(TlTl. LTlV e(OOoO 8o oexeTol Tlc oloqOpec nopofeTpOUc Ol OnO(ec Ko8Op(�OUV Tl �OAr (n.x. TO ulOc onO TO OnO(O Y(VeTol l �OAr) Kol 8o TUnwVel TlV onOOToOr Tlc. nelpofoTlOTe(Te o(VOVToc oloqOpec Tlfec elOOoOU Kol YpolTe Tlc nopoTlprOelc Ooc. Tl 8o OUf�e( oV l �OAr Y(Ve-Tol OTl OeArVl;

n OAIA

ol JaeTTte yvwp{�OUv oTl T t�{awaT TpOXl6e aTTv Opl�ovTla {OAr t{val T

y = , x²OnoTt av etaOUJt aTO y TO UTOe ano TO OnO{O y{vtTal T {OAr, TO x ea

2U_�²Jae owatl TTv anoaTaaT.

Algorithm Voli Variables x, y, u0: real

Begin read(y, u0) x <- u0 * (Y2/ )

write(x) end algorithm

34. AVo�lTrOTe Kol KoToYpolTe onO TlV uAl TWV oAAWV fo8lfoTWV 8efoTo OTo OnO(o eVo npOYpoffo 8o fnOpOuOe Vo �Ol8rOel OTlV KoToVOlOr TOUc. EnlAe�Te eVo onO oUTo Kol KoToOKeUoOTe TO oVT(OTOlxO npOYpoffo.

n OAIA

UTr T 6aKTaT JnOpt{ va t�tAlXet{ at Jla JlKpr r Kal JtyaAUTtpT opaaTTploTTTa.

118

o aToXOe Jae t{val va avTlATceOUv Ol JaeTTte Jae oTl O UnOAOylaTre t{val tva

tpyaAt{O Jt TO OnO{O JnOpOUv va oltptUvOUv tvvOlte Kal 6AAwv JaeTJ6Twv. Na napOTpUvtTt TOUe JaeTTte va aU�TTraOUv Jt aUvaotAcOUe Twv 6AAwv tlolKO-TrTwv anAte ntplnTwatle nOU tva npoypaJJa ea TOUe {OTeOUat va KaTavOraOUv KaAUTtpa K6nOlte tvvOlte.

35. No KoToOKeUoOeTe eVo onAO npOYpoffo KpUnTOYpoqlOlc opxe(WV KelfeVOU. XplOlfOnOlrOTe TlV e�rc fe8OoO: Oe Ko8e xopoKTrpo nOU fnOpe( Vo Unopxel OTO opxe(O oVTlOTOlxOufe eVo fOVoolKO TpllrqlO oKepolO. AUTr l oVTlOTO(xlOl e(Vol TO KpUqO KAelo(. Ilo nopooelYfo, oV OTOUc xopoKTrpec g, !, 1, b oVTlOTOlxOuV Ol opl8fO( 003, 212, o00, 010, TOTe, OnOU OTO opxlKO Ke(feVO efqoV(�OVTol oUTO( Ol xopoKTrpec, OTO KpUnTO-YpoqlfeVO 8o efqoV(�OVTol Ol oVT(OTOlxOl opl8fO(.

n OAIA

H 6aKTaT aUTr at JlKpo TJrJa TTe XpTalJOnOlt{ TT tvvOla TOU apXt{OU. EcoaOv y{vtl T 6aKTaT aUTr, ea nptntl va TOUe JlAratTt yla apXt{a KtlJtvOU.

Algorithm eryptografisi

Variables key[256J:string f1, f2:file e:ehar

i: integer

eryp: string Begin {�nblOUPyia KAElilOu. TO KAElii lOU Ka8E xaPaKlDPa lOIO8ElEilal oln 8Eon IOU avllolOlxEi O aseii KwilK6C lOU xaPa-KlDPa}

key[65J <- '006' key[66J <- '123' .... avOlyba aPxEiOU f1 yla ilaPaoba avOlyba aPxEiOU f2 yla yPa�lbO read(f1, e) while not end_of_file f1

eryp <- key[aseii eode lOU eJ write(f2, eryp) read(f1, e)

end while KAEiolbO aPxEiOU f1 KAEiolbO aPxEiOU f2

119

end algorithm

36. KoToOKeUoOTe eVo npOYpoffo nOU Vo KoVel onOKpUnTOYpoqlOl Ylo TlV npOlYOufeVl fe8OoO.

n OAIA

EcoaOv y{vtl T 6aKTaT aUTr ea nptntl va JlAratTt aTOUe JaeTTte yla apXt{a Ktl-JtvOU.

Algorithm deerypt

Variables key[256J:string f1, f2:file st:string[3J

e: ehar

i: integer

eryp: string Begin {�nblOUPyia KAElilOu. TO KAElii lOU Ka8E xaPaKlDPa lOIO8ElEilal oln 8Eon IOU avllolOlxEi O aseii KwilK6C lOU xaPa-KlDPa}

key[65J <- '006' key[66J <- '123' .... avOlyba aPxEiOU f1 yla ilaPaoba avOlyba aPxEiOU f2 yla yPa�lbO read(f1, st) while not end_of_file f1

i <- 1 {EUPEon xaPaKlDPa aI6 KAElii} while key[iJ <> st

i <- i + 1 end while e <- xaPaKlDPaC bE aseii eode i write(f2, e) read(f1, st)

end while KAEiolbO aPxEiOU f1 KAEiolbO aPxEiOU f2

end algorith

120

��O��

OUOTrJOTO

To K&qaAoIo ovoqep&ToI:

LTrW eWWOlQ TOU nArPOcOPlQKOU LUaTrUQTOC.
LTOW KUKAO �WrC TOU.
LTlC c6aelC QW6nTU�rC TOU.

8.1 XpovonpoYpoJJoTIOJOC

LUWOAlKoC nPOTelWoUeWOC xPoWOC 2 wPeC (1 8eWPlQ, 1 QaKraelC).

afwpo 10: KoTovoJ� uArC

Tl elWQl nArPOcOPlQKo LUaTrUQ nQPQoelYUQTQ nArPOcOPlQKwW LUaTrU6TWW KUKAOC �WrC nArPOcOPlQKOU LUaTrUQTOC

blePeUWrTlKr UeAeTr MeAeTr aKOnlUoTrTQC AW6AUar QnQlTraeWW LxeolQaUoC YAOnOlrar - KWolKOnOlrar 'AeYxOC nQP6oOar EYKQT6aTQar - JelTOUPYlQ - LUWTrPrar AnoaUPar

'WQ nQP6oelYUQ

8.2 IXeCIo Jo9rJaTwv

8.2.1 1o afwpo

aICoKTeo uAr

Tl elWQl nArPOcOPlQKo LUaTrUQ

nQPQoelYUQTQ nArPOcOPlQKwW LUaTrU6TWW KUKAOC �WrC nArPOcOPlQKOU LUaTrUQTOC blePeUWrTlKr UeAeTr MeAeTr aKOnlUoTrTQC AW6AUar QnQlTraeWW LxeolQaUoC YAOnOlrar - KWolKOnOlrar 'AeYxOC nQP6oOar EYKQT6aTQar - JelTOUPYlQ - LUWTrPrar AnoaUPar

'WQ nQP6oelYUQ

122

EpwT�O&IC: 1-17

YnoC&f�&IC -AOK�O&IC: 1-13 nopoTrp�O&IC

eQ nPenel WQ KQTQWOraOUW Ol UQ8rTeC:

Tl elWQl eWQ nArPOcOPlQKo LUaTrUQ.
nOlOC O KUKAOC �WrC TOU.
nOleC Ol c6aelC KQTQaKeUrC TOU.

nPOTelWeTQl WQ oO8el �QPUTrTQ aTlC c6aelC QW6nTU�rC eWoC nArPOcOPlQKOU aUaTrUQTOC KQl aTlC AelTOUPYleC nOU enlTe-AOUWTQl ae K68e c6ar.

8.3 JuO&IC - unoC&f�&IC &pwT�O&wv

Tl elWQl O KUKAOC �WrC eWoC nArPOcOPlQKOU LUaTrUQTOC; [§ Tl elWQl nArPOcOPlQKo aUaTrUQ]

0 TPonOC eKTeAearC TWW olQcoPWW AelTOUPYlwW TOU aUaTrUQTOC nPOaolOPl�eTQl KQT6 Tr c6ar TrC QW6AUarC TWW QnQlTraeWW.
D LWaTo I J68OC.

Tl OWOU6�OUUe nArPOcOPlQKo LUaTrUQ nOAUUeaWW; [§ nQPQoelYUQTQ nArPOcOPlQKwW aUaTrU6TWW]
nePlYP6lTe TlC c6aelC nOU QnQlTOUWTQl YlQ Tr orUlOUPYlQ eWoC nArPOcOPlQKOU LUaTrUQTOC TrC QPeaKelQC aQC. [§ KUKAOC �WrC n.L.

nQPQoelYUQTQ Q) TO n.L. MrTPwOU brUOTwW ae eWQ brUO

�)TO n.L. KP6TrarC 8eaeWW ae UlQ QePOnOPlKr eTQlPelQ. ]

nwC axeTl�eTQl eWQ UnOAOYlaTlKo aUaTrUQ Ue eWQ nArPOcOPlQKo LUaTr-UQ; [TO UnOAOYlaTlKo aUaTrUQ elWQl UnOaUWOAO TOU nArPOcOPlQKOU LUaTr-UQTOC]
IlQTl 8eWPOUUe oTl TO QW8PwnlWO oUWQUlKo QnOTeAel UePOC TOU nArPOcOPlQKOU LUaTrUQTOC; [§ Tl elWQl nArPOcOPlQKo LUaTrUQ]
LTO nQP6oelYUQ TOU n.L. TOU nOAUKQTQaTrUQTOC, WQ nPOa8eaeTe WeeC AelTOUPYleC aTr c6ar TrC QW6AUarC TWW QnQlTraeWW.
Tl YlWeTQl ecoaOW aTr c6ar TrC UAOnOlrarC QnOoelxTel QoUWQTr r ecQP-UOYr K6nOlQC AelTOUPYlQC; [EnlaTPecOUUe aTO nPOrYOUUeWO �rUQ]
Tl OWOU6�OUUe eWol6UeaO nPOooW; [§ Tl elWQl nArPOcOPlQKo LUaTrUQ, § KUKAOC �WrC eWoC nArPOcOPlQKOU LUaTrUQTOC]
nOleC nQPQUeTPOUC 8eWPelTe WC TlC arUQWTlKoTePeC YlQ TrW enlTUxr QW6nTU�r KQl AelTOUPYlQ eWoC n.L.; [• 'nQP�r KQA6 OPlaUeWWW olQolKQalwW.

123

LWaToC nPOaolOPlaUoC TWW QWQYKQlWW oeoOUeWWW.
KQT6AArAr KQT6PTlar TOU QW8PwnlWOU oUWQUlKOU.
'nQP�r KQT6AArAOU UAlKOU.
blQ8ealUoTrTQ KQT6AArAOU AOYlaUlKOU. ]

NQ aUUnArPwaeTe TlC Ae�elC: LTr c6ar TrC ovaAuOrC Twv onoIT�O&wv QnQWT6Ue aTO ePwTrUQ Tl 8Q K6Wel TO aUaTrUQ oTQW QWQnTUx8el. LTr c6ar TOU OX&CIoOJou QnQWT6Ue aTO ePwTrUQ nwC 8Q K6Wel QUT6 nOU 8Q K6Wel TO aUaTrUQ.
NQ aUUnArPwaeTe TlC Ae�elC. KuKAoC �w�C eWoC n.L. OWOU6�eTQl TO xPOWlKo ol6aTrUQ nOU UeaOAQ�el UeTQ�U TrC QnocQarC QW6nTU�rC KQl TrC QnoaUParC TOU. [KUKAOC �WrC]
BQal�oUeWOl aTO nQP6oelYUQ TrC §.. WQ aUWoeaeTe TQ nePlexoUeWQ TrC nPwTrC aTrArC Ue QUT6 TrC oeUTePrC.

eAeYxOC • • oeKQ nPOaWnlKOl UnOAOYlaTeC

QW6AUar QnQlTraeWW • • nPoYPQUUQ QWQ�68UlarC

axeolQaUoC • • eKTUnWar aTOlxelWW nPOaWnlKOU

aUWTrPrar • • A68OC nP6�elC

124

' 6W8PWnOC, TO UAlKo, Ol CIoCIKoOf&C , TO AOYlaUlKo KQl TQ C&CoJevo, elWQl TQ 5 �QalK6 aTOlxelQ eWoC n.L.
H oloP8War TWW AQ8wW eWoC n.L. UnOPel WQ A6�el xwPQ elTe aTr c6ar TOU &AeYXou elTe aTr c6ar TrC OuvT�prOrC.
Tl elWQl KUKAOC �WrC oeoOUeWWW; [§ Tl elWQl nArPOcOPlQKo aUaTrUQ]
nePlYP6lTe nQPQoelYUQTQ n.L. [§ nQPQoelYUQTQ nArPOcOPlQKwW LUaTrU6TWW]

8.4 JuO&IC KoI OXOAIo oOK�O&wv KoI CpoOTrpIoT�Twv

1. 0 orUOC TrC nePlOxrC aQC enl8UUel TrW Q�lOnOlrar TrC nArPOcOPlKrC TexWOAOYlQC Ue aKOno Tr �eATlWar TWW UnrPealwW nOU nPOacePel aTOUC orUoTeC TOU. MnOPelTe WQ nPOTelWeTe UlQ aelP6 eWePYelwW Ue aToxO TrW QW6nTU�r TOU KQT6AArAOU n.L. YlQ TlC QW6YKeC TOU;

DCOAIA Na XpTOlJOnOlTeOUV Ta frJaTa nOu aVactpOVTal OTTV napoypacO "KUKAOr �wrr nATpOcOplaKOU LuOTrJaTOr». OplOJtVOl OT6XOl JnOpOUV Va F{Val: olaTrpTOT OTOlXF{wV OXFTlKo JF TOur FpyOAofOur TOu orJOu, olaTrpTOT OTOlXF{wV OXFTlKo JF Ta tpya nOu npayJaTOnOlOUVTal Kal JF auTo nOu OTOXFUFTF Va npayJaTOnOlTeOUV.

2. To axOAelO aQC enl8UUel Tr orUlOUPYlQ eWoC aUaTrUQTOC, TO OnOlO 8Q olQxelPl�eTQl aTOlxelQ TWW UQ8rTwW onWC TlC �Q8UOAOYleC, TlC QnOUaleC,

K.6. nPOTelWeTe TPonOUC UAOnOlrarC TOU aUYKeKPlUeWOU aUaTrUQTOC.

DCOAIA Na XpTOlJOnOlTeOUV Ta frJaTa nOu aVactpOVTal OTTV napoypacO "KUKAOr �wrr nATpOcOplaKOU LuOTrJaTOr».

3. 0 oleU8UWTrC TOU axOAelOU a6C KQAel aTO YPQcelO TOU KQl a6C PWT6el YlQ TOW TPonO Ue TOW OnOlO UnOPelTe WQ orUlOUPYraeTe eWQ aUaTrUQ aTO OnOlO WQ nePlAQU�6WOWTQl aTOlxelQ TWW KQ8rYrTwW, onWC oWOUQ, enwWU-UO, oleU8UWar KAn. KQ8wC enlarC KQl TO WPOAoYlO nPoYPQUU6 TOUC. nPO-TelWeTe TPonOUC UAOnOlrarC. eeWPraTe oTl TQ e�OoQ aTQ OnOlQ exel Tr oUWQToTrTQ WQ nPO�el TO axOAelO aQC elWQl x oPQxUeC.

DCOAIA

Ga XpTOlJOnOlTeOUV Kal FoW Ta frJaTa TTr napaypocOu "KUKAOr �wrr nATpOcO

125

plaKOU LuOTrJaTOr». LT6XOr F{Val Va KaTaVOrOOuV Ol JaeTTtr 6Tl T uAOnO{TOT FV6r n.L. un6KFlTal OuVrewr OF OuyKFKplJtVOur OlKOVOJlKOUr nFplOplOJOUr.

4. 'aTW oTl UlQ eTQlPelQ KQT6 Tr ol6PKelQ aUWTrPrarC TOU nArPOcOPlQKOU TrC aUaTrUQTOC olQnlaTwWel oTl QUTo oeW QWTQnOKPlWeTQl nAeOW aTlC QW6YKeC TrC. Le Tl eWePYeleC nPenel WQ nPO�el;

DCOAIA

nptnFl Va JFAFTrOFl TT nFp{nTwOT aVTlKaToOTaOTr TOu nATpOcOplaKOU OuOTrJaTOr.

5. AC UnO8eaOUUe oTl K6WeTe Tr UeAeTr aKOnlUoTrTQC YlQ TrW KQTQaKeUr eWoC WeOU nArPOcOPlQKOU aUaTrUQTOC UlQC eTQlPelQC KQl oTl Qno Tr ole-PeUWrTlKr UeAeTr exOUW nPOKPl8el 2 nPOT6aelC. nPlW OAOKArPwaeTe Tr UeAeTr aKOnlUoTrTQC, olQnlaTwWeTe oTl r nPwTr AUar exel KoaTOC X KQl xPoWO UAOnOlrarC t1, eWw r oeUTePr KoaTOC l KQl xPoWO UAOnOlrarC t2. AW X>l KQl t1<t2, nOlQ AUar nPenel WQ nPOKPl8el KQl YlQTl; YnO8eaTe oTl r nPwTr AUar nPOacePel UeYQAUTePr eUeAl�lQ.

DCOAIA a) AV oFV unopXOuV nFplOplOJO{ K6OTOur Kal Xp6VOu T6TF FnlAtyFTal T npWTT AUOT. f) AV unopXOuV J6VO XpOVlKO{ nFplOplOJO{, T6TF FnlAtyFTal T npWTT AUOT Fc6OOV auTr JnOpF{ Va uAOnOlTeF{. AV oFV JnOpF{ Va uAOnOlTeF{ T npWTT, aAAo JnOpF{ Va uAOnOlTeF{ T oFUTFpT, T6TF FnlAtyFTal T oFUTFpT. AV OUTF T oFUTFpT JnOpF{ Va uAOnOlTeF{, FnlOTptcOuJF OTT olFpFuVTTlKr JFAtTT, WOTF Va aVa�TTrOOuJF oAAT AUOT. y) AV unopXOuV J6VO nFplOplOJO{ K6OTOur, aKOAOueOUJF nap6JOlO OuAAOylOJ6 JF TO oFUTFpO frJa. o) AV unopXOuV TauT6XpOVa nFplOplOJO{ K6OTOur Kal Xp6VOu, T6TF aKOAOueOUJF nap6JOlO OuAAOylOJ6 JF TO oFUTFpO frJa.

6. BPlaKeaTe aTr c6ar eAeYxOU eWoC UQ8rUQTlKOU nArPOcOPlQKOU LUaTrUQ-TOC. nePlYP6lTe OPlaUeWOUC Qno TOUC eAeYxOUC nOU 8Q nPenel WQ YlWOUW.

DCOAIA 'AFyXOr 6Tl Ol npo�Flr uAOnOlOUVTal OwOTo, tAFyXOr TwV JFy{OTwV Kal FAaX{OTwV apleJWV nOu JnOpW F{TF Va FlOayoyw F{TF Va nopw wr anOTtAFOJa KTA.

126

7. nOlQ aTOlxelQ nlaTeUeTe oTl nePlexel eWQ KQAo eYxelPlolO xPrarC;

DCOAIA

Na F{Val FuaVoyVwOTO, KaTaVOTT6, nArpFr Kal OuVOnTlK6.

8. 'aTW oTl UlQ eTQlPelQ a6C exel QWQ8eael TrW KQTQaKeUr TOU nArPOcOPlQ-KOU TrC LUaTrUQTOC KQl a6C exel UnOYPQUUlael TrW QW6YKr K68e Un6AArAoC TrC WQ olQ8eTel TO olKo TOU UnOAOYlaTr, aUWoear Ue TO olKTUO KQl oU-WQToTrTQ eKTUnWarC. AW O QPl8UoC TWW UnQAArAWW QWePxeTQl aTOUC 100 KQl QUTOl �PlaKOWTQl QW6 10 ae �exWPlaTo YPQcelO, nPOTelWeTe axeolQaTl-KeC AUaelC. YnO8eaTe oTl Un6AArAOl TOU lolOU YPQcelOU oeW exOUW aUWr8WC UeY6AeC QnQlTraelC eKTUnWarC.

DCOAIA MnOpOUV Va uAOnOlTeOUV Ol npWTFr 2 AUOFlr nOu nFplypocOVTal OTTV napoypacO "/laOUVoFOT unOAOylOTWV» TOu KFcaAa{Ou 3.

9. nePlYP6lTe aUWOnTlK6 TQ �rUQTQ KQTQaKeUrC eWoC nArPOcOPlQKOU LUaTrUQTOC TrC enlAOYrC aQC.

DCOAIA Ol JaeTTtr Va FnlAt�OuV tVa n.L., yla napooFlyJa TO n.L. olaXF{plOTr f{VTFO KAaJn r FTalpF{ar tKoOOTr KOlVOXprOTwV Kal Va aKOAOuerOOuV Ta frJaTa nOu analTOUVTal yla TTV KaTaOKFur FV6r TtTOlOu nATpOcOplaKOU OuOTrJaTOr, 6nwr ca{VOVTal OTTV napoypacO "KUKAOr �wrr nATpOcOplaKOU LuOTrJaTOr» TOu flfA{Ou JaeTTr.

10. NQ enlaKec8elTe eWQW OPYQWlaUo r UlQ enlxelPrar, onOU AelTOUPYel eWQ

n.L. NQ KQTQYP6leTe TlC AelTOUPYleC TOU, TQ KOaTOAOYlK6 TOU aTOlxelQ (KoaTOC QW6nTU�rC, eTralO KoaTOC aUWTrPrarC, QPl8UoC QnQaxOAOUUe-WWW QW6 KQTrYOPlQ ePYQalwW) KQl WQ axOAl6aeTe TrW OlKOWOUlKr, olOlKrTl-Kr, KOlWWWlKr, QWQnTU�lQKr arUQalQ TOU.

DCOAIA npOTF{VFTal Ol JaeTTtr Va FpyaOTOUV JF foOT TT opaOTTpl6TTTa JF T{TAO : "En{OKFlT, Fnacr Kal JFAtTT FV6r XWpOu 6nOu unopXFl FcapJOyr TOu unOAOylOTr».

11. NQ nePlYP6leTe TlC �QalKeC AelTOUPYleC TWW n.L. nOU 8eWPelTe oTl olQ8eTel KQ8eWQC Qno TOUC nQPQK6TW cOPelC:

UlQ TP6ne�Q
eWQ UnOUPYelO
eWQ nQWenlaTrUlO
eWQ AUKelO
eWQC orUOC
eWQ KQT6aTrUQ.

127

DCOAIA

npOTF{VFTal Ol JaeTTtr Va OuJfOuAFuTOUV TO napooFlyJa TOu KFcaAa{Ou.

Le eWQ WeO nArPOcOPlQKo LUaTrUQ TO UeYQAUTePO KoaTOC nOU QWQAOYel; D LTOW e�OnAlaUo (UAlKo); D LTrW nPOeTOlUQalQ TOU WeOU aUaTrUQTOC (aUYKeWTPWar aTOlxelWW,
UeAeTeC); I LTrW KQTQaKeUr TOU WeOU aUaTrUQTOC (AOYlaUlKo);

EnlAe�Te eWQ nArPOcOPlQKo LUaTrUQ. brUlOUPYraTe ePWTrUQTOAoYlO YlQ WQ e�eT6aeTe QW exOUW nPO�Aec8el eWQAAQKTlKeC Ue8OoOl AelTOUPYlQC ae nePlnTWar eKT6KTOU QW6YKrC.

DCOAIA npOTF{VFTal Va F�FTaOTOUV OTOlXF{a 6nwr: T Unap�T OTpaTTylKrr yla TT oTJlOupy{a aVTlypocwV aOcaAF{ar, yla TO aV F{Val FnapKrr T OuXV6TTTa nOu AaJfoVOVTal, yla TO aV tXFl npOfAFceF{ T nFp{nTwOT KaTaOTpOcrr �OFlOJO{, cwTltr, ...), aV unop-XFl JOVooa aolaAF{nTOu AFlTOupy{ar, KAn.

12�

'Jo oJJazouv

To K&qaAoIo ovoqep&ToI:

LTle 8eTlKee Kal apvITlKee enlCpaaele TWv unoAoYlaTlKwv Kal ClKTuaKwv auaTIfaTWv aTIv nolOTITa �Wre.

LTa voflKa Kal I8lKa 8efaTa nou npoKlnTouv anO TIv KaTa

XpIaI TWv nAIpocoplaKwv auaTIfaTWv Kal TWv ClKTlWv.

LTle feTa�oAee nou auvTeAolvTal aTo Xwpo TIe epYaa(ae.

LTle veee auvlaTwaee Yla TI ClafOpcWaI KevTpWv e�oua(ae.

LTIv avaYKI avanTu�Ie KaTaAAIAWv Cofwv ae en(neCo KolvW

v(ae Kal KpaToue Kal aTo pOAo nou npenel va ClaCpafaT(ael o aIfeplvOe noA(TIe.

9.1 XpovonpoYpoJJoTIOJOC

LuvoAlKOe npoTelvOfevoe XpOvoe 2 wpee.

.Mwpo 10: KoTovoJ� uA'C

0eTlKee Kal apvITlKee nAeupee ae Ka8e KalvoTof(a

nAeoveKTrfaTa anO TI XpraI TIe nAIpocoplKre TeXvoAoY(ae bIfOala blo(KIaI opYavlafo( Kolvre WceAelae MeTacopee IaTplKr EnlaTrfee & 'peuva BlofIXav(a EKna(CeuaI TeXvI

npo�AIfaTlafo( KolvWvlKee enlnTwaele AacaAela nAIpocoplwv npoaWnlKO anOppITo Av8pwnlvI aufneplcopa opYavWaI Kal KaTafeplafOe epYaa(ae

blafOpcWaI veae Ta�Ie npaYfaTWv

o pOAoe Tou aIfeplvol noA(TI

130

n.a a..d(OuV!

9.2 r&vIKeC nopoT'p�O&IC

To KecaAalo auTO C(vel Kup(We evauafa Yla au�rTIaI Kal avTaAAaYr anOweWv navW aTa Kp(alfa 8efaTa nou eXouv CIfloupYI8e( anO TIv eKpI�I TIe TeXvoAoY(ae Kal anaaXoAolv To alYXpovo av8pWno. IOYW TIe lClalTepOTITae TWv 8efaTWv nou avanTlaaovTal, I auYYpaclKr ofaCa 8ewpIae KaAO va fI Cwael aXOAla aTle epWTraele waTe va fIv npoKaTaAa�el Tov ClCaaKovTa

o neploplafOe aTo Cla8ealfo XpOvo enl�aAAel TIv eK TWv npoTepWv npoeTol faa(a TWv fa8ITwv, fe flKpee epYaa(ee enlAoYre Tou ClCaaKovTa, anO auTee nou npoTe(vovTal aTo TeTpaClo EpYaa(ae Ma8ITr. LTa nAa(ala auTol Tou KecaAa(ou ol fa8ITee 8a fnopolaav va npoTe(vouv eva anO Ta 8efaTa nou Toue evClacepel neplaaOTepo Kal va To avanTl�ouv aTo npOTuno flae auv8eTlKre epYaa(ae.

9.3 IXeiIo Jo9'JaTwv

9.3.1 1o .Mwpo

.IioKTeo uA'

0eTlKee Kal apvITlKee nAeupee ae Ka8e KalvoTof(a

nAeoveKTrfaTa anO TI XpraI TIe nAIpocoplKre TeXvoAoY(ae bIfOala blo(KIaI opYavlafo( Kolvre WceAelae MeTacopee IaTplKr EnlaTrfee & 'peuva BlofIXav(a EKna(CeuaI TeXvI

npo�AIfaTlafo( KolvWvlKee enlnTwaele AacaAela nAIpocoplwv npoaWnlKO anOppITo Av8pwnlvI aufneplcopa opYavWaI Kal KaTafeplafOe epYaa(ae

blafOpcWaI veae Ta�Ie npaYfaTWv

o pOAoe Tou aIfeplvol noA(TI

EpwT�O&IC: 1 eWe 21

AOK�O&IC: 1 eWe 6

ol epWTraele 8a npenel va XpIalfonolI8olv We aceTIp(a

Ynoi&M�&IC -

Yla au�rTIaI aTIv Ta�I Kal avTaAAaYr anOweWv. npoTe(ve

nopoT'p�O&IC

131

Tal va enlAeYolv ol neplaaOTepo aIfavTlKee epWTraele Kal va acraoufe Toue (Cloue Toue fa8ITee va eKcpaaouv TIv anowr Toue. H napef�aaI Tou Ka8IYITr npoTe(veTal va Y(veTal ae nep(nTWaI nou avacepovTal avaKp(�elee r analTolvTal aufnAIpWfaTlKee nAIpocop(ee.

9.4 JuO&IC - unoi&M�&IC &pwT�O&wv

«ouCev KaKOv aflYee KaAol!». E(val aWaTO va e�eTa�oufe Tle apvITlKee fOvo enlnTwaele evOe calvofevou, aYvowvTae To feYe8oe Kal TIv a�(a TWv onolWvCrnoTe 8eTlKwv Tou aTolXe(Wv;
nolee anO Tle apvITlKee enlnTwaele TIe TeXvoAoY(ae eXouv aToflKO Kal nolee YevlKO XapaKTrpa, KaTa TI YvwfI aae;
nwe Kal anO noloue fnopolv va evlaXu8olv auTo( nou 8(YovTal afeaa anO Tle KolvWvlKee feTa�oAee;
Ila TIv KaTaXpIaI TWv nAIpocoplaKwv Kal ClKTuaKwv CuvaToTrTWv eu8lveTal I TeXvoAoY(a r o av8pWnoe;
Le Tl e(Coue oceAI fnope( va ano�Aenel fla evCeXOfevI napa�(aaI Tou npoaWnlKol anopprTou; AvacepeTe feplKee neplnTwaele lCla(Tepa enl�rflee Yla To aTofo nou npoa�aAAeTal anO f(a TeTola npa�I.
nola 8efaTa 8a npenel va neplAaf�avovTal ae eva voflKO nAa(alo, waTe va ClaacaA(�eTal I aKepalOTITa TWv wIclaKwv nAIpocoplwv Kal To npoaWnlKO anOppITo;
Me noloue TpOnoue fnopolfe va ClaacaA(aoufe fOvol fae Ta apXe(a nou anoaTeAAoufe feaW IAeKTpovlKol TaXuCpofe(ou; [Me KpunToYpacIaI]
Me noloue TpOnoue fnopolv va avTlaTa8flaTolv ol apvITlKee enlCpaaele TIe e� anoaTaaeWe auvepYaa(ae;
Mnope( elKoAa To aTofo va eAeY�el op8oAoYlKa Kal va unoTa�el Tle KaTavaAWTlKee Tou auvr8elee; noloue nelpaafole npenel va �enepaael Kal nola KplTrpla npenel va avanTl�el;
nwe fnope( o unoAoYlaTre va �eATlwael r va eAaTTwael TIv nolOTITa �Wre;

H XpraI TIe TeXvoAoY(ae npoacepel TeAlKa neplaaOTepo eAel8epo XpOvo;
n.a a..d(OuV!

To anaAAaYfevo anO XapTla Ypace(o 8a e(val eclKTO aTle enOfevee Yevlee;
nolol napaYovTee auvTeAolv aTIv al�IaI TIe avepY(ae;
Na avacepeTe feplKa napaCoalaKa enaYYeAfaTa nou eXouv KaTapYI8e(.
Na avacepeTe feplKa anO Ta vea enaYYeAfaTa nou CIfloupYr8IKav anO Tle analTraele TIe TeXvoAoY(ae.
nolol e(val ol veol napaYovTee nou auf�aAAouv Ka8oplaTlKa aTI auYKevTpWaI e�oua(ae;
IlaT( e(val KaTaaTpoclKO va enevClel Kave(e anoKAelaTlKa aTo aToflKO Tou OceAoe; Mnope( va unap�el ae eupe(a KA(faKa aToflKO OceAoe, XWp(e avenTuYfevee KolvWvlKee Cofee;
nolo pOAo fnope( va na(�el I nalCe(a aTI ClafOpcWaI unel8uvWv noAlTwv;
nlaTeleTe OTl o TepaaTloe OYKoe nAIpocoplwv nou e(val Cla8ealfoe aTo eupl KolvO fe TI �or8ela TIe TeXvoAoY(ae oCIYe( aTI YvwaI;

132

20 Me noloue TpOnoue fnope( Kave(e va avTlfeTWn(ael TIv avepY(a nou oce(AeTal aTIv e�anAWaI TIe XpraIe TWv unoAoYlaTwv;

21. IlaT( Kp(veTal avaYKa(a I YvwaI opYavWaIe TWv enlXelpraeWv anO enaYYeAfaT(ee TIe nAIpocoplKre;

9.5 JuO&IC KoI OXOAIo oOK�O&wv KoI ipoOT'pIoT�Twv

1. Av raaaTav o CIfloupYOe evOe npoYpaffaToe Tl 8a KavaTe Yla va To npoaTaTelaeTe anO napavofI avTlYpacr;

DCOAIA

npoTF{vFTal ol JaeTTtr va anavTraouv Javol Tour, JF foaT auTo nou txouv anoKoJ{aFl ana To KFcoAalo 6 r ana nATpocop{Fr nou yvWp{�ouv. Ol Tpanol npoaTaa{ar Jla FcapJoyrr JnopF{ va F{val:

a) T voJlKr TTr KoAulT (ooFla TFAlKou xpraTT) f) To KAF{oWJa TTr FcapJoyrr, JF JTxavlaJour npoaTaa{ar (n.x To hasp) y) JF npoaTaa{a TWv oFooJtvWv.

2. H TeXvoAoY(a enlTpenel KaTa TIv KaTaXwplaI aTolXe(Wv, TIv KaTaYpacr CeCofevWv nou eXouv aXeaI fe TIv anOCoaI TWv unaAArAWv (KaTaYpacr Aa8wv nAIKTpoAOYIaIe, KaTafeTpIaI CaKTuAlafwv, K.a. ).

a) nlaTeleTe OTl I Clo(KIaI oce(Ael va YvWaTonolrael aToue unaAArAoue

133

TIe OTl KaTaYpacovTal TeTola aTolXe(a; �) E(val aWaTO, KaTa TI YvwfI aae, va aXeT(�eTal I afol�r evOe unaAArAou fe TeTolou e(Coue feTpraele; Y) YnapXouv neplnTwaele aTle ono(ee ClKaloAoYe(Tal r enl�aAAeTal I XpraI TeTolWv fe8OCWv;

Na ava�ITraeTe nAIpocop(ee Yla TIv TeXvITr NoIfoalvI (rttaiacall Intellagence) Kal va KaveTe fla epYaa(a nou 8a napoualaaeTe aTIv Ta�I.
Tl aIfa(vel o Opoe epYovof(a; Na KaveTe evav KaTaAoYo fe auaKeuee Kal avTlKe(feva nou XpIalfonole( evae XpraTIe unoAoYlaTwv Kal analTolv epYovoflKO aXeClaafO. Na TeKfIplwaeTe TIv anowr aae.

DCOAIA Ava�TTraTF nATpocop{Fr yla etJaTa FpyovoJ{ar axFTlKo JF TTv Fpyaa{a aF xWpour unoAoylaTWv. TtTolFr JnopF{TF va fpF{TF aTTv axFTlKr tKooaT Tou naloayWylKou IvaTlTouTou yla Ta axoAlKo FpyaaTrpla.

5. Na �ITraeTe anO TI blel8uvaI Tou aXoAe(ou aae eva fIXavoYpaclKO CeAT(o unowIc(ou Yla AvwTepee Kal AvwTaTee LXoAee. Na Cle�eA8eTe npoaeKTlKa OAee Tle aXoAee Kal va unoYpaff(aeTe auTee nou npoeTolfa

�ouv elClKole ae 8efaTa nAIpocoplKre. a) Na CIfloupYraeTe eva n(vaKa fe Ta enaYYeAfaTa nAIpocoplKre Kal Ta avT(aTolXa TfrfaTa TWv AEI Kal TEI. �) Na Ta�lvofraeTe Tov n(vaKa We npoe Ta enaYYeAfaTa.

DCOAIA MF acopJr auTr TTv Fpyaa{a va y{vFl napoua{aaT TTr cuaTr TWv FnayyFAJoTWv nou txouv axtaT JF TTv nATpocoplKr. YAlKa JnopF{TF va fpF{TF aF axFTlKo cuAAoola Tou L.E.n.

6. Na enlaKec8e(Te TIv laToaeA(Ca Tou YnoupYe(ou EaWTeplKwv. a) Na KaTaYpaweTe Tle unIpea(ee nou anoaKonolv aTIv e�unIpeTIaI Tou noA(TI Kal va Tle YvWaTonolraeTe Kal aToue auffa8ITee aae.

�) Na CIfloupYraeTe eva C(aTIAo n(vaKa, aTIv npwTI aTrAI Tou ono(ou 8a KaTaXWp(aeTe Tle unIpea(ee auTee, evw aTI CelTepI 8a aufnAIpwaeTe enlYpaffaTlKa TIv KolvWvlKr aIfaa(a Ka8ef(ae.

YnIpea(ee	LIfaa(a
'KCoaI nlaTonolITlKwv feaW TIAecwvou	Me(WaI YpaceloKpaT(ae
...........

134

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EcaPlOytc TTc m.TPOcOPWK�c		TWc TrW T�lTca	TWc TteVTc KaW	TTV TKraeuTT T
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« » I N D '

�6. H l

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10.5 JUa��C��aX��a�aa�w��u��a�U��aw

1. N

� I l

I:OAIA LToXoe TTe tpyaa{ae auTre t{val va KaTavoraouv ol JaeTTte oTl o unoAoylaTre XpTalJonolt{Tal at oAte Tle tnlaTrJte, opa, av Konoloe anocaa{atl va anouaoatl Jla ano auTte, KaAo ea t{val va �tptl va Tov XpTalJonolt{x XpralJte nATpocop{te yla Jla tnlaTrJT ea Jnopouat va {ptl Konoloe aTle TAtKTpovlKte atA{ate TWv avT{aTolXWv TJTJoTWv TWv navtnlaTTJ{Wv r TWv avT{aTolXWv tnlaTTJovlKwv tvwatWv, nxXx yla Ta MaeTJaTlKo aTle TAtKTpovlKte atA{ate TTe EAATvlKre MaeTJaTlKre ETalpt{aex

144

�. N

I:OAIA

LToXoe TTe tpyaa{ae auTre t{val va KaTavoraouv ol JaeTTte oTl T npoyvWaT Tou Kalpou atv ea rTav Toao tyKalpT Kal tyKupT XWp{e Tov unoAoylaTrx nATpocop{te yla Tov Kalpo tXouv auvreWe ol TAtKTpovlKte atA{ate TWv JTXavwv avaorTTaTex

< X A

I:OAIA

LToXoe TTe tpyaa{ae auTre t{val va KaTavoraouv ol JaeTTte oTl noAAo ano Ta op yava TWv tpyaaTTp{Wv Jnopouv va avTlKaTaaTaeouv ano oAAa vtoTtpTe TtXvoAo y{ae nou {aa{oovTal aTov unoAoylaTrx De napaat{yJaTa Jnopouv va avactpeouv alocopol Tunol alaeTTrpWv etpJoKpa a{ae, anoaTaaTe, etaTe, Kxox

4. N

I:OAIA

EAtuetpo etJa Jt To ono{a ol JaeTTte Jnopouv va KaTavoraouv oTl o KlvTJaTo ypocoe TTe tnoXre unoaTTp{otTal ano Tov unoAoylaTrx LTa CD nou auvoatuouv Ta ntploalKo nou avactpovTal aToue unoAoylaTte Jnopt{ Kavt{e va {ptl aKTvte ano Tle Talv{te nou KuKAocopouvx

5. A « »

I:OAIA

LToXoe TTe tpyaa{ae auTre t{val va KaTavoraouv ol JaeTTte oTl ol aaTpovoJol TTe tnoXre Jae atv {aa{oovTal Jovo aTTv «onTlKr napaTrpTaT», aAAo avTAouv Tle ntplaaoTtpte nATpocop{te ano aTolXt{a nou tnt�tpyooovTal Jt TT {oretla Tou unoAoylaTrx E{val Toao JtyoAoe o oyKoe TWv aTolXt{Wv nou auyKtvTpwvtTal, nou t{val

145

aauvaTov va Ta tnt�tpyaaTt{ Kavt{e XWp{e TT XpraT Toux Ta aTolXt{a nou auyKtvTpwvovTal ano Ta nav{aXupa TTAtaKonla, anoeTKtuovTal at {oatle ataoJtvWv, onou Jnopouv va antueuvovTal ol tvalactpoJtvol yla va npoJTetuovTal uAlKo yla tnt�tpyaa{a Kal JtAtTTx

6. N

I:OAIA

LToXoe TTe tpyaa{ae auTre t{val va KaTavoraouv ol JaeTTte oTl aTaTlaTlKr tnt

�tpyaa{a ataoJtvWv atv y{vtTal Jovo at tnlaTTJovlKte tcapJoyte, aAAo Jnopt{ va XpTalJonolTet{ Kal yla nlo anAte tpyaa{tex 'Tal auvTe{oouv va XpTalJonolouv Tov unoAoylaTr Kal yla apaaTTploTTTte Tou aXoAt{oux

7. N	l
�
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I:OAIA

Ta calvoJtva nou Jnopouv va tnlAtyouv yla TTv npoaoJo{WaT Jnopt{ va t{val ano To Xwpo Tou ntpl{oAAovToe, Jt aToXo TTv tualaeTTono{TaT TWv JaeTTwv yla TTv npoaTaa{a Toux Lt auvtpyaa{a Jt auvaatAcoue nou aaXoAouvTal Jt TTv ntpl{aAAovTlKr tKna{atuaT Jnopouv va tnlAt�ouv etJaTa Jt avTlKt{Jtvo TT JoAuvaT TWv uaoTlvWv nopWv, TT JoAuvaT TWv eaAaaawv, TTv KaTaaTpocr TWv aaawv, Kxox

8. E �AM l

I:OAIA

BaalKoe aToXoe TTe apaaTTploTTTae auTre t{val va tveappuvouJt Toue JaeTTte Jae aTTv avaorTTaT nTywv yla Ta avTlKt{Jtva nou Toue tvalactpouvx fl' auTo Toue auaTrvouJt va avaoTTraouv ol {alol apXlTtKTovlKo ypact{a r unTpta{te nou Kovouv XpraT CAD auaTTJoTWv Kal va opyavwaouv TTv tn{aKtLTx Av auTo atv t{val auvaTo, avaoTTouJt Konolo JlKpo aXtalaaTlKo npoypaJJa Kal

146

KovouJt aTo tpyaaTrplo tn{atl�T JtplKwv ano Tle auvaToTTTte Toux

9. E

I:OAIA LToXoe TTe apaaTTploTTTae auTre t{val va KaTavoraouv ol JaeTTte oTl oAo Kal ntplaaoTtpte tpyaa{te auToJaTonolouvTal Jt TT {oretla tpyaAtloJTXavwv, ol ono{te tAtyXovTal ano unoAoylaTrx En{aTe KaAo t{val va KaTavoraouv oTl o tpyoTTe TTe tnoXre Jae nptntl va tKnalatuTt{ at TtTolou t{aoue JTXavte, opa KaAt{Tal va tXtl To KaToAATAo yvWaTlKo uno{aepox

10. A � E

I:OAIA LToXoe TTe tpyaa{ae auTre t{val va tvTJtpWeouv ol JaeTTte yla Ta npoypoJJaTa t� anoaToatWe tKna{atuaTe nou uAonolouvTal ano alocopoue copt{ex

11. E n � l

I:OAIA Mla oAAT laToatA{aa Jt nATpocop{te yla a{eouaa TTAtaloaKtLTe t{val auTr Tou EpyaaTTp{ou TTAtJaTlKwv EcapJoywv Tou TJrJaToe AuToJaTlaJou Tou TEl ntlpalwe Jt TAtKTpovlKr altueuvaT wwwxrescenterxteipirxgr

147

UJ,aa

T�'K&q�1al�'a¥aqtp&Tal:

LTleaolKee evvolee ano To xwpo Twv noAU eowv, onwe: ( I I ypa lKr npoo aoI oTIv nAIpocop(a ( Ta UnepKe( eva Kal Ta noAU eoa.
LTa aolKa xapaKTIploTlKa TIe elKovae, ToU rxoU, ToU (vTeo, TIe oUv8eTlKre K(vIoIe Kal oTle KaTIyop(ee Aoylo lKou noU e(val Ka TaAAIAee yla TIv ene�epyao(a ToUe.
LTle caoele avanTU�Ie lae ecap oyre noAU eowv Kal oTle anal Troele oe UAlKo, Ka8we Kal oe av8pwnlvo 9Uva lKo.
LTle KaTIyop(ee Aoylo lKou yla TIv avanTU�I ecap oywv noAU e owv.

11.1 Xp�¥�Yp�JpaTTaTlCTOc

LUvoAlKoe npoTelvo evoe xpovoe 16 wpee.

M wp�'1::' KaTa¥�T 'A1�c

BaolKee evvolee [pa lKr Kal I ypa lKr npoo aoI oTIv nAIpocop( a Ko ol Kal ouv9eo ol YnepKe( eva Ano Ta UnepKe( eva oTa Unep eoa bo r ecap oyre Unep eowv noAU eoa LU n(eoI

M wp�'0::' KaTa¥�T 'A1�c

bo lKa oTolxe(a ecap oyre noAU eowv E(9oe Kal opcr 9o lKwv oTolxe(wv noAU eowv XapaKTIploTlKa rxoU

M wp�'0::' KaTa¥�T 'A1�c

Ynev8u loI Twv aolKwv oI e(wv npoIyou evoU a8r a Toe.

M wp�'0::' KaTa¥�T 'A1�c

XapaKTIploTlKa elKovae XapaKTIploTlKa (vTeo XapaKTIploTlKa oUv8eTlKre K(vIoIe MeTa opcwoele

M wp�'0::' KaTa¥�T 'A1�c

Ynev8u loI Twv aolKwv oI e(wv npoIyou evoU a8r a Toe.

M wp�'0::' KaTa¥�T 'A1�c

AvanTU�I Ecap oywv noAU eowv <aoele avanTU�Ie epywv noAU eowv O a9a avanTU�Ie ecap oyre E�onAlo oe yla ecap oyee noAU eowv

M wp�'0:' '0:: KaTa¥�T 'A1�c

Joylo lKo yla avanTU�I ecap oywv noAU eowv

150

noAUftOa

11.0 r&¥lKtc'YapaT�p C&lc

Ol oUv8eTlKee epyao(ee noU oUv9eovTal e To KecaAalo aUTo e(val:

bI loUpy(a ac(oae.
napoUo(aoI nolITlKre oUAAoyre.
napoUo(aoI epywv �wypaclKre.
AvaAUoI Kal oxe9(aoI ecap oyre noAU eowv (eyKUKAona(9ela).

11.0 IXt&l�'TaJ�T�Tw¥

11.0.1 1�'M wp�

Ml&aKTta'A1�

BaolKee evvolee [pa lKr Kal I ypa lKr npoo aoI oTIv nAIpocop(a Ko ol Kal ouv9eo ol YnepKe( eva Ano Ta UnepKe( eva oTa Unep eoa bo r ecap oyre Unep eowv

nAoryIoI oe ecap oyr Unep eowv

noAU eoa blaAoylKee ecap oyee noAU eowv A�lono(IoI noAU eowv

LU n(eoI

EpwT C&lc:' 1 14

ACK C&lc:' 1 7

YY�&& &&lc'3 Na yvwp(ooUv ol a8ITee: napaT�p C&lc • oTl Unapxel Kal I ypa lKr napoUo(aoI nAIpocoplwv

Tle aolKee evvolee noU xpIol onolou e yla va neplypa loU e aUTou ToU e(9oUe TIv napoUo(aoI
TI 9o r Twv Unep eowv Kal Tle ecap oyee Twv noAU e owv
TI oU n(eoI. Me TI 9l9aoKaA(a Twv napaypacwv aUTwv 8a npoona8r ooU e va KaTaAa oUv ol a8ITee nooo 9leUKoAuvel TIv npo

o aoI oTIv nAIpocop(a I I ypa lKr opyavwor TIe. [la TIv KaAuTepI KaTavoIoI TIe evvolae ToU UnepKel evoU

151

Kal Twv Unep eowv nopou e va oUoTrooU e oToUe a8I Tee ae va nAoIyI8ouv eoa oe eva apxe(o or8elae. LTIv evoTITa aUTr va Tov(ooU e oTl oTI oI eplvr enoxr ol ev volee Unep eoa Kal UnepKe( eva Te(voUv va TaUTloTouv. LTle ecap oyee Twv noAU eowv va KaTavorooUv ol a8ITee oTl UnapxoUv 9laAoylKee Kal I 9laAoylKee Kal va Tov(ooU e Tle 9lacopee ToUe. LTle I 9laAoylKee exoU e la oelplaKr napoUo(aoI Twv 8e aTwv Kal I e�eAl�I e(val navToTe (9la, evw oTle 9laAoylKee exoU e TI 9ev9plKr opcr Kal I e�eAl

�I e�apTaTal ano To AKAa9(n noU aKoAoU8ou e Ka8e copa. LTa noAU eoa va Tov(ooU e oTl o opoe xpIol onole(Tal yla noAAee eKcpaoele. LTIv napaypaco TIe oU n(eoIe va Tov(ooU e oTl I avanTU

�I vewv TexvlKwv anoTeAe( aolKo oTolxe(o oTIv e�eAl�I ecap oywv noU xelp(�ovTal eyaAo oyKo 9e9o evwv. LTI 9o r Twv Unep eowv napoUola�oU e la ano Tle 8ew proele noU UnapxoUv Kal e(val aUTr noU avacepeTal neplo ooTepo oTI 9le8vr l Aloypac(a

11.0.0 0�'M wp�

Ml&aKTta'A1�

bo lKa oTolxe(a ecap oyre noAU eowv. E(9oe Kal opcr 9o lKwv oTolxe(wv noAU eowv XapaKTIploTlKa rxoU

EpwT C&lc:' 15

ACK C&lc:' 8 12

YY�&& &&lc'� KaTa TI 9l9aoKaA(a, To apoe 8a npenel va 9o8e(:

napaT�p C&lc • oTle analTroele lae ecap oyre noAU eowv • oTa xapaKTIploTlKa ToU rxoU. Ol aoKroele e(val, nponapaoKeUaoTlKee yla TI xproI Aoyl

o lKou e To ono(o napayovTal ecap oyee noAU eowv.

152

noAUftOa

11.0.0	0�'M wp�
Ml&aKTta'A1�
	Ynev8u loI Twv	aolKwv oI e(wv ToU npoIyou evoU	a8r a
	Toe.
EpwT C&lc:'	16, 21
ACK C&lc:'	13 18

YY�&& &&lc'� To 9(wpo aUTo 8a npenel va aclepw8e( oTIv e�aoKIoI Twv

napaT�p C&lc a8ITwv oTo epyaoTrplo. Ol a8ITee nopouv va xwploTouv oe o a9ee Kal va aoxo AouvTal e 9lacopeTlKee aoKroele, avTaAAaooovTae e nel p(ee.

11.0.0 0�'M wp�

Ml&aKTta'A1�

XapaKTIploTlKa elKovae XapToypaclKee elKovee blavUo aTlKee elKovee

XapaKTIploTlKa (vTeo XapaKTIploTlKa oUv8eTlKre K(vIoIe MeTa opcwoele

EpwT C&lc:' 18 20

ACK C&lc:' (11), 19 25

YY�&& &&lc'� To 9(wpo aUTo aclepwveTal KUp(we oTo UnoAolno TIe 8ew

napaT�p C&lc p(ae, yla lIclono(IoI Kal ene�epyao(a elKovae Kal (vTeo. LTo eTpo ToU 9UvaTou xpovoU, ol a8ITee aoxoAouvTal oTo epyaoTrplo e TI ArlI Kal lIclono(IoI elKovae.

11.0.0 0�'M wp�

Ml&aKTta'A1�

Ynev8u loI Twv aolKwv oI e(wv ToU npoIyou evoU a8r aToe.

EpwT C&lc:' 17

153

ACK C&lc:' Ano Tle 19 25 ToU npoIyou evoU 2wpoU

YY�&& &&lc'� LTo 9(wpo aUTo y(veTal e�aoKIoI e 9lacopa e(9I Aoylo l

napaT�p C&lc Kou noU UnapxoUv 9la8eol a r ava�ITouv ol a8ITee oTo bla9(KTUo. E(val oI avTlKo va nelpa aTloTouv Kal e TI oU n(eoI ap xe(wv rxoU Kal elKovae, Kal va yvwp(ooUv el9lKee opcee oU

n(eoIe yla Ta apxe(a aUTa.

11.0.0 0�'M wp�

Ml&aKTta'A1�

AvanTU�I ecap oywv noAU eowv <aoele avanTU�Ie ecap oywv noAU eowv O a9a avanTU�Ie ecap oyre noAU eowv E�onAlo oe yla ecap oyee noAU eowv

EpwT C&lc:' 22 25

ACK C&lc:' 27,28

YY�&& &&lc'� LToxoe e(val va KaTavorooUv TI 9la9lKao(a oxe9(aoIe, ava

napaT�p C&lc nTU�Ie ecap oyre noAU eowv Kal va yvwp(ooUv Tov anal Tou evo e�onAlo o. npoTe(veTal yla TIv o a9a avanTU�Ie va TovloTe( I 9laco pono(IoI Twv ecap oywv Unep eowv ano Tle oU aTlKee. napa9ely a oU aTlKre ecap oyre nope( va anoTeAeoel

(a anAr ecap oyr 9laxe(ploIe a8IToAoy(oU.

Na KaTavorooUv ToUe poAoUe TIe o a9ae Kal Tle caoele ava nTU�Ie , onwe y(veTal oe la KlvI aToypaclKr napaywyr. Na avTlAIc8ouv oTl oTle anAee ecap oyee onwe e(val ol l Kpee 9paoTIploTITee Kal aoKroele oTo TeTpa9lo epyao(ae ToUe r ol lKpee ecap oyee noU p(oKoUv oe onTlKoue 9( oKoUe o 9I loUpyoe nope( va Iv exel oo apee npoypa

aTloTlKee yvwoele Kal va enlcopT(�eTal e oAoUe ToUe po AoUe, 9leKnepalwvovTae oAee Tle caoele ToU. Ol ecap oyee avanTuooovTal oe 9lacopee caoele aKoAoU 8wvTae oUyKeKpl eva ovTeAa avanTU�Ie ecap oywv, onwe To ovTeAo ToU KaTappaKTI, TIe eAlKae, noU �eceuyel ano To en(ne9o aUTou ToU l A(oU.

15�

noAUftOa

[la Tov e�onAlo o, npenel va avTlAIc8ouv oTl ano TIv nAeU pa ToU xproTI apKe( evae ouyxpovoe UnoAoyloTre, woTe va nopouv va eKTeAouvTal ecap oyee noAU eowv. Ano TIv nAeUpa ToU 9I loUpyou ol avayKee e(val eyaAee Tooo oe Aoylo lKo yla TI 9I loUpy(a Twv oUoTaTlKwv opcwv Kal TI oUyypacr TIe ecap oyre, ooo Kal oe UAlKo, yla va KaAu nTovTal ol UlIAee analTroele ToU nlo navw Aoylo lKou. E9w npenel va TovloTe( I avayKI vo l Ie KTroIe ToU xpIol onolou evoU Aoylo lKou aAAa Kal I nloTono(IoI (copy right) Tooo Twv 9o lKwv oTolxe(wv noAU eowv noU napr x8Ioav, ooo Kal ToU TeAlKou npo·ovToe.
Mnopouv va oU�ITI8ouv Tponol eyKaTaoTaoIe lae ecap oyre (setup r install) oe UnoAoyloTr r oe 9(KTUo, onwe e( val I oAlKr avTlypacr TIe napaywyre oTo 9(oKo, I avTlypa cr Twv Kp(ol wv apxe(wv oTo 9(oKo, I KAroI Twv UnoAo( nwv ano onTlKo 9(oKo, K.a.
Na KaTavorooUv oTl ol ecap oyee noU e�eA(ooovTal eow ToU bla9lKTuoU e(val eva ouvoAo loTooeA(9wv noU Tle e ca v(�el o cUAAo eTpITre ToU xproTI. E9w npenel va avacep8e( I nl8avoTITa va oUvavTrooUv aA AoUe TponoUe eyKaTaoTaoIe Kal AelToUpy(ae, onwe, yla na pa9ely a, y(veTal oe ecap oyee noU AKaTe a�oUvn 9lKo ToUe Aoylo lKo yla TIv UnooTrpl�I TIe eKTeAeoIe TIe ecap oyre r Kanolwv oUoTaTlKwv opcwv TIe.
11.0.0	0�' '0�'M wp�'91'J&wp a''3''0'aCK C&lc�
Ml&aKTta'A1�	Joylo lKo yla avanTU�I ecap oywv noAU eowv npoypa aTlKa nepl aAAovTal yla TI 9I loUpy(a ecap oywv noAU eowv nepl aAAovTa avanTU�Ie ecap oywv noAU eowv KaTIyop(ee epyaAe(wv oUyypacre
EpwT C&lc:'	26 29
ACK C&lc:'	(12), 29 34
	155

YY�&& &&lc'3 napaT�p C&lc

LToxoe e(val va yvwp(ooUv Ta xapaKTIploTlKa, Tle 9UvaToTI Tee Kal TI xpIol oTITa KUp(we Twv epyaAe(wv oUyypacre ecap oywv noAU eowv. 'oov acopa TIv avanTU�I ecap oywv noAU eowv e TI

or8ela KaTaAAIAwv yAwoowv npoypa aTlo ou, ol a8I Tee npenel va KaTavorooUv oTl I AuoI aUTr npoocepel AeAeU8ep(a Klvroewvn Kal noAu eyaAee 9UvaToTITee, aAAa analTe( oo apoTaTee yvwoele npoypa aTlo ou. napa9ely

a I yAwooa C++ oTIv avanTU�I nalxvl9lwv. npoTe(veTal va TovloTe( oTl Ta nepl aAAovTa el9lKou oKonou e(val Aoylo lKo anAo oTo xelplo o ToU, noU aneU8uveTal oe xproTee. napa9ely a anoTeAe( To PowerPoint / Microsoft yla TI 9I loUpy(a napoUolaoewv.

[la Ta nepl aAAovTa oUyypacre va KaTavorooUv oTl e(val npo·ovTa, e evow aTw eva epyaAe(a noU KavoUv TI 9oU Aela ToU npoypa aTloTr apKeTa euKoAI. Na avTlAIc8ouv en(oIe oTl e(val 9UvaTov oe eva anAo xproTI va 9I loUpyr oel la lKpr noAU eolKr ecap oyr oTav aUToe yvwp(�el To xelplo o ToU nepl aAAovToe. Na 9laxwploTe( o we oTl la eyaAI Kal noAunAoKI ecap o yr analTe( Kal el9lKee yvwoele npoypa aTlo ou, la Kal 8a xpIol onolI8e( I eowTeplKr yAwooa ToU nepl aAAovToe, oUv9eoele e aAAee yAwooee aAAa Kal e8o9ol xproIe Twv 9e9o evwv noU analTouvTal.

Na KaTavorooUv Tl e(val eTacopa, yla va avTlAIc8ouv Tle

eyaAee KaTIyop(ee npo·ovTwv noU UnapxoUv, 9IAa9r Ta epyaAe(a oeA(9ae r KapTae (card based authoring tools), el Kovl9(wv (icon based) Kal xpovo9la9po oU (time based). npenel va avTlAIc8ouv TI 9lacopeTlKr clAoooc(a ToUe oTIv opyavwoI ToU noAU eolKou UAlKou. Na TovloTe( oTl aUTee a noTeAouv Tle Kuplee KaTIyop(ee Kal I unap�r ToUe 9ev ano KAe(el eva aAAo npo·ov va AelToUpyroel 9lacopeTlKa. bev oUvloTaTal AenTo epre TexvlKr avaAUoI Ka8e KaTIyop( ae. LTo epyaoTrplo nope(Te va e a8uveTe oTIv KaTIyop(a noU 9la8eTeTe, e oKono va nopouv va y(voUv aoKroele Kal epyao(ee.

156

noAUftOa

LxeTlKa e Ta yevlKa xapaKTIploTlKa Kal Tle evvolee Twv ep yaAe(wv oUyypacre onwe Ta avTlKe( eva, o onTlKoe npo ypa aTlo oe, I Ka8o9ryIoI ano yeyovoTa, I 9UvaToTITa npoypa aTlo ou npoTe(veTal va y(vel anAr avacopa, e TIv napaTrpIoI oTl aUTa 9ev oUvavTwvTal oe oAee Tle KaTI yop(ee Kal 9lacepoUv eTa�u ToUe.

11.0 JAC&lc'3'uY�&& &&lc'&pwT C&w¥

1. Tl ovo a�oU e Ko o Kal Tl ouv9eo o oe la I ypa lKa 9lap8pw evI uAI; [§ Ko ol Kal ouv9eo olj

0. Me noloUe TponoUe nope( va oI aTo9oTI8e( I unap�I evoe oUv9eo oU oe eva Ko o Unep eooU noU npo aAAeTal oTIv o8ovI; [§ Ko ol Kal ouv9eo olj

0. Na avTloTolx(oeTe Ta neplexo eva TIe npwTIe oTrAIe e aUTa TIe 9euTe pIe.

Ko oe oI e(o ToU Ko oU eKK(vIoIe

evoTITa noU anapT(�el TI I ypa louv9eo oeKa 9lap8pw evI uAI evoe 8e aToe

ayKUpa la oxeoI noU oUv9eel 9uo Ko oUe

0. Ta e(9I 9laoUv9eoewv noU nopou e va xpIol onolrooU e oTI I ypa lKr opyavwoI TIe nAIpocop(ae e(val: a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [§ Ko ol Kal ouv9eo olj

0. Tl e(val Ta UnepKe( eva; [§ YnepKe( evaj

0. nolee e(val ol 9lacopee UnepKel evwv Kal Unep eowv; [§ Ano Ta UnepKe( eva oTa Unep eoaj

157

0. Le eva UnepKe( evo 9laKp(voU e Ta e�re xapaKTIploTlKa:

a)	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
)	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
y)	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9)	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

[§ YnepKe( evaj

0. Na avTloTolx(oeTe Ta neplexo eva TIe npwTIe oTrAIe e aUTa TIe 9euTe pIe.

Le la ecap oyr Unep eowv exoU e: en(ne9o enlKolvwv(aeneplexel oAee Tle oUvloTwoee yla TIv

e To xproTI

napoUo(aoI TIe ecap oyre

neplAa avel oAa Ta nAIpocoplaKa

en(ne9o Twv oUv9e

epyaAe(a noU 9leUKoAuvoUv To xpr

o wv

oTI oTIv a�lono(IoI TIe ecap oyre

oTo en(ne9o aUTo Ka8op(�ovTal ol

en(ne9o ano8rKeUoIe

oxeoele eTa�u Twv Ko wv

[§ bo r ecap oyre Unep eowv j

9. Le la ecap oyr Unep eowv I npooneAaoI oe Kanola nAIpocop(a no pe( va y(vel:

e nAoryIoI, ano KOTP� oe KOTP�
e ava�rTIoI, xpIol onolwvTae 1t&&lc3K1&l&l� (key words). [§ nAoryIoI oe ecap oyr Unep eowvj

10. [la va e(val AelToUpylKr la ecap oyr Unep eowv npenel va ae nape xel: a) nolKlA(a 9la9po wv ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

[§ nAoryIoI oe ecap oyr Unep eowvj

158

noAUftOa

11. Ta LUoTr aTa noAU eowv e(val loxUpa UnoAoyloTlKa oUoTr aTa, e el9l Ko e�onAlo o oe UAlKo, noAAa neplcepelaKa, Kal Aoylo lKo yla:

a)	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
)	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
y)	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9)	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

[§ noAU eoaj

10. Tl ovo a�oU e aAAIAenl9paoTlKa noAU eoa; [§ blaAoylKee ecap oyee noAU eowvj

10. nou a�lonolou e Ta aAAIAenl9paoTlKa noAU eoa; [§ blaAoylKee ecap oyee noAU eowv, § A�lono(IoI noAU eowvj

10. Tl e(val I oU n(eoI 9e9o evwv Kal noloe Aoyoe TIv Unayopeuel; [§ LU n(eoIj

10. Tl e(9oUe UAlKo xpela�o aoTe yla va IxoypacrooU e cUolKr cwvr oTov

UnoAoyloTr; I lKpocwvo

D KapTa ypaclKwv D modem I KapTa rxoU I Ixe(a D oapwTr

10. nola 9lacopa Unapxel ava eoa oTIv lIclono(IoI rxoU Kal oTI 9I loUp y(a rxoU MIDI; [§ lIclono(IoI rxoU, § LUv8eTlKoe rxoe e To npoTUno MIDIj

10. To UAlKo noU avacepeTal oTIv npwTI oTrAI va avTloTolxI8e( e Tle epya o(ee oTle ono(ee nope( va xpIol onolI8e(.

159

oapwTre

oapwoI elKovae

KapTa rxoU

lIclono(IoI rxoU

lKpocwvo KapTa (vTeo lIclaKr Ka epa	Klvou eva oxe9la 9I loUpy(a ypaclKwvene�epyao(a (vTeo 9I loUpy(a (vTeo
10. Ol elKovee noU 9I loUpyouvTal	e UnoAoyloTr 9laKp(vovTal oe xapToypa

clKee Kal 9lavUo aTlKee. nolo e(val To Kuplo nAeoveKTI a Twv 9euTepwv; [§ XapaKTIploTlKa elKovaej

19. Na oUv9eoeTe Ka8e (a ano Tle e�l elKovee e TIv KaTIyop(a oTIv ono(a avrKel.

xapToypaclKee

9lavUo aTlKee

� lIclono(IoI rxoU Kal (vTeo y(veTal e TI e8o9o TIe &&lJTaT�1�� 3 ac. Mnope(Te va alTloAoyroeTe ylaT(; (eyypacr, &&lJTaT�1�� a, avanapaywyr)
To MIDI e(val: D eva oUolKo opyavo

I npwToKoAAo enlKolvwv(ae oUolKwv opyavwv Kal UnoAoyloTr

D epyaAe(o yla TI ouv8eoI oUolKre

I 9laouv9eoI yla TIv enlKolvwv(a oUolKwv opyavwv Kal UnoAoyloTr

00. Na avacepeTe Ta oTa9la noU nope( va Unap�oUv KaTa TIv avanTU�I

lae ecap oyre Unep eowv. [§ LTa9la avanTU�Ie ecap oyre noAU eowvj

00. Na avacepeTe eplKee ecap oyee noAU eowv noU yvwp(�eTe ano To ne pl aAAov oae, xwp(�ovTae Tle oe KaTIyop(ee.

160

DCOAIA

npOTe{veTal va napOualaaTOUv Kal a�lOAOyTeOUv ecapJOytr nOu:

a) flaetTel TO epyaaTrplO.

f) flaT{eevTal ano TO naloayWylKo IvaTlTOUTO, TO YnEne, navenlaTrJla Kal eAAer

nTytr.

y) nleavov olaetTOuv Ol JaeTTtr.

TtTOler JnOpe{ va e{val eyKuKAOna{oeler, eKnaloeuTlKe naKtTa, a�loAOya nalxv{ola,

K.e. Le oAer Tlr neplnTwaelr va oOee{ npOaOxr ae etJaTa aoelwv xpraTr Kal eyKaTe aTaarr TOur aTO epyaaTrplO.

Na avaqepeTe Tov e�onAlofo nou e(val anapa(TlToe oTo XproTl nou eKTeAe( eqapfoyee noAufeowv. [§ E�onAlofoe yla eqapfoyee noAufeowv ]
IlaT( o olfloupyoe flae eqapfoyre noAufeowv Xpela�eTal e�onAlofo feyaAuTepwv ouvaToTrTwv ano auTov Tou XproTl; [§ E�onAlofoe yla eqapfoyee noAufeowv ]
nola Ta nAeoveKTrfaTa Kal Ta feloveKTrfaTa Tle Xprole epyaAe(ou ouyypaqre, avT( yAwooae npoypaffaTlofou yla Tlv avanTu�l eqapfoyre noAufeowv; [§ JoyloflKo avanTu�le eqapfoywv noAufeowv]
nola e(val Ta Kupla XapaKTlploTlKa nou olaKp(vouv eva epyaAe(o ouyypaqre; [§ nepl�aAAovTa avanTu�le eqapfoywv noAufeowv ]
Ol �aolKee KaTlyop(ee Twv epyaAe(wv ouyypaqre e(val: a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

�) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [§ KaTlyop(ee epyaAe(wv ouyypaqre ]

29. nola e(val l feTaqopa oTle Tpele �aolKee KaTlyop(ee Twv epyaAe(wv ouyypaqre; [§ KaTlyop(ee epyaAe(wv ouyypaqre ]

161

��.5 JUO&IC KOI OxoAIO OOK�O&WV KOI (pOOTrpIOT�TWV

. EvepyonolroTe Tlv «�or8ela flae eqapfoyre Kal nAolyl8e(Te feoa oe auTr. npoona8roTe: a) Na evTon(oeTe Toue Kof�oue Toue ouvoeofoue Kal Tle ayKupee.

�) Na op(oeTe To e(ooe Twv olaouvoeoewv. y) H fopqr Twv npoypaffaTwv �or8elae KaTaTaooeTal oTa unepfeoa r oTa unepKe(feva;

DCOAIA Eev TO epyaaTrplo aar olaetTel Windows, Ol JaeTTtr JnOpOUv va evepyOnOlraOuv TTv fOreela nOu olaetTOuv Kal va anavTraOuv aTa napanevW epWTrJaTa. a) KoJfO anOTeAe{ T Keee aeA{oa TTr fOreelar. JyKupa TO Keee aTJe{O TOu KelJtvOu nOu enlaTJa{veTal aTvreWr Je olacOpeTlKo xpwJa, aAAayr TOu oe{KTT TOu nOvTlKlOU, K.e. Kal TO OnO{O OoTye{ ae eAAT aeA{oa TTr fOreelar r eAAO aTJe{O TTr {olar aeA{oar. f) TO e{oOr TWv olaauvotaeWv e{val aveAOyO TOu aTJe{Ou nOu e�eTeteTal. y) Eev anOTeAe{Tal JovO ano Ke{JevO e{val unepKe{JevO, eAAWr unepJtaO.

2. Le fla eqapfoyr �or8elae va ouyKp(veTe Tlv ava�rTlol nAlpoqoplwv fe nAorylol, fe Tle aAAee fe8oooue nou npo�AenovTal. Le nolee neplnTwoele e(val neploooTepo Xprolfl Ka8efla ano Tle fe8oooue auTee;

DCOAIO Le Jla ecapJOyr fOreelar, nOu JnOpe{ va e{val T fOreela TWv Windows, npOTe{veTal Ol JaeTTtr va olaKp{vOuv TOur olacOpeTlKOUr TponOur npOantAaaTr aTTv nATpOcOp{a, onWr neplexoJeva, EupeTrplO Kal AvatrTTaT Je At�elr KAelole.

3. Le fla olaAoylKr eqapfoyr noAufeowv va ouyKp(veTe ouo olaqopeTlKee olaopofee nou oolyouv oTo (olo olfe(o. nloTeueTe oTl Kanola ano auTee 8a enpene va rTav �eATlwfevl; nnope(Te va npoTe(veTe fla olKr oae olaopofr;

DCOAIA LToxOr TTr epyaa{ar auTrr e{val va KaTavOraOuv Ol JaeTTtr TT ouvaToTTTa TTr enlAOyrr olacOpeTlKwv olaopOJwv Jtaa ae Jla ecapJOyr nOAuJtaWv. 'var npOTelvoJevOr TponOr epyaa{ar e{val va �eKlvraOuv ano TO {olO aTJe{O Kal va KaTaypecOuv TOur evoleJeaOur KoJfOur ano TOur OnO{Our nepvOUv Kal aTT auvtxela va napOualeaOuv Tlr npOTeaelr TOur.

4. Na enlAe�eTe eva eyKuKAonalolKo 8efa Kal va ava�lTroeTe nAlpoqop(ee oe evTunl Kal lAeKTpovlKr fopqr. a) Le nola fopqr rTav nlo euKoAl l npoo�aol oTle nAlpoqop(ee Tle oXe

TlKee fe To 8efa; �) E(XaTe Tlv (ola euKalp(a va avaKaAuleTe oufnAlpwfaTlKee Kal napefqepe(e nAlpoqop(ee oe Ka8e fopqr; y) Na KaTaypaleTe Ta oufnepaofaTa oae Kal va KaTapT(oeTe n(vaKa fe Ta olfe(a oTa ono(a nAeoveKTe( Ka8e fopqr, evavTl Tle aAAle.

DCOAIA LToxOr TTr epyaa{ar auTrr e{val va KaTavOraOuv Ol JaeTTtr Tlr olacOptr JeTa�U TTr tvTunTr Kal TTr TAeKTpOvlKrr JOpcrr TTr nATpOcOp{ar. Me TTv KaTaypacr TWv anoLewv TOur yla Ta nAeOveKTrJaTa Kal Ta JelOveKTrJaTa, nOu napOualetel T Keee JOpcr, Ol JaeTTtr avanTUaaOuv TTv lKavoTTTe TOur va Kp{vOuv npOiovTa nOu KuKAOcOpOUv ae TAeKTpOvlKr JOpcr. Av oev unepxel ouvaToTTTa yla aUyKplaT eyKuKAOnaloelwv, oOKlJeaTe Je Ae�lKe r eAAO eKnaloeuTlKo uAlKo nOu JnOpe{ va unep�el TauToxpOva ae TAeKTpOvlKr Kal tvTunT JOpcr. n.x. tva dd Je laTOplKo etJa Kal tva avT{aTOlxO flfA{O.

5. YnapXel l anoll oTl oe A(ya Xpovla fnope( va flv KuKAoqope( l evTunl fopqr Twv eqlfep(owv. blaTunwoTe Tl olKr oae anoll.

DCOAIA H epyaa{a auTr txel Wr aToxO TOv npOfATJaTlaJo TWv JaeTTwv axeTlKe Je TTv nleavoTTTa T TAeKTpOvlKr JOpcr TWv evTUnWv va eKTOn{ael TTv tvTunT JOpcr.

6. Ol eqapfoyee noAufeowv anoTeAouv eva eAKuoTlKo feoo fa8lole Kal oloaoKaA(ae. nloTeueTe oTl 8a ep8el Kanola oTlyfr oTo feAAov onou l a(8ouoa oloaoKaA(ae 8a avTlKaTaoTa8e( ano eva unoAoyloTlKo ouoTlfa Kal fla eqapfoyr noAufeowv 8a avaAa�el To poAo Tou eKnaloeuTlKou; Na KaTaypaleTe Tle anolele oae Kal va Tle ou�lTroeTe oTlv Ta�l oae.

DCOAIA LToxOr TTr epyaa{ar auTrr e{val va npOfATJaTlaTOUv Ol JaeTTtr yla Tlr npayJaTlKtr ouvaToTTTer TWv ecapJOywv nOAuJtaWv aTT olaolKaa{a TTr JeeTaTr. Ol JaeTTtr va KaTaypeLOuv ecapJOytr, Ol OnO{er JnOpOUv, KaTe TT yvwJT TOur, va xpTalJOnOlTeOUv yla TO aKOno auTo. Na TOvlaTe{ aTOur JaeTTtr T aTJavTlKoTTTa TOu poAOu TOu eKnaloeuTlKOU aTT olaolKaa{a TTr JeeTaTr. KaAo e{val va npOKaAtaeTe Jla autrTTaT yla TO etJa auTo, aTTv OnO{a va ATceOUv unoLT Ol anoLelr KaeTyTTwv eAAWv elolKOTrTWv.

7. O Tponoe AelToupy(ae Kal o poAoe Twv na�lKwv neowv Evlfepwole aAAa�el ouveXwe Kal npo�AeneTal va aAAa�el pl�lKa oTo feAAov Aoyw Tle TeXvoAoy(ae Twv noAufeowv. Ava�lTroTe oTolXe(a yla Tle aAAayee auTee Kal npoona8roTe va olaKp(veTe auToue nou 8a wqeAl8ouv Kal auToue nou 8a �lflw8ouv.

DCOAIA

LToxOr TTr epyaa{ar auTrr e{val va KaTavOraOuv Ol JaeTTtr TO aTJavTlKo poAO TWv ecapJOywv nOAuJtaWv aTOv TponO AelTOupy{ar TWv MatlKwv MtaWv EvTJtpW aTr Kal va npOfATJaTlaTOUv yla TTv e�tAl�r TOur. Ano TTv e�tAl�T auTr, e�eTeaTe KaTe noaOv, ea WceATeOUv:

Ta eloTaeOypaclKe npaKTOpe{a Kal Ol evTJepWTlKO{ aTaeJO{
Ol nOA{Ter
TO neplfeAAOv, ylaT{ ea JelWee{ T KaTaveAWaT xapTlOU, K.e. evw ea tTJlWeOUv Kal ea avatTTraOuv TponOur ev{axuaTr TTr etaTr TOur
Ta npaKTOpe{a olavOJrr ecTJep{oWv Kal neplOolKwv
Ta aTJeplve MME nOu oev ea aKOAOueraOuv TTv e�tAl�T
Ol flOJTxav{er napayWyrr xapTlOU, K.e.

8. Na XplolfonolroeTe fla eqapfoyr KaTaAAlAl yla Tl ouv8eol fouolKwv KoffaTlwv. Na feAeTroeTe Tov Tpono fe Tov ono(o fnope( Kave(e va eloayayel Ta XapaKTlploTlKa Tle feAwo(ae nou 8eAel va olfloupyroel. a) ne nolov Tpono eloayovTal ol voTee; npo�AenovTal nArKTpa elKovlKou

nlavou r eloayovTal fe Kanola fe8ooo KwolKono(lole; �) ne nolov Tpono npooolop(�ovTal Ta XapaKTlploTlKa flae voTae nn.X.

olapKela); y) ne nolov Tpono eloayovTal ol ouyXopo(ee; o) nwe npooolop(�eTal To e(ooe Tou fouolKou opyavou;

DCOAIO

Ta napanevW JnOpOUv va y{vOuv ae avT{aTOlxT ecapJOyr onWr npOTe{veTal aTTv unooel�T JaeTTr Je AOylKr napoJOla TTr eaKTaTr yla TxOypecTaT.

9. Na olfloupyroeTe evav n(vaKa, oTov ono(o 8a KaTaXwp(oeTe oAee Tle eqapfoyee olfloupy(ae Kal ene�epyao(ae elKovae nou Xplolfonole(Te oTle epyao(ee oae, Ka8we Kal Toue �aolKoue Tunoue apXe(wv nou unooTlp(�el Ka8efla ano auTee.

JOYIO�IKo	BMP	TIF	JPG	WMF
ZwypaqlKr nPaintbrush)
Ene�epyao(a elKovae ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

a) YnapXel Kanoloe Tunoe apXe(ou nou va e(val Kolvoe Kal yla Tle XapToypaqlKee Kal yla Tle olavuofaTlKee elKovee; �) IlaT( yla Ta apXe(a olavuofaTlKwv elKovwv oev unapXel Ka8lepwfevoe Tunoe yla oAee Tle eqapfoyee;

DCOAIA

Ol anavTraelr e�apTwvTal ano TO AOylaJlKo nOu ea xpTalJOnOlTee{, Jla Kal O Tpo nOr Je TOv OnO{O xelp{teTal olavuaJaTlKtr elKover TO Keee TtTOlO AOylaJlKo oev e{ val TunOnOlTJtvOr. a) Ol JaeTTtr JnOpOUv va oOuv TOur TUnOur apxe{Wv nOu e{val olaetalJOl aTTv

enlAOyr TUnOr apxe{Ou TTr KapTtAar Apxe{O / JvOlyJa (File / Open). f) fev txel KaelepWee{ KOlvo npoTunO yla olavuaJaTlKtr elKover nOu va TO aKOAOueOUv oAer Ol KaTaaKeueaTpler TtTOlOu AOylaJlKOU.

�.. Ava�lTroTe eva apXe(o �(vTeo Kal evepyonolroTe To fe To novT(Kl. nola eqapfoyr avo(yel yla Tlv npo�oAr Tou; Ava�lTroTe oTo blao(KTuo Kal aAAee TeTolee eqapfoyee. KaTe�aoTe ooee e(val eAeu8eple r neploplofevle Xprole Kal KaTaypalTe Tle ouvaToTlTee nou npooqepel Ka8efla eqapfoyr. nolee ano auTee efqav(�ovTal oe oAee Tle eqapfoyee;

DCOAIO

Le neplfeAAOv Windows Keee TUnOr apxe{Ou avO{yel Je TTv ecapJOyr nOu TO nepl feAAOv txel auvotael Je auTov. AuTo JnOpOUv va TO olanlaTwaOuv evepyOnOlw vTar TO apxe{O n.x. f{vTeO. AcOU eyKaTaaTaeOUv JeplKtr ecapJOytr f{vTeO, JnOpOUv va oOuv Tlr enlAOytr TOur Kal va Tlr KaTaypeLOuv KaTe KaTTyOp{er.

��. Na XplolfonolroeTe fla eqapfoyr yla ouAAlll elKovae ncapturing) ano Tlv o8ovl Tou unoAoyloTr Kal aqou feAeTroeTe Tle ouvaToTlTee Tle, va oufnAlpwoeTe Tov n(vaKa.

.uVOToTrT&C pue�oO&WV	NAI	OXI
npoooloplofoe neploXre
AnelKovlol r oXl Tou oe(KTl novTlKlou
Ano8rKeuol elKovae oe apXe(a olaqopwv Tunwv n.bmp, tif, K.a.)
Ene�epyao(a Alq8e(oae elKovae noTpoqr, aAAayr avaAuole, KA(faKae, XpwfaTwv K.a.)
LuAAlll o8ovle oe nepl�aAAov DS�

DCOAIO TtTOler ecapJOytr JnOpe{Te va fpe{Te aTO flao{KTuO. napeoelyJa anOTeAOUv Ta Snagit Kal Printsdreen.

�2. Bpe(Te oTo o(oKo oae qaKeAoue fe apXe(a rXou. a) noool Tunol apXe(wv unapXouv Kal fe nola eneKTaol ovofaToe olAwveTal o Ka8e Tunoe; �) noloe Tunoe avTloTolXe( oe llqlonollfevo rXo;

y) Na oufnAlpwoeTe Tov napaKaTw n(vaKa, avaypaqovTae oTl oTrAl «e(ooe rXou To e(ooe Tou rXou nou neplAaf�avel nllqlonollfevo r rXo MIDI).

En&KTOOr OVo�OTOC	Eo(OC �xOu

o) Na enlAe�eTe evoelKTlKa Tp(a ewe Teooepa apXe(a ano To Ka8e e(ooe. ne fla eqapfoyr avanapaywyre noAufeowv va Ta avo(�eTe eva eva, Kal va KaTaXwp(oeTe oe n(vaKa AoyloTlKou quAAou Tl olapKela Ka8evoe Kal To feye8oe Tou apXe(ou.

'VO�O Opx&oOu	Eo(OC �xOu	.IopK&IO O& sec	M&Y&eOC O& KB	JoYOC �&Y&eOuC / (Iop-K&IO

e) Na e�ayayeTe oufnepaofaTa oXeTlKa fe To feye8oe Tou apXe(ou oe oXeol fe Tl olapKela Tou rXou.

DCOAIA H epyaa{a auTr anOaKOne{ aTTv e�OlKe{WaT Je TT olaxe{plaT apxe{Wv rxOu. npOTe{veTal va epyaaTOUv onWr aTTv unooel�T JaeTTr.

�3. npoona8roTe va evowfaTwoeTe eva apXe(o rXou oe eyypaqo Kelfevou Kal oTl ouveXela va enlXelproeTe Tl ouvoeor Tou nlink) fe To apXe(o Kelfevou, av l eqapfoyr ene�epyao(ae Kelfevou nou Xplolfonole(Te, ola8eTel ouvaToTlTa Luvoeole AvTlKelfevou. ETolfaoTe fla flKpr napouo(aol oTlv Ta�l, fe 8efa «Luvoeol Kal evowfaTwol apXe(ou rXou oe eyypaqo Kelfevou .

DCOAIO H eaKTaT auTr txel voTJa aTTv nep{nTWaT nOu unepxOuv TtTOler ouvaToTTTer ano TTv ecapJOyr ene�epyaa{ar KelJtvOu, onWr yla napeoelyJa aTO iidrosott Word. 'nWr avactpeTal, JnOpOUv va auJfOuAeuTOUv TO KeceAalO 6.

�4. Na avo(�eTe Tlv eqapfoyr «Avanapaywyr noAufeowv Twv Winowss Kal va nelpafaTloTe(Te fe To nepl�aAAov Tle. a) napaTlproTe Tle AelToupy(ee nou neplAaf�avovTal oToue KaTaAoyoue enlAoywv. �) napaTlproTe Tl AelToupy(a Twv elKovlo(wv. npooe�Te oTl oTo elKovlKo nepl�aAAov Twv eqapfoywv XplolfonolouvTal elKov(ola avT(oTolXa fe Ta nArKTpa nou eXouv Ka8lepw8e( ole8vwe Kal unapXouv oTle olaqopee onTlKoaKouoTlKee ouoKeuee. y) Na oe(Te Ta 8efaTa nou neplAaf�avovTal oTo npoypaffa �or8elae. o) Na aKouoeTe evav onTlKo o(oKo fouolKre Kal olaqopa apXe(a rXou, enlAeyovTae Tlv KaTaAAlAl Ka8e qopa AelToupy(a Tle eqapfoyre.

e) nolee ouoKeuee noAufeowv eXouv npooofolw8e( o' auTrv Tlv eqapfoyr Kal Tl e(ooue apXe(a fnope( va XelploTe( To ouoTlfa oe Ka8e nep(nTwol; Na oufnAlpwoeTe Tov avT(oTolXo n(vaKa.

IuOK&u�	TUnOC Opx&oWV
'Xoe
EvopXroTpwol MIDI
nouolKo CD

DCOAIA H ecapJOyr npOKUnTel ano Tlr enlAOytr 'vap�T/npOypeJJaTa/BOTerJaTa/flaaKtoaaT. E{val KaAo va aaxOATeOUv Ol JaeTTtr Je oAer auTtr Tlr JOpctr ene�epyaa{ar rxOu.

�5. Na avo(�eTe fla eqapfoyr «HXoypaqlole Kal va nelpafaTloTe(Te fe To nepl�aAAov Tle. a) napaTlproTe Tle AelToupy(ee nou neplAaf�avovTal oToue KaTaAoyoue

enlAoywv. �) Na oe(Te Ta 8efaTa nou avanTuooovTal oTo npoypaffa �or8elae. y) npoona8roTe va KaveTe fla lXoypaqlol qwvre, fe Tl �or8ela Tou flKpoqwvou nou e(val ouvoeoefevo oTlv KapTa rXou.

DCOAIO 'va TtTOlO npoypaJJa e{val aTa Windows TO HxOypecTaT ('vap�T/npOypaJJaTa/BOTerJaTa/flaaKtoaaT/HxOypecTaT). npOTe{veTal va napaTTpraOuv: a) TT ouvaToTTTa pUeJlaTr xapaKTTplaTlKwv TxOypecTaTr (KWolKOnO{TaT nx.

PCi auxvoTTTa oelyJaTOATL{ar n.x. 44100 Hz, 11025 Hz, 22050 Hz JtyeeOr oe{yJaTOr n.x. 8bit,MOvOcWvlKr r aTepeOcWvlKr eyypacr). f) TT ouvaToTTTa avTlypacrr, Je{�Tr Je eAAO apxe{O rxOu. y) TT ouvaToTTTa npOaerKTr ect. fla oaa etJaTa txOuv anOp{er KaAo e{val va avaTpt�Ouv KaT apxer aTT BOreela. TtAOr acOU txOuv evTJepWee{, va npOxWpraOuv aTTv ecapJOyr TWv napanevW KevOvTar TxOypecTaT.

�6. ne Tlv eqapfoyr «HXoypaqlol r fla avT(oTolXl, va lXoypaqroeTe eva fouolKo KoffaTl ano evav onTlKo o(oKo fouolKre. a) Na avanapayayeTe Tlv lXoypaqlol.

�) Na ano8lKeuoeTe Tlv lXoypaqlol oe apXe(o. y) Na avanapayayeTe Tlv lXoypaqlol evepyonolwvTae To apXe(o. o) Na ene�epyaoTe(Te fe Tlv (ola eqapfoyr To apXe(o, enlXelpwvTae va

KaveTe fe(�l rXou fe olaqopoue Tponoue:

fe lXoypaqlol qwvre yla Tlv eKqwvlol Tou ovofaToe Tou ouv8eTl oTlv apXr Tou KoffaTlou
fe lXoypaqlol aAAou fouolKou KoffaTlou oe ouyKeKplfevo olfe(ou Tou apXe(ou
fe eloaywyr aAAou apXe(ou rXou oe ouyKeKplfevo olfe(o Tou apXlKou apXe(ou.

DCOAIO

Ol JaeTTtr JnOpOUv va epyaaTOUv napoJOla Je TTv npOTyOUJevT eaKTaT.

�7. Na XplolfonolroeTe fla eqapfoyr KaTaAAlAl yla ouv8eol Kal evopXroTpwol fouolKwv KoffaTlwv. a) Na npoona8roeTe va ouv8eoeTe fla feAwo(a olKre oae efnveuole r

va olfloupyroeTe fla yvwoTr feAwo(a, Tle ono(ae yvwp(�eTe Tlv napTlToupa. �) Aqou oAoKAlpwoeTe Tl ouv8eol, evepyonolroTe Tlv avanapaywyr yla va aKouoeTe To anoTeAeofa.

y) XplolfonolroTe Tle AelToupy(ee Tou npoypaffaToe yla va �eATlwoeTe Tl ouv8eor oae nTponono(lol feAwo(ae, npoo8rKl unoKpouole KAn.).

o) Na owoeTe Tl feAwo(a oe apXe(o.

DCOAIO

H eaKTaT auTr npOunOetTel TTv Unap�T avT{aTOlxOu AOylaJlKOU. MnOpe{Te va TTv avaetaeTe ae Jla OJeoa nOu olaetTel aTOlxelwoelr yvwaelr JOualKrr. H OJeoa au

Tr ea avaAefel va e�OlKelWee{ Je TTv ecapJOyr, va ypeLel KenOlO JOualKo KOJJe Tl Kal va napOualeael aTTv Te�T TT AelTOupy{a TTr Kal TT aUveeaT nOu oTJlOUpyT aav. MnOpe{ va eneKTaee{ Je TTv auyypacr faalKwv OoTylwv ano TTv OJeoa auTr, Je Tlr OnO{er aTT auvtxela ea e�aaKTee{ T unoAOlnT Te�T.

�8. 0eAeTe va oTe(AeTe oe eva q(Ao oae fe lAeKTpovlKo TaXuopofe(o r oe fla oloKeTa Tpele elKovee nou npoepXovTal ano oapwol r ouAAlll ano Tlv o8ovl. nolov Tuno apXe(ou 8a npoTlfroeTe yla ano8rKeuol, eoTw Kal fe K(vouvo anwAelae oe noloTlTa, woTe va neTuXeTe To flKpoTepo ouvaTo feye8oe apXe(ou;

DCOAIO

Mla nleavr anevTTaT e{val O TUnOr jpeg.

�9. Na XplolfonolroeTe To oapwTr Tou oXoAe(ou oae Kal va nelpafaTloTe(Te fe Tl oapwol flae eyXpwfle elKovae. nplv oAoKAlpwoeTe Tl oapwol, va feAeTroeTe Tle pu8f(oele nou 8a fnopouoaTe va KaveTe, Kal va KaTaypaleTe Tlv en(opaol nou eXouv oTo feye8oe Tou olfloupyoufevou apXe(ou.

DCOAIA Na nelpaJaTlaTOUv Je TTv aAAayr olacopWv pueJ{aeWv (n.x. Color/Gray/Halttone, enlAOyr neplOxrr aepWaTr) Kal va napaTTpOUv TTv tvoel�T TOu JeyteOur TOu apxe{Ou, xWp{r va xpeleteTal va npayJaTOnOlOUv Keee cOpe TT aepWaT (Preview). KaAo e{val va KpaTraOuv aTJelwaelr Je Tlr napaTTpraelr TOur ae tva npoxelpO n{vaKa yla va Tlr axOAleaOuv.

2.. Na XplolfonolroeTe fla eqapfoyr ene�epyao(ae elKovae Kal va feAeTroeTe Tle ouvaToTlTee Tle. LlfelwoTe oTov n(vaKa nolee ano Tle ouvaToTlTee unapXouv oTl ouyKeKplfevl eqapfoyr Kal nolee oXl.

.uVOToTrT&C pue�oO&WV	NAI	OXI
EnlAoyr neploXre Tle elKovae fe olaqopa e(ol neplypaffaTwv
bla8eolfa XpwfaTlKa fovTeAa nRGB, CMYK)
neploTpoqr elKovae KaTa onolaornoTe ywv(a
Opl�ovTla Kal KaTaKopuql avaoTpoqr elKovae
¢(ATpa anelKovlole n8oAwfa / blur, ouyXuol / nwise, qwTooK(aol / renoering, oTpe�Awol K.a.)
buvaToTlTa ouAAllle elKovae ano o8ovl ncapture)
buvaToTlTa olfloupy(ae elKovae ano oapwTr nacquire)
Ano8rKeuol elKovae oe olaqopeTlKoue Tunoue apXe(wv n.bmp, tif, K.a.)

DCOAIA

Ol anavTraelr e�apTwvTal ano TO AOylaJlKo nOu ea xpTalJOnOlTee{.

2�. Luv8eoTe fla elKova, fe lAeKTpovlKo KoAAa�.

DCOAIO JaKTaT Je eAeUeepO etJa. XpTalJOnOlwvTar Wr npwTT UAT elKover r TJrJaTe TOur va auvetaOuv Jla olKr TOur.

22. Ava�lTroTe oTo blao(KTuo npoypaffaTa eAeu8eple Xprole r neploplofevle olapKelae yla oufn(eol Kal anooufn(eol apXe(wv. ne Tl �or8ela Toue va oufnleoeTe Kal va anooufnleoeTe ouo apXe(a Kelfevou, ouo apXe(a rXou Kal ouo apXe(a elKovae, va ouyKp(veTe To feye8oe Toue oe Ka8e nep(nTwol Kal To nooooTo oufn(eole.

DCOAIO H eaKTaT txel aKOno va olanlaTwaOuv TTv tvvOla TTr auJn{eaTr Kal Ta anOTeAtaJaTa nOu auTr txel a) ae aauJn{eaTa apxe{a (n.x. tva anAo apxe{O KelJtvOu) Kal f) ae auJnleaJtva (n.x. elKover jpeg).

23. Ava�lTroTe apXe(a fe �(vTeo Kal va Ta avanapayeTe fe KaTaAAlAl eqapfoyr. nelpafaTloTe(Te fe To nepl�aAAov Tle eqapfoyre.

ynOiEIEH MnOpOUv va avatTTraOuv apxe{a f{vTeO aTO o{aKO r ano eAAer nTytr (CD neplOolKwv, flao{KTuO) Kal va Ta avanapeyOuv aveAOya Je TOv TUnO TOur. nleavtr ecapJOytr nOu ea xpelaaTOUv e{val T AvanapayWyr nOAuJtaWv TWv Windows, TO Quidk Time TTr Apple K.e.

Na olfloupyroeTe fla elKova oTlv ono(a va elKov(�eTal To napa8upo flae eqapfoyre Kal va oufnAlpwoeTe ene�lylfaTlKa oXoAla.
Na lXoypaqroeTe fla qpaol ano To flKpoqwvo nou e(val ouvoeoefevo fe Tov unoAoyloTr oae, fe Tl �or8ela evoe npoypaffaToe lXoypaqlole. a) Na avanapayayeTe Tov rXo.

�) Na ano8lKeuoeTe Tov lXoypaqlfevo rXo oe apXe(o fe To ovofa «s recwro1 . y) Na TpononolroeTe Tov rXo fe Ta eqe nou ola8eTel To npoypaffa nau�ofe(wol TaXuTlTae, npoo8rKl lXoue, avaoTpoqr, KAn.). o) Tlv TeAlKr fopqr Ka8e ene�epyao(ae va Tlv ano8lKeueTe oe apXe(o, XplolfonolwvTae Ta ovofaTa s recwro2, s recwro3, KAn. e) Na olfloupyroeTe TeTpaoTlAo n(vaKa, onou 8a KaTaXwp(oeTe:

Ta nArpl ovofaTa Twv apXe(wv nou olfloupyroaTe
To e(ooe ene�epyao(ae lXw, avaoTpoqr, fe(�l, KAn.
Tl olapKela Tou rXou Kal
To feye8oe Toue.

DCOAIO

LToxOr e{val T e�OlKe{WaT TWv JaeTTwv Je TTv ene�epyaa{a rxOu.

26. To oXoAe(o oae 8eAel va npofl8euTe( fla llqlaKr Kafepa Kal l ofaoa oae avaAaf�avel va Kavel epeuva ayopae. a) Na ava�lTroeTe oTo blao(KTuo oleu8uvoele eTalpelwv nou napayouv llqlaKee Kafepee Kal va �pe(Te nAlpoqop(ee yla Ta TeXvlKa Toue XapaKTlploTlKa Ka8we Kal evoelKTlKee Tlfee. �) Ila Ta fovTeAa nou ol Tlfee Toue e(val oTa olKa oae olKovoflKa nAa(ola, va olfloupyroeTe eva n(vaKa oe AoyloTlKo quAAo, fe Ta TeXvlKa XapaKTlploTlKa Toue.

y) EnloKeqTe(Te KaTaoTrfaTa Kal ouyKevTpwoTe Tlfee Kal nl8avov npoo8eTee nAlpoqop(ee.

o) Na oufnAlpwoeTe Tov apXlKo n(vaKa fe Tle Tlfee Kal Ta KaTaoTrfaTa nou Tle npooeqepav. e) Na anoqao(oeTe nola e(val l nAeov oufqepouoa ayopa. oT) Na eTolfaoeTe fla avaqopa nou 8a nepleXel Tov n(vaKa Tou AoyloTlKou quAAou Kal Ta nop(ofaTa Tle epeuvae oae.

DCOAIO

nATpOcOp{er JnOpOUv va fpOuv e{Te ano Tlr laTOaeA{oer TWv KaTaaKeuaaTplwv eTalpelwv (yla napeoelyJa SONY, JVC, CANON, PANASONlC) e{Te ano Tlr TOnOeea{er eTalpelwv TAeKTpOvlKOU eJnOp{Ou.

27. Na olfloupyroeTe fla aq(oa yla eKorAwol Tou oXoAe(ou oae.

DCOAIO

npOTe{veTal: a) Na autTTraOuv TO etJa. f) Na anOcaa{aOuv Ta xapaKTTplaTlKe TTr elKovar (nOloTTTa, xpwJaTa, ect, xa

paKTTplaTlKe ypaJJeTWv nOu ea TT auvOoeUOuv, K.e.) y) YAOnO{Tar TTr aTO unepxOv AOylaJlKo.

28. ¢avTaoTe(Te Tlv napouo(aol flae neplrylole evoe Xwpou napXaloAoylKou, noAle, KAn.) oTlv TlAeopaol Kal oTov unoAoyloTr fe noAufeoa. nolee ol �aolKee olaqopee avafeoa oTle ouo npooeyy(oele.

DCOAIO

KaAo ea rTav va eyKaTaaTraeTe Jla TtTOla ecapJOyr, waTe va napaTTpraOuv TTv tvvOla TTr aAATAenlopaaTlKoTTTar, nOu oev unepxel aTTv «KOlvr» TTAeopaaT, Kal anOTeAe{ TOv aToxO TTr eaKTaTr auTrr.

29. Na olfloupyroeTe fla flKpr eqapfoyr noAufeowv, fe Tl �or8ela KaTaAAlAou npoypaffaTloTlKou nepl�aAAovToe.

DCOAIO

H eaKTaT auTr JnOpe{ va avaTeee{ ae OJeoa JaeTTwv nOu txOuv yvwaT TtTOlOu neplfeAAOvTOr, onWr T Visual Basid. Na auvouaaTe{ Je TO KeceAalO 7 TOu BlfA{Ou MaeTTr.

3.. Na ouyKevTpwoeTe oTolXe(a yla Kanolo olfavTlKo, KaTa Tl yvwfl oae, npoowno Kal va olfloupyroTe fla flKpr noAufeolKr napouo(aol.

DCOAIO

EvaAAaKTlKe ano neplfeAAOv napOualeaeWv, onWr TO PowerPoint TTr iidrosott r neplfeAAOv avenTu�Tr ecapJOywv nOAuJtaWv JnOpOUv va xpTalJOnOlraOuv KenOlO neplfeAAOv avenTu�Tr laTOaeA{oWv., onWr TO Front Page.

3�. EnlAe�Te fla 8efaTlKr evoTlTa eqapfoywv noAufeowv neKna(oeuol, luXaywy(a, Touplofoe, K.a.). Ava�lTroTe oXeTlKee eqapfoyee Kal KaTaypalTe Tle oe n(vaKa.

DCOAIO

LToxOr TTr epyaa{ar e{val va evTJepWeOUv axeTlKe Je ecapJOytr nOu KuKAOcO pOUv. MnOpe{Te va avaetaeTe ae olacOpeTlKtr OJeoer olacOpeTlKe eeJaTlKe avTl Ke{Jeva Ol OnO{er ea napOualeaOuv Tlr epyaa{er TOur. nTytr TtTOlWv ecapJOywv, JnOpe{ va e{val: a) yla eKna{oeuaT TO YnOupye{O naloe{ar Kal TO naloayWylKo IvaTlTOUTO f) yla evTJtpWaT Kal LuxayWy{a Ta neplOolKe yla TOuplaJo, LuxayWy{a y) KaTaaTrJaTa nwATaTr.

32. A�loAoyroTe Tle eqapfoyee nou olaT(8evTal oTo epyaoTrplo Tou oXoAe(ou oae we npoe napaKaTw KplTrpla. a) nAlpoTlTa nepleXofevou �) nAorylol y) A�lono(lol ooflKwv oTolXe(wv noAufeowv o) Alo8lTlKr. Ka8e KplTrplo �a8foAoyroTe To ano 1 ewe �, fe aploTa To �.

DCOAIO

LToxOr TTr eaKTaTr e{val va anOKTraOuv Ol JaeTTtr lKavoTTTa a�lOAoyTaTr ecapJOywv nOAuJtaWv. MnOpe{ va avaTeee{ T a�lOAoyTaT TWv {olWv ecapJOywv ae olacOpeTlKtr OJeoer. LTT auvtxela va auyKpleOUv Ol faeJOAOy{er Kal va unep�el axeTlKr autrTTaT.

33. Ava�lTroTe nepl�aAAovTa avanTu�le eqapfoywv noAufeowv. LXlfaT(oTe evav n(vaKa fe Ta �aolKa XapaKTlploTlKa Toue nn.X. AelToupylKo ouoTlfa, unap�l epyaAe(wv ene�epyao(a ooflKwv oTolXe(wv noAufeowv, feTaqopa, K.a.)

DCOAIO

TtTOlO AOylaJlKo e{val: a) OAOKATpWJtva neplfeAAOvTa auyypacrr ecapJOywv nOAuJtaWv, onWr TO

Diredtor, TO Aut�orware, Toolbook. f) fAwaaer npOypaJJaTlaJOU r neplfeAAOvTa, onWr T Visual Basid Kal TO Delp�i. y) naKtTa napOualeaeWv, onWr TO PowerPoint. o) naKtTa auyypacrr laTOaeA{oWv, onWr TO FrontPage. e) KelJevOypecOl nOu evaWJaTwvOuv aTOlxe{a nOAuJtaWv ae JOpcr unepJtaOu. KaAo e{val va txOuv TT ouvaToTTTa napayWyrr HTi� aeA{oWv, waTe va e{val ouvaTr T napOua{aaT Jtaa ano cuAAOJeTpTTr.

�aIKoI 0 iE< - -iKTUa -Ia6iKTUo IOToOE�i6E<

��

LToue alyxpovoue Tponoue Tle lAeKTpovlKre enlKolvwv(ae Kal

Ta feaa fe Ta ono(a enlTuyx6veTal. LTl ClKTuaKr TexvoAoy(a Kal Toue Kavovee nou Tl Clenouv. Le feplKee ano Tle ecapfoyee Tle lAeKTpovlKre enlKolvwv(ae Kal

Twv ClKTlwv.

LTlv TexvoAoy(a Kal Tle unlpea(ee Tou blaClKTlou, waTe va fnopeaoufe va eKTlfraoufe Kal, we eva �a8fo, va a�lonolraoufe Tle CuvaToTlTee nou npoacepouv.

LTl AoylKr Kal Tle TexvlKee Twv laToaeA(Cwv.

12.1 X��O��C��WW��aW�C

LuvoAlKoe npoTelvofevoe xpovoe 16 wpee (6 8ewp(a, 10 aaKraele).

M w��10�� K��Wa�U��C

H e�eAl�l Twv feawv enlKolvwv(ae

HAeKTpovlKr enlKolvwv(a LrfaTa Tponol feT6Coale KaTel8uval feT6Coale Twv alf6Twv MeT6Coal llclaKwv alf6Twv npwToKoAAa Kal AoylaflKo enlKolvwvlwv

M w��20�� K��Wa�U��C

b(KTua unoAoylaTlKwv auaTlf6Twv ApxlTeKTovlKr ClKTlou MovTeAo avacop6e OSI

M w��0�� K��Wa�U��C

lepapx(a Twv Kof�wv ClKTlou LlvCeal unoAoylaTwv Kal neplcepelaKwv ae C(KTuo TonoAoy(ee ClKTlwv VAlK6 alvCeale TonlKol ClKTlou Ethernet, IEEE-802.3 Kal TCP/IP

M w��0�� K��Wa�U��C

TlAenlKolvwvlaKee Kal ClKTuaKee ecapfoyee TlAecwv(a TlAeofoloTun(a (<a�) TlAeKelfevoypac(a KaTaveflfevl ene�epyaa(a CeCofevwv On Line unlpea(ee LuaTrfaTa IOS EDI HAeKTpovlKo TaxuCpofe(o MeTacop6 apxe(wv HAeKTpovlKoe n(vaKae avaKolvwaewv TlAeCl6aKell LuaTrfaTa evTonlafol 8eale

M w��60�a�w0� K��Wa�U��C

blaC(KTuo

176

ievlK6 OvofaTa, Cleu8lvaele, alvCeal fe To blaC(KTuo blo(Klal Ol unlpea(ee Tou blaClKTlou To feAAov

M w��0��a��0� K��Wa�U��C

laToaeA(Cee BaalK6 xapaKTlplaTlK6 Tle HTML KaTaaKeur laToaeA(Cwv

177

12.2 r��C�O��aa��C

Ta TexvlK6 aTolxe(a Tou KecaAa(ou auTol, Cev anoTeAolv auToaKono. Oe eK TolTou npoTe(veTal va ClCax8e( To Kec6Aalo fe TeTolo Tpono, waTe va C(ve- Tal efcaal aTl alvCeal Twv evvolwv fe Tlv Ka8lfeplvr �wr. Ol auv8eTlKee epyaa(ee nou auvCeovTal fe To Kec6Aalo auTo e(val:

Luvepyaa(a ano anoaTaal. To an(Tl Tou «alplo». EnlAe�Te Kal a�loAoyraTe Cl6copee Tono8ea(ee Tou blaClKTlou. blfloupy(a laToaeA(Cwv Tou axoAe(ou.

12.� IX�f��W�)�W��w�

12.�.1 1��M w��

M�f��U��

H e�eAl�l Twv feawv enlKolvwv(ae

HAeKTpovlKr enlKolvwv(a LrfaTa Tponol feT6Coale KaTel8uval feT6Coale Twv alf6Twv MeT6Coal llclaKwv alf6Twv npwToKoAAa Kal AoylaflKo enlKolvwvlwv

E�w�aa��C�� 1-6

Aa�aa��C�� (1), 3,,,5,6

LToxoe e(val va KaTavoraouv ol fa8lTee Tl Clacop6 Tle l-YO�f� -��C�( AeKTpovlKre enlKolvwv(ae ano Ta 6AAa e(Cl enlKolvwv(ae Kal n��aa��C va nAlpocopl8olv yla Toue Tponoue, Ta feaa feT6Coale

Kal Tlv KaTel8uval Twv CeCofevwv. TeAoe va yvwp(aouv Tl e(val Ta npwToKoAAa Kal To AoylaflKo enlKolvwvlwv.

12.�.2 2��M w��

M�f��U��

b(KTua unoAoylaTlKwv auaTlf6Twv ApxlTeKTovlKr ClKTlou MovTeAo avacop6e OSI

178

E�w�aaC 7-11

Aa�aa��C��

YO�f� -��C� LToxoe e(val va KaTavoraouv ol fa8lTee Tl e(val C(KTuo Kal

n��aaC ae Tl e�unlpeTe(, waTe va fnopolv va KaTavoolv oaee CpaaTlploTlTee Tle Ka8lfeplvre �wre axeT(�ovTal fe Ta C(-KTua. npoTe(veTal va Co8e( npoaoxr aTo yeyovoe oTl Kal aTa C(-KTua l feT6Coal unayopeleTal Kal enonTeleTal ano Ta Cl6copa npwToKoAAa. LTl AoylKr auTr va TovlaTe( oTl To OSI e(val eva fovTeAo avacop6e Kal va CleuKplvlaTe( oTl oAa axe-Cov Ta yvwaT6 npwToKoAAa aKoAou8olv av6Aoyee TexvlKee. Kal eCw Ta TexvlK6 aTolxe(a npoTe(veTal va ClCax8olv fe Tpono nou va e�unlpeTe( Tov napan6vw aToxo, fla Kal Cev anoTeAolv auToaKono.

12.�.� ��M w��

M�f��U�� lepapx(a Twv Kof�wv ClKTlou LlvCeal unoAoylaTwv Kal neplcepelaKwv ae C(KTuo TonoAoy(ee ClKTlwv VAlK6 alvCeale TonlKol ClKTlou Ethernet, IEEE-802.3 Kal TCP/IP

E�w�aaC 12-15

Aa�aaC 8-13

YO�f� -��C� npoTe(veTal va TovlaTe( yla To TCP / IP oTl e(val To npwTo-

n��aaC KoAAo nou xplalfonole(Tal aTo blaC(KTuo aAA6 Kal ae 6AAa e(Cl ClKTlwv, onwe yla nap6Celyfa ae Windows 9x, 2000 r NT.

12.�.� ��M w��

M�f��U�� TlAenlKolvwvlaKee Kal ClKTuaKee unlpea(ee Kal ecapfoyee TlAecwv(a TlAeofoloTun(a (<a�)

179

E�w�aa��C�� Aa�aa��C�� YO�f� -��C�(

n��aa��C

12.�.6

M�f��U��

E�w�aa��C�� Aa�aa��C��

180

TlAeKelfevoypac(a KaTaveflfevl ene�epyaa(a CeCofevwv On Line unlpea(ee LuaTrfaTa IOS EDI HAeKTpovlKo TaxuCpofe(o MeTacop6 apxe(wv HAeKTpovlKoe n(vaKae avaKolvwaewv TlAeCl6aKell LuaTrfaTa evTonlafol 8eale

16-18

(1), 7,1,

LToxoe e(val va auvCeaouv ol fa8lTee Tle yvwaele nou ane-KTlaav yla Tlv lAeKTpovlKr enlKolvwv(a Kal Ta C(KTua fe unlpea(ee nou rCl xplalfonololv r auvavTolv aTlv Ka8lfeplvr Toue �wr. Ol fa8lTee npenel va KaTaA6�ouv oTl npoyp6ffaTa unlpealwv -onwe yla TaxuCpofe(o, feTacop6 apxe(wv K.6.- un6pxouv yla C(KTua yevlKwe e(Te auT6 e(val LAN e(Te WAN. En(ale va KaTaA6�ouv Tl e(val ClKTuaKr unlpea(a Kal Tl anA6 unlpea(a enlKolvwvlwv. En(ale npoTe(veTal va y(vel TeTola avacop6 aTle unlpea(ee Tle napayp6cou, waTe ol fa8lTee va Tle auvCeaouv fe Ta TexvlK6 aTolxe(a nou rCl ClC6x8lKav. bev anoTeAe( aToxo Tle evoTlTae auTre l nArple neplypacr Twv Cl6copwv unlpealwv, CloTl auTo anoTeAe( Klplo 8efa 6AAwv KecaAa(wv.

6��a�w��M w��1�)�w� ��(��a�aa��C�

blaC(KTuo

ievlK6

OvofaTa, Cleu8lvaele, alvCeal fe To blaC(KTuo

blo(Klal

Ol unlpea(ee Tou blaClKTlou

To feAAov 19-33 15-26

YO�f� -��C� LKonoe Twv napayp6cwv e(val l �a8lTepl yvwplf(a Twv fa-

n��aaC 8lTwv fe To blaC(KTuo, Tle unlpea(ee Kal Tle Cofee Tou. Na yvwp(aouv ol fa8lTee ae �68oe Tle unlpea(ee Tou blaCl-KTlou. Na avTlAlc8olv Tl npoacepel l Ka8ef(a aTo alyxpovo 6v8pwno Kal nwe fnope( va enlpe6ael Tle Ka8lfeplvee av6yKee Tou. Na y(vel alyKplal fe To Kec6Aalo 11 aTo oTl o nayKoafloe laToe e(val l noAufealKr oll Tou blaClKTlou. E(val eva Ka-Taveflfevo alaTlfa unepfeawv -distributed hypermedia system- fe fey6Al nolKlA(a TexvoAoylwv. npoKelTal yla ecapfoyr e�unlpeTl - e�unlpeTlTr, un6pxel ClAaCr evae e�unlpeTlTre, o web sereer, nou npoacepel Tlv nAlpocop(a Kal eva KaT6AAlAo npoypaffa aTo xpraTl, o web client, nou Tlv efcav(�el aTlv o8ovl Tou uno fopcr aeA(Cwv fe el-Kovee, Ke(feva, KAn. LKonoe Twv napayp6cwv npoTe(veTal va e(val l �a8lTepl yvwplf(a Toue fe Tle avacepofevee unlpea(ee Kal, ae auv-Cuaafo fe To epyaaTrplo, va anoKTraouv axeTlKr euxepela a' auTee. Na Alc8e( unoll oTl noAAo( fa8lTee exouv yvwaele ano To iufv6alo yla oplafevee ano auTee Tle unlpea(ee.

12.�.w 0��a��M w��1�)�w� ��(��a�aa��C�

M�f��U�� laToaeA(Cee BaalK6 xapaKTlplaTlK6 Tle HTML KaTaaKeur laToaeA(Cwv

E�w�aaC 3,

Aa�aaC 27-29

YO�f� -��C� Ol fa8lTee va KaTavoraouv Tl e(val fla laToaeA(Ca. Ano Tl

n��aaC anoTeAe(Tal, nol -Kup(we- Tl auvavT6fe Ka8we Kal Tponoue nou KaTaaKeu6�eTal. Ol fa8lTee npenel va avTlAlc8olv oTl yla Tl Clfloupy(a laToaeA(Cwv Klpla xplalfonololvTal elClK6 naKeTa Aoylafl-Kol, nepav Tle ypacre ae HTML. Na y(vel avacop6 ae aTa-TlKee Kal CuvaflKee laToaeA(Cee.

181

H e�6aKlal avrKel aTo epyaaTrplo, onwe Kal ol TexvlKee AenTofepelee nou 8a exouv axeal fe Tlv KaTlyop(a Aoylafl-Kol Tou epyaaTlp(ou.

12.� JUa��C�(��O�f� -��C��w�aa�w�

nola l �aalKr Clacop6 feTa�l Twv avaAoylKwv Kal Twv llclaKwv alf6Twv. [§ LrfaTa ]
Na avacepeTe Ta e(Cl KaAwC(wv nou yvwp(�eTe. [§ Tponol feT6Coale]

�. O poAoe Tou fovTef KaT6 Tlv enlKolvwv(a auaKeuwv feaa ano To Kolvo

D TlAecwvlKo alaTlfa Tle noAle e(val va feTaTpenel: D Tlv evalpfaTl feT6Coal ae aalpfaTl

D Tl fovoCpofl alvCeal ae afc(Cpofl

I Ta arfaTa ano avaAoylK6 ae llclaK6

D Tl aelplaKr feT6Coal ae nap6AAlAl

�. H KaTel8uval pore Twv alf6Twv KaT6 Tlv lAeKTpovlKr enlKolvwv(a fnope( va e(val ........................., .............................., ......................... [§ KaTel8uval eT6Coale Twv alf6Twv]

6. nola e(val l �aalKr Clacop6 feTa�l Tle aelplaKre Kal Tle nap6AAlAle feT6Coale; [§ MeT6Coal llclaKwv alf6Twv]

w. AvTlaTolx(aTe Ta neplexofeva Tle npwTle aTrAle nou avacepovTal aTl feT6Coal Twv alf6Twv, fe auT6 Tle CelTeple nou avacepovTal ae Cl6copee auaKeuee.

«Kolvr» TlAeopaal MovoCpofl •
0upoTlAecwvo EK neplTponre •

• AalpfaToe (C�)afc(Cpofl

TlAecwvo
�aClocwvo

Afc(Cpofl •

182

0. nolee npoLno8eaele npenel va nAlpolvTal, waTe fla of6Ca unoAoylaTwv va anoTeAe( C(KTuo; [§ b(KTua unoAoylaTlKwv auaTlf6Twv]

�. bwaTe Clo nAeoveKTrfaTa xprale ClKTuwfevwv unoAoylaTwv ae axeal fe Tl xpral ave�6pTlTwv. [§ b(KTua unoAoylaTlKwv auaTlf6Twv]

Tl KaAe(Tal apxlTeKTovlKr ClKTlou; [§ ApxlTeKTovlKr ClKTlou]
neplyp6lTe Tl ClaCpofr evoe flvlfaToe ano Tov anoaToAea ewe Tov napaArnTl fe �6al To npoTuno OSI. [§ MovTeAo avacop6e OSI ]

AvTlaTolx(aTe Ta neplexofeva Tle npwTle aTrAle fe auT6 Tle CelTeple.

En(neCo ecapfoyre npoTlnou OSI
<ualKo en(neCo npo-Tlnou OSI
En(neCo napoua(aale npoTlnou OSI

nola l Clacop6 Twv ofoTlfwv ClKTlwv ano auT6 nou e(val �aalafeva ae e�unlpeTlTr; [§ OfoTlfa C(KTua, § b(KTua �aalafeva ae e�unlpeTlTr]

MeT6Coal Twv alf6Twv feaa ano To KaAwClo	•
Lufn(eal CeCofevwv	•

1�. noloe o poAoe Tou Administrator (ClaxelplaTr) ae eva C(KTuo; [§ b(KTua �aalafeva ae e�unlpeTlTr]

1�. Le nola KaTlyop(a ClKTlou (LAN, WAN, MAN r 6AAo) 8a KaTaT6aaaTe:

To blaC(KTuo	WAN
To C(KTuo Tou epyaaTlp(ou aae	LAN
To C(KTuo evoe flKpol KaTaaTrfaToe	LAN

183

16. nolee ol �aalKee TonoAoy(ee ClKTlwv; Tl yvwp(�eTe yla Tl xpral Clavefl-Tr KaAwC(wv (hub) ae eva TonlKo C(KTuo; [§ TonoAoy(ee ClKTlwv, § VAlK6 alvCeale TonlKol ClKTlou]

1w. nolee npoa8eTee unlpea(ee npoacepel fla ISDN alvCeal ano auTr Tou Kolvol TlAecwvlKol ClKTlou; [§ TlAenlKolvwvlaKee Kal ClKTuaKee unlpea(ee Kal ecapfoyee /ISDN]

10. nola l �aalKr unoCofr Tle KlvlTre TlAecwv(ae; [§ TlAenlKolvwvlaKee Kal ClKTuaKee unlpea(ee Kal ecapfoyee/KlvlTr TlAecwv(a]

1�. Na avacepeTe 5 TlAenlKolvwvlaKee Kal ClKTuaKee ecapfoyee. [§ TlAenlKolvwvlaKee Kal ClKTuaKee unlpea(ee Kal ecapfoyee]

nola l Clacop6 feTa�l Tou blaClKTlou Kal evoe ClKTlou Intranet; [§ blaC(KTuo, § Intranet]
noloe o Aoyoe lnap�le Twv ClKTlwv Intranet; [§ Intranet]
Tl e(val o nayKoafloe laToe Kal Tl f(a Tono8ea(a Tou; [§ nayKoafloe laToe]
noloe o poAoe Tou napoxea blaClKTlou (ISP) KaT6 Tl alvCear fae fe To blaC(KTuo; [§ nayKoafloe laToe]

2�. nola l xpral Tou fovTef KaT6 Tl alvCeal fe To blaC(KTuo feaw Kolvol TlAecwvlKol ClKTlou; [To Kolvo TlAecwvlKo C(KTuo xplalfonole( avaAoylK6 arfaTa -feTa�l

auvCpoflTr Kal KevTpou-fe auvenela va analTe(Tal feTaTponr Twv llclaKwv alf6Twv ae avaAoylK6 Kal avT(aTpoca]

2�. Na avacepeTe feplKee unlpea(ee nou e�eA(aaovTal aTov nayKoaflo laTo. [§ Ol unlpea(ee Tou blaClKTlou ]

26. LufnAlpwaTe Tlv KaT6AAlAl Ae�l. To ftp e(val To npwToKoAAo W��C apxe(wv aTo blaC(KTuo. O cuAAofeTplTre enlKolvwve( fe evav e�unlpeTlTr aTov nayKoaflo laTo fe To npwToKoAAo http.

2w. neplyp6lTe Tl ClaClKaa(a anoaToAre evoe flvlfaToe aTo blaC(KTuo ano Tov anoaToAea aTov napaArnTl. [§ HAeKTpovlKo TaxuCpofe(o]

184

20. Tl yvwp(�eTe yla Tov Tpono Cleu8uvaloCoTlale Twv laToaeA(Cwv; [§ nayKoafloe laToe / URL]

2�. Na avacepeTe xpraele Twv enlauvanTofevwv apxe(wv aTo lAeKTpovlKo TaxuCpofe(o. [§ HAeKTpovlKo TaxuCpofe(o]

29. Tl e(val To avwvufo FTP; [§ MeTacop6 apxe(wv ]

�0. Tl e(val To Telnet Kal noTe xplalfonole(Tal; [§ AnofaKpuafevl alvCeal ]

�1. Tl e(val ol of6Cee vewv Kal Tl FAQ's; [§ Luvr8ele anop(ee / FAQ ]

�2. Tl evvoolfe fe Tov opo lAeKTpovlKo efnoplo; [§ HAeKTpovlKo efnoplo (e-commerce)]

��. AvTlaTolx(aTe Ta neplexofeva Tle npwTle aTrAle fe eKe(va Tle CelTe

ple. nayKoafloe laToe

AvTlypacr apxe(wv • • SMTP

HAeKTpovlKo efnoplo • • FTP

e-mail • • 'AAo npwToKoAAo

��. Me nolo AoylaflKo Kal nwe Clfloupyolfe laToaeA(Cee; [§ laToaeA(Cee]

12.6�JUa��C��aX��a�aa�w��f��a��a�w�

1. EnlKolvwve(Te ano eva KlvlTo TlAecwvo fe eva c(Ao aae, exovTae KaAeael aTo aTa8epo TlAecwvo Tou anlTlol Tou, nou e(val auvCeCefevo fe Kolvo TlAecwvlKo C(KTuo. a) nola TlAecwvlK6 auaTrfaTa efnAeKovTal a' auTrv Tlv enlKolvwv(a;

�) nola l ClaCpofr Twv alf6Twv KaT6 Tlv enlKolvwv(a auTr; bwaTe eva anAo Cl6ypaffa.

185

y) LTo Cl6ypaffa va ClaKp(veTe Ta TfrfaTa fe avaAoylK6 arfaTa Kal eKe(va fe llclaK6.

I:OAIA a) EJnAtKovTal To auaTTJa KlvTTfe TTAtcwv{ae Kal To Kolvo auaTTJa aTaetpfe TTAtcwv{ae(PSTN). f) H olaopoJf t{val T aKoAoueT: KlvTTo -LTaeJoe AfLTe -KtvTplKoe aTaeJoe KlvTTfe TTAtcwv{ae -f{KTuo aTaetpfe TTAtcwv{ae -TTAtcwvlKo KtvTpo -LuvopoJTTfe. Y) Ta afJaTa t{val navTou LTclaK6, tKToe ano To TJfJa, TTAtcwvlKo KtvTpo auvopoJTTfe.

2. nola Ta �aalK6 xapaKTlplaTlK6 Twv aKoAou8wv auaTlf6Twv: a) Kolvo TlAecwvlKo alaTlfa Tle noAle;

�) LlaTlfa KlvlTre TlAecwv(ae; y) ISDN;

I:OAIA

o aKonoe TtTolwv aaKfatwv, ntpav TTe t�6aKTaTe Twv JaeTTwv aTa etJaTa nou olanpaYJaTtuovTal, t{val Kup{we va Yvwp{aouv Kal va t�aaKTeouv at Jteoooue ava�fTTaTe TTe nATpocop{ae nou Toue tvolactptl Kal at Tponoue npoatYYlaTe Kal tKJtT6AAtuaTe Twv nTYwv nou fpteTKav. ol olacopte Twv auaTTJ6Twv nptntl va tvTonlaTouv aTle unTpta{te nou napt Xouv, aTa Jtaa JtT6ooaTe nou XpTalJonolouv, aTle ouvaTte auvotatle Kal at 6A Aa XapaKTTplaTlK6, onwe t{val T TaXuTTTa JtT6ooaTe, KAn.

�.: KaT6 Tlv lAeKTpovlKr enlKolvwv(a, ol Tponol feT6Coale CeCofevwv e(val:
�.: LxlfaT(aTe evav KaT6Aoyo fe Tle auaKeuee enlKolvwv(ae nou xplalfonololvTal ae eva alyxpovo an(Tl Kal ae fla flKpr efnoplKr fov6Ca. Me-AeTraTe Tlv Ka8efl6 auaKeur we npoe:

	Tponol feT6Coale CeCofevwv
	nap6AAlAl	LelplaKr	'AAl
MlKpoLnoAoylaTree�wTeplKo fovTef		>
MlKpoLnoAoylaTreeKTunwTre	>
MlKpoLnoAoylaTreaapwTre	>
MlKpoLnoAoylaTre-novT(Kl		>

186

Ta CuvaT6 feaa feT6Coale Twv alf6Twv Tlv KaTel8uval pore Twv alf6Twv To e(Coe Twv alf6Twv.

I:OAIO

fla nap6otlYJa:

LuaKeur	Meaa feT6Coale	KaTel8uval pore	E(Coe alf6Twv
PSTN TlAecwvo	EvalpfaTa	Afc(Cpofl	AvaAoylK6
Kolvr TlAeopaal	AalpfaTa	MovoCpofl	AvaAoylK6
KlvlTo TlAecwvo	AalpfaTa	Afc(Cpofl	llclaK6
<a�	EvalpfaTa	MovoCpofl	AvaAoylK6
�aClocwvo	AalpfaTa	MovoCpofl	AvaAoylK6

6. H KaTel8uval feTa�l Twv alf6Twv eKTunwTr Kal unoAoylaTr e(val: D fovoCpofl

I afc(Cpofl

I:OAIO

H KaTtueuvaT t{val aJc{opoJT.

w. Ava�lTraTe nAlpocop(ee yla Ta xapaKTlplaTlK6 Twv fovTef (npwToKoA-Aa, TaxlTlTa feT6Coale CeCofevwv, K.6.) Kal KaTayp6lTe Ta ae eva n(vaKa.

I:OAIA H napan6vw 6aKTaT Jnopt{ va npoatYYlaTt{ Jt ouo Tponoue. 1oe Tponoe BrJo 10 Ava�fTTaT nATpocoplwv t{Tt ano To tYXtlp{olo ooTYlwv Tou JovTtJ Tou aXoAt{ou, t{Tt ano TTv avT{aTolXT olKTuaKf Tonoeta{a TTe KaTaaKtu6aTplae tTalpt{ae, t{Tt ano olacTJ{atle. BrJo 20 LuYKtvTpwaT nATpocoplwv Yla aTolXt{a onwe: npwToKoAAa tnlKolvwv{ae JovTtJ,

187

npwToKoAAa auJn{taTe K.6. 2oe Tponoe Na auAAtXeouv Jovo ol etwpTTlKte nATpocop{te nou tXouv aXtaT Jt auYXpova JovTtJ.

0. 'vae xpraTle exel aTo ypace(o Tou fla alvCeal Tou Kolvol TlAecwvl-Kol ClKTlou Kal feaw auTre auvCeeTal fe To blaC(KTuo. npoacaTa ane-KTlae Kal fla vea alvCeal lSDN. nolee unlpea(ee e(val CuvaTov va Tou napexovTal ano Tlv Ka8ef(a ano Tle napan6vw Alaele;

I:OAIO

'nwe avactptTal aTTv unootl�T JaeTTf Kal aTTv aXtTlKf nap6Ypaco etwp{ae.

�. E�eT6aTe Tl CuvaToTlTa alvCeale Clo unoAoylaTwv, xwp(e xpral Kap-Twv ClKTlou, eTal waTe va fnopolv va feTacepouv aTolxe(a o evae aTov 6AAov.

I:OAIA H ouvaToTTTa auTf naptXtTal aTa Windows 9x Kal aTTv tnlAoYf A(vap�T/ppoYp6JJaTa/BoTefJaTa/EnlKolvwv{te/Antuet{ae KaAwolaKf auvotaT».

9. Ayop6aaTe evav Kalvolplo unoAoylaTr Kal 8eAeTe va feTacepeTe ae au-Tov oplafeva aTolxe(a (CeCofeva r npoyp6ffaTa) ano Tov naAlo aae. 0ewpraTe oTl Kal ol Clo Cla8eTouv AelToupylKo alaTlfa Windows9x r veoTepo. Me nolov Tpono 8a fnopolaaTe va To npayfaTonolraeTe;

I:OAIA a) Mt TTv AnpaYJaTlKf» olKTuwaT Twv ouo unoAoYlaTwv (K6pTte olKTuou, KaAwo{waT, KaT6AATAo AoYlaJlKo). f) A�lonolwvTae TT ouvaToTTTa AAntuet{ae KaAwolaKf auvotaT ouo unoAoYlaTwv» Twv Windows 9x ((vap�T / ppoYp6JJaTa / BoTefJaTa / EnlKolvwv{te / Antuet{ae KaAwolaKf auvotaT). ol JaeTTte nptntl va KaTaA6fouv oTl auvfewe ol tcapJoYte nptntl va tnavtYKaTaaTaeouv Kal otv apKt{ T anAf JtTacop6 apXt{wv. H avTlYpacf aTolXt{wv acop6 Kup{we Ta otooJtva (data) Tou XpfaTT.

10. Na aufnAlpwaeTe aTle enofevee elKovee Tlv ovofaa(a Tle TonoAoy(ae nou anelKov(�ouv.

I:OAIO

'nwe aTo aXfJa TTe etwp{ae

188

11. Na neplyp6leTe Tpono fe Tov ono(o fnope( va auvCe8e( evae unoAoylaTre ae TonlKo C(KTuo Kal ae C(KTuo eupe(ae neploxre. bwaTe flKpo Cl6ypaffa.

I:OAIO

LTTv ntp{nTwaT Tou TonlKou olKTuou analTt{Tal K6pTa olKTuou Kal aXtTlKf KaAwo{ waT (Yla TTv auvfeT ntp{nTwaT tvaupJaTou olKTuou). LTTv ntp{nTwaT Tou olKTuou tupt{ae ntploXfe analTt{Tal KaT� tA6XlaTo JovTtJ Kal TTAtnlKolvwvlaKf auvotaT Jt K6nolo aTJt{o Tou W�N, aTo ono{o ea nptntl va un6pXtl avT{aTolXo JovTtJ.

12. blepeuvraTe Tl alfa(vel eKTunwTre ClKTlou Kal Tl TonlKoe eKTunwTre.

I:OAIO

LTa JovTtAa Twv JtY6Awv KaTaaKtuaaTwv tKTunwTwv, un6pXouv tKTunwTte olKTuou. AuTo{ ntpltXouv K6pTa olKTuou Kal auvotovTal antuet{ae aTo o{KTuo at avT{etaT Jt Toue TonlKoue nou auvotovTal at K6nolov unoAoYlaTf.

1�. EnlaKecTe(Te eva xwpo nou un6pxel C(KTuo. LuyKevTpwaTe aTolxe(a yla Ta xapaKTlplaTlK6 Tou (TonoAoy(a nou exel ecapfoaTe(, npwToKoAAo enlKolvwv(ae, AelToupylKo alaTlfa e�unlpeTlTr av un6pxel, K.6.). Ka8we Kal yla Ta Ka8rKovTa Tou ClaxelplaTr (Administrator).

I:OAIA

H opaaTTploTTTa auTf Jnopt{ va Y{vtl: a) papaTTpwvTae To o{KTuo Tou aXoAlKou tpYaaTTp{ou, av un6pXtl. f) Mt tn{aKtLT oJ6oae JaeTTwv at Xwpo nou un6pXtl o{KTuo unoAoYlaTwv, onwe

KaTaaTfJaTa, 6AAa aXoAt{a, fltueuvaT ftuTtpof6eJlae EKna{otuaTe, K.6.

1�. Na avacepeTe neplnTwaele KaT6 Tle ono(ee analTe(Tal l ofaClKr anoaTo-Ar ca�. Ava�lTraTe To AoylaflKo Kal Tov e�onAlafo nou analTe(Tal yla va auTofaTonoll8e( l ClaClKaa(a auTr feaw unoAoylaTr.

I:OAIA

M{a TtTola ntp{nTwaT t{val T oJaolKf anoaToAf TlJoKaTaAoYwv f 6AAou nATpoco plaKou uAlKou, ano Tle avTlnpoawnt{te aToue ntA6Tte Toue (f ano Jla fltueuvaT B�/f6eJlae tKna{otuaTe npoe Ta aXoAt{a TTe. AnalTt{Tal unoAoYlaTfe, ca�JovTtJ Kal tlolKo AoYlaJlKo, onwe Yla nap6otlYJa To Winfax Pvo. (va TtTolo AoYlaJlKo auvfewe AtlToupYt{ we t�fe: a) KaTaXwp{�ovTal at f6aT otooJtvwv f a�lonolouvTal ano un6pXouaa f6aT, Ta

aTolXt{a Twv napaATnTwv (tnwvuJ{a, apleJoe ca�, untueuvoe, K.6.)

189

f) ETolJ6�tTal tva apXt{o Jt To npoe anoaToAf Kt{Jtvo. Y) To AoYlaJlKo avaAaJf6vtl va anoaTt{Atl at K6et apleJo ca� To Kt{Jtvo. Lt nt

p{nTwaT nou K6nolo ca� t{val KaTtlATJJtvo, tnavaKaAt{Tal apYoTtpa. Btfala at oAo Kal ntplaaoTtpte ntplnTwatle auTf T Jteoooe avTlKae{aTaTal Jt tKt{vT TTe XpTalJono{TaTe rmail.

16. Ano Tle laToaeA(Cee Twv EAArvwv napoxewv blaClKTlou ava�lTraTe aTolxe(a axeTlK6 fe Ta naKeTa unlpealwv nou npoacepouv onwe: napexofevee unlpea(ee, CuvaTee auvCeaele, TlfoKaT6Aoyoe K.6.

I:OAIO

Lt oAoue Toue napoXt{e flaolKTuou un6pXtl laToatA{oa Jt Tle naptXoJtvte unTpta{te, ano Tle ono{te Jnopouv ol JaeTTte va tvTJtpweouv.

1w. <lAlKo aae npoawno 8a Ta�lCelel ae fla eupwnaKKr npwTelouaa. Meaw nayKoaflou laTol �pe(Te Kal TunwaTe nAlpocop(ee axeTlK6: fe Tov Kalpo nou 8a enlKpaTe( eKe(, Ta TouplaTlK6 aTolxe(a Tle neploxre, Ta auyKolvwvlaK6 feaa, K.6.

I:OAIO

Yn6pXtl avaAuTlKf unootl�T aTo TtTp6olo EpYaa{ae MaeTTf

10. Ava�lTraTe Tl ClaCpofr Twv alf6Twv ano evav unoAoylaTr auvCeCefevo aTo blaC(KTuo ewe fla Tono8ea(a.

I:OAIA

H 6aKTaT auTf aToXtutl va avTlATceouv ol JaeTTte TTv tvvola TTe olaopoJfe Twv naKtTwv at TCP/IP.

1�. Tl auf�a(vel ano Tl aTlyfr nou �lTe(Tal fla laToaeA(Ca ano eva cuAAofe-TplTr ewe oTou Tlv efcav(ael

I:OAIA

o cuAAoJtTpTTfe npoaolop{�tl ano To RLL, Tov srverv o ono{oe olaetTtl TTv laToatA{oa. LuvottTal Jt auTov Kal �TT6tl TT auYKtKplJtvT laToatA{oa. o srverv TTv anoaTtAAtl Kal o cuAAoJtTpTTfe napoual6�tl To ntpltXoJtvo TTe aTTv oeovT, ooTYouJtvoe ano Tle tTlKtTte HTML TTe laToatA{oae.

19. blfloupyraTe fla A(aTa ano npoKovTa nou 8a 8eAaTe va ayop6aeTe. E�eT6aTe av nwAolvTal feaw Tou blaClKTlou (lAeKTpovlKo efnoplo) Kal �pe(-Te Tlv nlo aufcepouaa ayop6.

190

I:OAIO LToXoe TTe 6aKTaTe auTfe t{val va t�olKtlweouv ol JaeTTte Jt Tle ouvaToTTTte nou npoactptl To flao{KTuo Toao aTTv aYop6 aYaewv oao Kal aTT oltvtpYtla tptuvae aYop6e.

20. blfloupyraTe aTo cuAAofeTplTr nou xplalfonole(Te, KaT6Aoyo fe Cleu8lvaele nou exouv lCla(Tepo evClacepov yla aae (boo�mar�s), ofaConolwvTae Tle av6 KaTlyop(a.

I:OAIO LToXoe TTe 6aKTaTe t{val va t�olKtlweouv ol JaeTTte Jt Tle ouvaToTTTte Tou cuAAoJtTpTTf nou XpTalJonolouv.

21. blepeuvraTe Tle CuvaToTlTee nou napexel To npoypaffa lAeKTpovlKol TaxuCpofe(ou Tou epyaaTlp(ou aae.

I:OAIO LToXoe TTe 6aKTaTe t{val va t�olKtlweouv ol JaeTTte Jt Tle ouvaToTTTte Tou npoYp6JJaToe TAtKTpovlKou TaXuopoJt{ou nou XpTalJonolouv. KaAo ea t{val va Toue ot{�tTt Kal K6nolo 6AAo npoYpaJJa TAtKTpovlKou TaXuopoJt{ou, waTt va K6vouv auYKp{atle.

22. LTo npoypaffa lAeKTpovlKol TaxuCpofe(ou nou xplalfonole(Te, ClfloupyraTe of6Cee fe Tle lAeKTpovlKee Cleu8lvaele Twv auffa8lTwv Kal Twv Ka8lylTwv aae. LuvT6�Te eva frvufa nou 8eAeTe va aTe(AeTe ae K6nola ano Tle of6Cee auTee. Ma�( fe To frvufa enlauv6lTe eva apxe(o Kal anoaTe(AaTe To.

I:OAIO LToXoe TTe 6aKTaTe t{val va t�olKtlweouv ol JaeTTte Jt Tle ouvaToTTTte Tou npoYp6JJaToe TAtKTpovlKou TaXuopoJt{ou nou XpTalJonolouv.

2�. npow8raTe ae K6nolov auffa8lTr aae eva ano Ta flvlfaTa nou exeTe A6�el fe To lAeKTpovlKo TaxuCpofe(o. Mlv avTlyp6leTe To Ke(fevo Tou flvlfaToe, aAA6 xplalfonolraTe Tl CuvaToTlTa nou aae napexel To npoypaffa yla Tlv npow8lal flvlfaToe.

I:OAIO LToXoe TTe 6aKTaTe t{val va t�olKtlweouv ol JaeTTte Jt Tle ouvaToTTTte Tou npoYp6JJaToe TAtKTpovlKou TaXuopoJt{ou nou XpTalJonolouv.

191

2�. Na ava�lTraeTe aTo blaC(KTuo eva npoypaffa IRC (client). Acol To «KaTe�6aeTe» Kal To eyKaTaaTraeTe, auvCe8e(Te fe evav e�unlpeTlTr (sereer) Kal Ce(Te Ta Cla8ealfa Kav6Ala.

I:OAIO LToXoe TTe 6aKTaTe t{val va t�olKtlweouv ol JaeTTte Jt Tle ouvaToTTTte Tou npoYp6JJaToe TAtKTpovlKou TaXuopoJt{ou nou XpTalJonolouv. Mnopouv va XpTalJonolfaouv To chat TTe Micvosoft

26. Na ava�lTraeTe CuvaTole Tponoue alvCeale fe To blaC(KTuo ano To an(Tl aae. KaTayp6lTe noloe e�onAlafoe analTe(Tal ae AoylaflKo Kal uAl-Ko, To KoaToe nou analTe(Tal Kal Tle unlpea(ee nou 8a aae napexovTal.

I:OAIO ppoTt{vtTal va avaAuet{ o Tponoe auvotaTe, To KoaToe (TTAtcwvo Kal auvopoJf) Kal va TovlaTt{ oTl tva YpfYopo JovTtJ foTe6 aTTv JlKpoTtpT ol6pKtla Tou TTAtcwvfJaToe (an{TlnapoXta) aTTv ntp{nTwaT JtTacop6e JtY6Aou oYKou otooJtvwv (downloading).

2w. LKecTe(Te r anocaa(aTe fe Ka8lylTr 6AAou fa8rfaToe eva 8efa To ono(o aae evClacepel Kal yla To ono(o 8a 8eAaTe va auAAe�eTe nAlpocop(ee ano To blaC(KTuo. boKlf6aTe va l6�eTe yl' auTo xplalfonolwvTae Cl6copee flxavee ava�rTlale. nola flxavr ava�rTlale eneaTpele Tle neplaaoTepee Tono8ea(ee; nola e(xe Ta KaAlTepa Kal neplaaoTepo xpralfa anoTeAeafaTa;

I:OAIO H 6aKTaT auTf tXtl aKono va t�aaKTeouv ol JaeTTte Jt To Tpono olaTunwaTe Twv tpwTfatwv aTle ol6copte JTXavte ava�fTTaTe. Mnopouv va tnlaKtcTouv Kal TTv Tonoeta{a www.rlrctvonicmonk.com onou Jnopouv va olaTunwaouv tpwTfatle at aXtoov cualKf YAwaaa.

20. LuvCe8e(Te fe Tlv KevTplKr aeA(Ca flae Tono8ea(ae, onwe Tle EAAlvlKre Ma8lfaTlKre ETalpe(ae r Tou nalCaywylKol lvaTlTolTou Kal napaTlpraTe Tle eTlKeTee Tle HTML.

I:OAIO LKonoe auTfe TTe 6aKTaTe t{val va oouv TTv Jopcf Twv tTlKtTwv TTe HTML n6vw at auYKtKplJtvo nap6otlYJa, Jla Kal otv anoTtAt{ aKono TTe T6�Te auTfe T tJf6euvaT at Ypacf HTML.

192

2�. blfloupyraTe Tlv Tono8ea(a Tou axoAe(ou aae.

I:OAIO H KaTaaKtuf laToatA{owv npoTt{vtTal va Y{vtl Jtaa ano tva npoYpaJJa auvTa�Te onwe To �vontPagr Kal oXl Jt Ypacf tTlKtTwv. fla va anocaa{aouv TTv Jopcf Twv atA{owv, Jnopouv va oouv napoJolte laToatA{ote 6AAwv aXoAt{wv ano TT oltueuvaT Tou paloaYwYlKou �vaTlTouTou (www.�ischools.gv). Mnopouv va XwplaTouv at oJ6ote Kal T KaetJl6 va KaTaaKtu6atl Jla ano Tle laToatA{ote Kal aTo TtAoe auTte va auvoteouv. H 6aKTaT auTf anoTtAt{ tn{aTe Kal opaaTTploTTTa Yla TTv ntp{nTwaT nou etAtTt va KaAuLtTt ntplaaoTtpa avTlKt{Jtva. En{aTe ol JaeTTte Jnopouv va auJfouAtuTouv unoot{�tle Kal opaaTTploTTTte AfTJloupY{a laToatA{owv Tou aXoAt{ou».

29. blfloupyraTe laToaeA(Cee yla Tlv eclfep(Ca Tou axoAe(ou aae.

I:OAIO

'nwe T npoTYouJtvT tpYaa{a.

193

��

LTl �Q lK l T T n P PlK T (Q l Tw n (w n P l T P K l w (Q
LTQ KQ(PlQ 8 .QTQ TQ n (Q n P PlK T (Q l nPwT TQ PO TQ nP � .QTQ n � .l P TQl KQl Tl nP nTlK n �lQ ( TQl

13.1 X��O��C��CC��aC�u

L lKO nP T l O. PO 6 P

w w��1�� K��Ca�U��u

H n P PlK . PQ 0 .QTQ n P PlK T P KO .

w w��2�� K��Ca�U��u

EP Q (Q

w w��3�� K��Ca�U��u

EP Q (Q

13.2 IX�f��C��C��w�

13.2.1 1��w w��

w�f��U��

H n P PlK . PQ 0 .QTQ n P PlK T P KO .

E�w�aa��u�

YO�f� -��u�( Aa�aa��u� n��aa��u

H n P PlK T (Q ( TQl TQ TQTQ E( Ql Ql P TlK K Q K l K n l .QKP nPO8 . nP �e l TlK . T n Q T 8Q n P l T w .Q En . w P Q l TlKO TO Q T T K Q Q( .n P ( Q ( Ql QnO T Q �l P 8( .QTQ KQl Q nP KQ l O l. nP �.QTl .O KQl Q TQ Q QnOe w A T n nQP l TQl Q KQl TPOn nQP (Q

Qn T Q�lQ. l �T T Q 8 l Q .n Pl T T l ( T Q. l �T QKO.Q KQl QnO T PQ ( H QKP(� lQ Tw O w P TQl Pl . Q . (Q .n P ( Q Q l . T n P �T PO

196

13.2.2 2��w w��

w�f��U��

E�w�aa��u��

Aa�aa��u�� 1 2

YO�f� -��u�( Ol P Q ( .n P Q Q QT(8 TQl . �Q nP T l n��aa��u . TQl T n(Tl KQl T ( Q ( TQl nQP (Q

13.2.3 3��w w��

w�f��U��

E�w�aa��u�

Aa�aa��u�� 3 6

_{YO�f� -��u�(}Ol P Q ( .n P Q Q QT(8 TQl . �Q nP T l _{n��aa��u}. TQl T n(Tl KQl T ( Q ( TQl nQP (Q

13.3 JUa��u�(��O�f� -��u��a�aa�w��f��a��a�w�

NQ �lQ T Q QnO TQ 8 .QTQ T nQPQ P 00 .QTQ n P Pl K T P KO . » KQl Q T Q QnT T (n P(n 600 800 l )
K T T (�l . T nP . K Q lQ K n l 8 .Q n

KQT T . Q ( Ql .Q TlKO KQl �.n Pl Q.� TQl T Q T( T l K Ql

DCOAIA

EvOFlKTlKO etlaTa:

XpTlaTloTTplaKtr oUvaMMaytr
TpanF�lKtr oUvaMMaytr
0 poMor ToU Tp{ToU KooloU oTTv Kolvwv{a TTr nMTpocop{ar

3. XwPl T (T				. �		nP		�l P( T
T(	TQl .		T		P	T	n		P	PlK
TQ P eT		T		n P			Q	. 8		(Q n

. 8 (Q nQPK ; Mn P (T Q nP T (

lQ T K 8 . �Q Q 8 .Q n KQl T lQ �P (T KQl KQ T( TQl . Q TO E( Ql T TP n n l l ;

197

DCOAIA

Mnopouv va F�FTOooUv etlaTa noU oxFT{�ovTal lF TTv npooTao{a Twv npoownlKVv OFOoltvwv.

4. nP T l. T KQl P Q T n( K e K n l P T lK Ql . IlQ nQP �l .Q K n l nQ nl T .l K n l P TlKO

(�P .Q T K n lQ TQlP (Q Enl TP TQ P eT .lQ P Q (Q . Tl K PlOT P nl . l KQl nQPQT P l Q

DCOAIA

LToxor F{val va FvTlFpweouv yla Tlr TFMFUTa{Fr F�FM{�Flr, npOyla noU ea ToUr wcFMooFl Kal oTov FnayyFMlaTlKo ToUr npooavaToMlolo.

5. A ( QT T �l 8 Q Q K Ql lKQ O Q Kl T .lQ .lKP . Q(Q TQlP (Q T lK Ql . T T . Q T n P PlK n l Q TlK (. P Q l T TQlP (Q Q 8Q nl QT ; AlTl T T

nl Q KQl 8 . l T . nl lP .QTQ T KT(. Q OTl TQl P (Q 8Q ( Ql �l l. lQ TQ nO. Q n T PO lQ

DCOAIA

Na �TTTeF{ ano ToUr laeTTtr va alTloMoyoooUv TTv FnlMoyo ToUr Tooo oF oxtoT lF TT nleavo FnlTUx{a ToU avTlKFlltvoU, ooo Kal lF olKovollKour opoUr FooOwv -F�oOwv yla ntvTF xpovla.

6. BP (T		K n l	l�lKO T			n	P	PlK	n l	n T		n		Q
Q	(TQl . 8 .QTQ n					P	PlK	KQl	T T T		.lQ	T
LT	lQ nQP			l	T	T	T	T	T	KQl	l		T	T

198

��

nEPIEXOMENA

14•1 EnioKetn� enu(t Kut pe1eun evoq xwpou onou unupxet e(uppoyt uou uno1oytout • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

01 14• Anptoupyiu Kw tKu 01

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

14•3	'peuvu uyopuq ytu npoptOetu u1tKou • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0
14•4	Opu tKt ouyypu(t Ketpevou oe neptRu11ov			tKuuou • • • • • • • • • 03
14•5	Euv eon Kut evowpuuwon uvutKetpevou - EEA • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 04
14•6	Anptoupyiu u(iouq • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 05
14•7	Buon nupu11n1wv touoptKwv yeyovouwv «8OYKYAIAJE2 • • • • • 05
14•8	AuvetoutKt RtR1toOtKn «AAE3ANAPEIA2 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 06
14•9	Opyuvwon	uvetoutKtq RtR1toOtKnq • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 07
14•10	At uoKu1iu pe uno1oytout • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 08
41•11	Avu1uon Kut oxe iuon e(uppoytq no1upeowv (eyKuK1onui etu) 08
14•1	Hupouoiuon epywv zwypu(tKtq • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 08
14•13	Hupouoiuon notnutKtq ou11oytq • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 09
14•14	Euvepyuoiu uno unoouuon� peow uou n1eKupovtKou
	uuxu popeiou • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 10
14•15	To oniut uou «uupto2 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 10
14•16	Ent1elue Kut ulto1oytoue		tu(opeq uonoOeoieq uou Atu tKuuou• 10
14•17	Anptoupyiu touooe1i wv uou oxo1eiou • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 11

DCOAIO 'nwe avactpeTKt Kal amov npoAoyo mou {l{A{ou, mle opaamTplomTmte Jnopt{mt va mle avaetmtmt a) t{mt npoootumlKo Kamo mT olopKtla mTe t�tAl�Te mTe UATe Kal ntp{nou 8 wpte amo mtAoe {) t{mt oAlKo amo mtAoe mTe UATe amo xpovo nou npo{Atntl mo nL. A ' tmoe 27 wpte, B' tmoe 30 wpte).

o npomtlvoJtvoe xpovoe, nou t{val tvotlKmlKoe yla Jla JtaT AUaT, t{val at t{oo Joote Kal moUmo ylam{ t�tA{aaovmal amTv mo�T, amo tpyaamrplo, amo an{ml Kal amov tupUmtpo xwpo mou axoAt{ou. Lmo mtAoe mou xpovou Koet unonpo{ArJamoe, onwe ca{vtmal amov n{vaKa Jt mo xpovooloypaJJa, napao{oovmal ma avm{amolxa napaoomta, xwp{e aumo va aTJa{vtl oml otv unopxouv Kal tvoloJtate napaooatle avoAoya Jt mo t{ooe mou unonpo {ArJamoe AKwolKae, tyypaco Jt tvtpytlte, copJa, auAAtxetv uAlKo, K.o.).

200

�� EnfoK&lr, &noq� Kou o&AtTr &v6c xwpou 6nou unapx&u &qopooy� Tou unoAoyuoT�

DCOAIA

Lmoxoe aumre mTe opaamTplomTmae t{val va tpeouv ol JaeTmte at oJtaT tnacr Jt tvav moJta mTe KaeTJtplvre �wre, o ono{oe uno{oTet{mal ano mov unoAoylamr Kal va KamaypoLouv mle Atlmoupy{te nou aumoJamonolreTKav. 'mal ea t�olKtlweoUv Jt mTv npaKmlKr tcapJoyr mTe nATpocoplKre tvw napoAATAa ea avanmuxet{ T Kp{aT moue Kal mo tvolactpov moue yla mTv mtxvoAoy{a. Lmoue JaeTmte KaAo t{val va ooet{ T ouvamomTma va ava�Tmraouv Kal va tnlAt�ouv ol {olol mo Jtpoe nou ea tnlaKtcmoUv. En{aTe KaAo t{val va axoAloaouv ma nAtovtKmrJama Kal JtlovtKmrJama ano mT xpraT mTe nATpocoplKre amov moJta aumov.

CPONOlIArPAMMA lPADTHPIOTHTAD

fla mT oltKntpa{waT mTe opaamTplomTmae ea analmTeoUv auvoAlKo 5 t{ooJoote, nou T KamavoJr moue ca{vtmal amov aKoAoueo n{vaKa.

eR opu eq

unonpoR1tpuuu

	1n	n	3n	4n	5n
Y1
Y
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6
Y7

�� a Jrououpyfo KwKuKo

HpoKetuut ytu ptu oxeutKu ptKpt puounptounuu nou ouoxeuet ouo vu Kuuu

-votoouv ot puOnueq uouq uponouq Kw tKonoinonq Kut uo nwq nptoupyoupe uouq Kw tKeq•

201

DCOAIA

fla Koet ypoJJa ea xptlaamoUJt mouAoxlamov ntvmt etatle, ylam{ etAouJt 25 ola coptmlKoUe auvouaaJoUe A24 yla ma ypoJJama Kal tva yla mo aUJ{oAo mou KtvoU). 2⁴=16 < 25 < 2⁵=32

J puounptounuu pnopei vu eneKuuOei Kut ouu nezu ypuppuuu uou e11nvtKou u1(uRtuou•

�� ' &p&uvo oyopac yuo npoo�a&uo uAuKoC

DCOAIA

Lmoxoe aumre mTe opaamTplomTmae t{val va anoKmraouv ol JaeTmte mTv lKavomTma va Kaeop{�ouv mle avoyKte moue yla unoAoylamlKo aUamTJa Kal va mle auvouo�ouv Jt mle avoAoyte olKovoJlKte ouvamomTmte. 'mal, KaAo t{val Ja�{ Jt mle npoolaypacte mou t�onAlaJoU va Kaeoplamt{ Kal mo xpTJamlKo noao nou t{val olaetalJo yla mTv npoJretlo mou. Mt mov mpono aumo ol JaeTmte ea Joeouv va tpyo�ovmal at nnpayJamlKte auverKte Kal T tnlAoyr moue ea t{val nlo ptaAlamlKr. En{aTe, T opaamTplomTma amoxtUtl amTv KamavoTaT mTe aTJaa{ae nou txtl T tptu va ayopoe yla mTv npoJretla uAlKoU Kal amTv avonmu�T Jteoowv yla mT olt�aywyr mTe. KaAo t{val va moue movlamt{ oml, noAAte copte Kamo mTv npoJretla t�onAlaJoU npoanaeoUJt va ntmUxouJt mTv KaAUmtpT axtaT anoooaTe / mlJre.

DuvleCI /e To npoypo//o Cnoulwv: E�olKt{waT Jt mTv mtxvoAoy{a uAlKoU mwv JlKpounoAoylamwv Kal mwv ntplctptlaKwv auaKtuwv, JteoooAoy{a ArLTe anoco atwv Kal aUvotaT mwv yvwatwv Jt npayJamlKte Kamaamoatle.

Cpovoltaypo//o lpoCTIptoTITof

fla mT oltKntpa{waT mTe opaamTplomTmae ea analmTeoUv auvoAlKo 5 t{ooJoote, nou T KamavoJr moue ca{vtmal amov aKoAoueo n{vaKa.

eR opu eq

unonpoR1tpuuu

	1n	n	3n	4n	5n
Y1
Y
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6

� OooKuK� ouyypoq� K&uotvou o& n&puvaAAov KuKTCou

DCOAIA npomt{vtmal T opaamTplomTma va ooet{ amoue JaeTmte amTv ntp{nmwaT nou mo tpyaamrplo t{val tcoolaaJtvo Jt AoylaJlKo tnt�tpyaa{ae KtlJtvou nou unoamTp{�tl mtmola olaolKaa{a Ayla napootlyJa ol mtAtuma{te tKooatle mou tnt�tpyaamr KtlJtvou Word mTe Microsoft). H opaamTplomTma aumr txtl we amoxo, va Kamavoraouv ol JaeTmte actvoe ma octAT ano mTv oJaolKr tpyaa{a Kal actmtpou mle olKmuaKte ouvamomTmte mwv vtwv npoypaJJomwv tnt�tpyaa{ae KtlJtvou. H opaamTplomTma ot amoxtUtl amT oTJloupy{a tvoe mtAtlou tyypocou, aAAo amT auvtloTmono{TaT tK Jtpoue mwv JaeTmwv oml amoue ntplaaomtpoue JtAAovmlKoUe tpyaalaKoUe xwpoue ea KATeoUv va napoyouv tpyo at auvtpyaa{a Jt oAAoue nou nleavov ot ea auvavmraouv nomt. Ga nptntl va ooet{ lola{mtpT npoaoxr amTv napaKoAoUeTaT mwv tKooatwv mwv tnlJtpoue Kaewe Kal Kup{ou tyypocou. fl aumo KaAo t{val ma ovoJama mwv apxt{wv va ntpltxouv tva Jtpoe Jt ypoJJama nou napaJtvtl amaetpo Kal tva Jtpoe Jt apleJoUe mo ono{o va Jtma{oAAtmal Jt mTv tKooaT. fla napootlyJa yla mo ovoJa mou apxt{ou nou ntpltxtl mo KtcoAalo 1 JnopoUJt va o{vouJt:

Kef01v100	Hpwun eK oon uou Ke(u1uiou 1
Kef01v101	Aeuuepn eK oon uou Ke(u1uiou 1
•••••••••••••••••	••••••••••••••••••••••••
Kef01v110	Enopevn eK oon uou Ke(u1uiou 1

DuvleCI /e To npoypo//o Cnoulwv: E�olKt{waT Jt npoypaJJamlamlKo ntpl{oAAov Jlae ano mle tupUmama olaotooJtvte tcapJoyte, mTe tnt�tpyaa{ae KtlJtvou.

Cpovoltaypo//o lpoCTIptoTITof fla mT oltKntpa{waT mTe opaamTplomTmae ea analmTeoUv auvoAlKo 4 t{ooJoote, nou T KamavoJr moue ca{vtmal amov aKoAoueo n{vaKa.

eR opu eq

unonpoR1tpuuu

	1n	n	3n	4n
Y1
Y
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6
Y7

� I ACvK&or Kou &voOoaTOor ovTuK&uotvou I AEA

DCOAIA H opaamTplomTma aumr txtl amoxo va t�olKtlweoUv ol JaeTmte Jt mTv a�lono{TaT mTe mtxvoAoy{ae OLE mwv aUyxpovwv tcapJoywv aumoJamlaJoU ypact{ou. 'mal ea JnopoUv va a�lonoloUv anomtAtaJamlKo mle lola{mtpte ouvamomTmte mTe Koet tnlJtpoue tcapJoyre yla mT oTJloupy{a aUvetmwv tyypocwv. npomt{vtmal va y{vtl tc' oaov unoamTp{�tl mo AoylaJlKo tnt�tpyaa{ae KtlJtvou mtmola olaolKaa{a Ayla napootlyJa o Word).

DuvleCI /e To npoypo//o Cnoulwv: E�olKt{waT Jt npoypaJJamlamlKo ntpl{oA Aov Jlae ano mle tupUmama olaotooJtvte tcapJoyte, mTe tnt�tpyaa{ae KtlJtvou.

� a Jrououpyfo oqfooc

DCOAIA

H opaamTplomTma npoactptmal yla olocopoue ntlpaJamlaJoUe Kal ae acraouJt mT cavmaa{a mwv JaeTmwv Jae va oouAtLtl. KaAo t{val, ol oJoote tpyaa{ae va anomtAoUvmal ano JaeTmte ol ono{ol txouv lKavomTma ama tpyaAt{a axto{aaTe Kal ano tKt{voue ol ono{ou txouv lola{mtpT nKA{aT ama KaAAlmtxvlKo. Lmo aTJt{o aumo va mov{aouJt mo aTJavmlKo poAo nou Jnopt{ va na{�tl T auvtpyaa{a Jt mo auvootAco mwv KaAAlmtxvlKwv. En{aTe av mo tpyaamrplo mou axoAt{ou otv txtl axtolaamlKo npoypoJJama npomptLmt moue JaeTmte aae va ava�Tmraouv sarrwarrw r frwwarrw tKooatle moue amo !lao{Kmuo r ama cd nou olavtJovmal ano ma ntploolKo mou xwpou. v mtAlKo otv unopxtl Konolo t�tlolKtuJtvo AoylaJlKo T mtAlKr aUvetaT ae y{vtl Jt mo npoypaJJa tnt�tpyaa{ae KtlJtvou.

� � Baor nopaAArAOv uoTopuKwv y&yov6TOv «0OYKYJIJHA»

DCOAIA

npoKtlmal yla Jla aUvetmT aAAo Kal tvolactpouaa tcapJoyr. EKmoe ano mo tvola ctpov nou napoualo�tl ano mT aKonlo mTe nATpocoplKre, Jnopt{ va anomtAtatl tpyaAt{o oloaaKaA{ae yla mo JoeTJa mTe lamop{ae. Lmoxoe mTe t{val va t�olKtlweoUv ol JaeTmte actvoe Jt oAa ma amoola avonmu�Te Jlae tcapJoyre AoylaJlKoU Kal actmtpou Jt ma npo{ArJama nou unopxouv amTv oJaolKr tpyaa{a. 'mav oTAaor, T oAoKArpwaT tvoe tpyou npounoetmtl mT auvt ntla oAwv mwv tJnAtKoJtvwv. Ga nptntl va ooet{ lola{mtpT {apUmTma amT auAAoyr Kal KamaxwplaT mwv KamoAAT Awv lamoplKwv otooJtvwv, ylam{ tmal ea Jnoptaouv ol JaeTmte va avmlATceoUv mT aTJaa{a mTe, ntpa ano ma opla Jlae opaamTplomTmae amo JoeTJa mTe nATpocopl Kre fla va npayJamonolTet{ analmt{mal T Unap�T KamoAATAou npoypaJJamlamlKoU ntpl {oAAovmoe An.x. Visurl Brsic, MS Accwss, KAn.)

Cpovoltaypo//o lpoCTIptoTITof

fla mT oltKntpa{waT mTe opaamTplomTmae ea analmTeoUv auvoAlKo 8 t{ooJoote, nou T KamavoJr moue ca{vtmal amov aKoAoueo n{vaKa.

eR opu eq

unonpoR1tpuuu

	1n	n	3n	4n	5n	6n	7n	8n
Y1
Y
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6
Y7
Y8
Y9
Y10
Y11

� a Jov&uoTuK� vuvAuoa�Kr «ANEPANJPEIA»

DCOAIA H opaamTplomTma aumr t{val napoJola Jt mT opaamTplomTma nBoaT napoAATAwv lamoplKwv ytyovomwv GoYKY!!!HL Kal txtl moue {oloue oloaKmlKoUe amoxoue Jt aumr. Ga nptntl va ooet{ lola{mtpT {apUmTma amov mpono ava�rmTaTe mwv {l{A{wv Kal ama Kplmrpla yla mTv ava�rmTaT aumr. 'mal, ea ooet{ amoue JaeTmte T ouvamomTma va Kamavoraouv KaAUmtpa mle ouvamomTmte nou npoactptl o unoAoylamre amTv ava�rmTaT amolxt{wv.

XpovoKuaypoooo KpooTrpu6TrToc fla mT oltKntpa{waT mTe opaamTplomTmae ea analmTeoUv auvoAlKo 8 t{ooJoote, nou T KamavoJr moue ca{vtmal amov aKoAoueo n{vaKa.

eR opu eq

unonpoR1tpuuu

	1n	n	3n	4n	5n	6n	7n	8n
Y1
Y
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6
Y7
Y8
Y9
Y10
Y11

OpyavOor Kov&uoTuK�c vuvAuoa�Krc

DCOAIA

Lmoxoe aumre mTe opaamTplomTmae t{val va Kamavoraouv ol JaeTmte mTv avayKalo mTma mTe xpraTe mou unoAoylamr at Jla aUyxpovT {l{AloerKT. KaAo t{val va tnlJt{vouJt ntplaaomtpo amT awamr axto{aaT mwv Atlmoupylwv nou nptntl va tKmtAoUvmal Jt mT xpraT mou unoAoylamr Kal Alyomtpo Jt mT oltnacr mou xpramT. H opaamTplomTma aumr txtl etJa napoJolo Jt aumo mTe opaamTplomTmae n!avtlamlKr {l{AloerKT ME= N!PE! Kal npomt{vtmal va y{vtl amTv tvap�T mTe otUmtpTe xpovloe we tnavaATnmlKr opaamTplomTma.

Kam' tAoxlamo, ea nptntl va uAonolTet{ mo mJrJa mTe tlaaywyre Kal ava�rmTaTe {l{A{wv

�� l JuKooKoAfo o& unoAoyuoT�

DCOAIA

!Uo t{val KUplol amoxol aumre mTe opaamTplomTmae: a) va t�olKtlweoUv ol JaeTmte Jt mT xpraT mou AoylaJlKoU napoualoatwv {) va a�lonolraouv mov unoAoylamr at oloaKmlKo avmlKt{Jtva oAAa tKmoe mou Jaer

Jamoe mTe nATpocoplKre. fla mTv napoua{aaT JnopoUv va xpTalJonolraouv mTv tcapJoyr Poawr Point r onolo oAAo napoJolo AoylaJlKo t{val olaetalJo.

AvaAuor Kou ox&Kfoor &qopooy�c noAuotoOv (&yKuKAonofK&uo)

DCOAIA

Lmoxoe aumre mTe opaamTplomTma t{val va Kamavoraouv ol JaeTmte ma npo{ArJama nou avaKUnmouv amT axto{aaT Jlae tcapJoyre noAuJtawv. !tv anomtAt{ aKono mTe opaamTplomTmae T mtAlKr uAono{TaT Jlae mtmolae tcapJoyre aAAo anAo T KamavoTaT, tK Jtpoue mwv JaeTmwv, mou mponou avoAuaTe Kal axto{aaTe Jla tcapJoyre noAuJtawv amo aUvoAo mTe

�� a nopouofoor tpyOv pOypoquK�c

o aKonoe aumre mTe opaamTplomTmae t{val T oTJloupy{a Jlae tcapJoyre noAuJtawv, nou we etJa mTe txtl mTv napoua{aaT tpywv �wypaclKre Jt mT {oretla unoAoylamr.

Mnopt{mt va aKoAoueratmt mT etwp{a mou KtcaAa{ou 11 axtmlKo Jt:

mle coatle Kal ma amoola avonmu�Te tcapJoywv noAuJtawv
mTv oJooa avonmu�Te, o{oovmae avoAoyoue poAoue at JaeTmte
mT oTJloupy{a tcapJoywv noAuJtawv. ol JaeTmte JnopoUv va xpTalJonolraouv Konolo olaetalJo AoylaJlKo t{mt auyypacre tcapJoywv noAuJtawv t{mt oTJloupy{ae napoualoatwv Aonwe mo Poawr Point mTe Microsoft).

DuvleCI /e To npoypo//o Cnoulwv: t�olKt{waT Jt mtxvlKte axto{aaTe Kal avonmu�Te tcapJoywv noAuJtawv, anoKmTaT tJntlp{ae amTv LTclono{TaT rxou Kal tlKovae, xpraT npoypaJJomwv tnt�tpyaa{ae tlKovae Kal rxou, xpraT tvoe tpyaAt{ou avonmu�Te tcapJoywv noAuJtawv r napoualoatwv Kal anoKmTaT tJntlp{ae amT JteoooAoylKr tn{AuaT npo{ATJomwv.

XpovoKuaypoooo KpooTrpu6TrToc fla mT oltKntpa{waT mTe opaamTplomTmae ea analmTeoUv auvoAlKo 6 t{ooJoote, nou T KamavoJr moue ca{vtmal amov aKoAoueo n{vaKa.

eR opu eq

unonpoR1tpuuu

	1n	n	3n	4n	5n	6n
Y1
Y
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6

� �' nopouofoor nourTuK�c ouAAoy�c

DCOAIA npoKtlmal yla napoJola opaamTplomTma Jt mT opaamTplomTma nnapoua{aaT tpywv �wypaclKre

XpovoKuaypoooo KpooTrpu6TrToc fla mT oltKntpa{waT mTe opaamTplomTmae ea analmTeoUv auvoAlKo 6 t{ooJoote, nou T KamavoJr moue ca{vtmal amov aKoAoueo n{vaKa.

eR opu eq

unonpoR1tpuuu

	1n	n	3n	4n	5n	6n
Y1
Y
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6

20�

Auv&pyoofo on6 on6oToor, otoO Tou rA&KTpovuKoC

ToxuKpoo&fou

DCOAIA LKonoe aumre mTe opaamTplomTmae t{val va avmlATceoUv ol JaeTmte amTv npo�T, oml o aUyxpovoe mponoe auvtpyaa{ae npoawnwv r oJoowv y{vtmal Jt mTv avmaAAayr tpyaalwv ano anoamaaT. Moyw ot mou !laolKmUou Kal mwv unTptalwv mou, onwe mo TAtKmpovlKo maxuopoJt{o, o mponoe aumoe y{vtmal oAotva Kal nlo auxvoe. npomt{vtmal va auvtpyaamt{mt Jt KaeTyTmr oAAou axoAt{ou yla va Kovtmt mTv {ola opaamTplomTma wamt va Jnoptaouv va avmaAAoaaouv ol JaeTmte mle tpyaa{te moue.

�� I �o onfTu Tou «oCpuo»

DCOAIA H opaamTplomTma aumr txtl amoxo va avmlATceoUv ol JaeTmte oml T olKmUwaT otv acopo Jovo mle tnlxtlpratle Kal moue opyavlaJoUe, aAAo amo oJtao JtAAov mo Koet aUyxpovo an{ml. vaJtvoJtvte npomoatle ea rmav: a) H auvtxre aUvotaT Jt mo !lao{Kmuo , Jt Konola auaKtur nou otv ea t{val Kam' avoyKT o unoAoylamre Kal tmal ea unopxtl tva nnapoeupo amov KoaJo yla nATpocopTaT, Luxaywy{a K.o. {) ol TAtKmplKte auaKtute mou anlmloU, onwe Luyt{a, Kou�{vte, mTAtopaaT, K.o. r mo aUamTJa aacaAt{ae, ea tAtyxovmal nArpwe ano unoAoylamr.

�� a EnuAt�T& Kuaqop&c Tonoa&of&c oTo JuoKfKTuo Kou &nuI x&up�oT& vo Tuc oxoAuao&T&

DCOAIA Lmoxoe mTe opaamTplomTmae aumre t{val va Joeouv ol JaeTmte va olaKp{vouv nAtovtKmrJama Kal JtlovtKmrJama nou napoualo�ouv olocopte monoeta{te amo !lao{Kmuo. Kal aumo Jt {oaT oplaJtva Kplmrpla. GtwpoUJt anapa{mTmT mT avonmu�T mtmolae lKavomTmae at Koet JaeTmr, Aoyw mTe nATewpae mwv monoetalwv nou unopxouv arJtpa Kal mle ono{te tnlaKtnmovmal TetATJtva r aetATma AJtaw auvotatwv). ol monoeta{te nou ea tnlAtyoUv yla axoAlaaJo KaAo t{val va avrKouv amTv {ola KamTyop{a, npoKtlJtvou va t{val tclKmr T aUyKplar moue. Mnopt{, yla napootlyJa, va t{val atA{ote axoAt{wv, navtnlamTJ{wv, tcTJtp{owv, mTAtonmlKwv amaeJwv, KAn.

EnlnAtov, T aUyKplaT Jnopt{ va noptl mT Jopcr oTJoaKonTaTe Kal va {youv auyKtvmpwmlKo anomtAtaJama, nou ea avmlKamonmp{�ouv mTv onoLT oATe mTe mo�Te. Na ypoLouv ol JaeTmte mle napamTpratle moue Kal mT {aeJoAoy{a moue at tva n{vaKa Jt mT xpraT AoylaJlKoU yla AoylamlKo cUAAa yla Koet monoeta{a Kal yla Kaetva ano ma Kplmrpla

Na napoualoaouv ma anomtAtaJamo moue, amTv mo�T xpTalJonolwvmae ypacrJama.

�� Jrououpyfo uoToo&AfKOv Tou oxoA&fou

DCOAIA

H opaamTplomTma aumr amoxtUtl amTv t�oaKTaT mwv JaeTmwv amT oTJloupy{a !amoatA{owv. Lmoxoe otv t{val T tJ{oeuvaT amle tmlKtmte mTe HTML Kal yl' aumo npomt{vtmal va xpTalJonolraouv AoylaJlKo avonmu�Te lamoatA{owv, onwe mo rront Prgw mTe Microsoft. ol JaeTmte nptntl va xwplamoUv at oJoote. Kamo mT axto{aaT nptntl va ooet{ npoaoxr amoue auvotaJoue mwv lamoatA{owv. 'mal, Jnopt{ va oTJloupyTeoUv ol lamoatA{ote avt�opmTma Kal monlKo Aamo amaeJo tpyaa{ae moue) ano Koet oJooa, tvw amo mtAoe va monoetmTeoUv oAte Ja�{ amov swrvwr. ol KAratle Jnopt{ va y{vovmal Jtaw apxt{ou r Jtaw attp tov txtmt tyKama amratl Konolov awb swrvwr amo tpyaamrplo, onwe o pwrsonrl awb swrvwr mTe Microsoft. fla va anocaa{aouv mT ooJTaT mwv lamoatA{owv KaAo t{val va tnlaKtcmoUv avm{ amolxte lamoatA{ote axoAt{wv, onwe yla napootlyJa amT oltUeuvaT piscaools.gr mou naloaywylKoU !vamlmoUmou.

Cpovoltaypo//o lpoCTIptoTITof

fla mT oltKntpa{waT mTe opaamTplomTmae ea analmTeoUv auvoAlKo 6 t{ooJoote, nou T KamavoJr moue ca{vtmal amov aKoAoueo n{vaKa.

eR opu eq

unonpoR1tpuuu

	1n	n	3n	4n	5n	6n
Y1
Y
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6

ΤΠΟΤΡΓΔΙΟ ΔΔΝΙΚΗ΢ ΠΑΙΓΔΙΑ΢ ΚΑΙ ΔΡΗ΢ΚΔΤΜΑΣΧΝ

ΠΑΙΓΑΓΩΓΙΚΟ ΙΝ΢ΣΙΣΟΤΣΟ

ΔΦΑΡΜΟΓΔ΢ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΚΗ΢/ΤΠΟΛΟΓΙ΢ΣΩΝ ΔΝΙΑΙΟΤ ΛΤΚΔΙΟΤ

ΠΡΟΓΡΑΜΜΑ ΢ΠΟΤΓΩΝ

ΓΔΚΔΜΒΡΙΟ΢ 1997

ΔΙ΢ΑΓΩΓΗ

ΣΖ κΖζήκΖηΖ επηινγήο Εĳơξκνγέο Πιεξνĳνξηθήο θΖη Εĳơξκνγέο ΥπνινγηıĲώλ εληάζζνληΖη ζην σξνιόγην πξόγξΖκκΖ, ησλ Α΄ θΖη Β΄/Γ΄ ηάμεσλ ΖληίζηνηρΖ, ηνπ ΔληΖίνπ Λπθείνπ θΖη έρνπλ γİληθό ıθνπό:

 Ĳελ İπέθĲơıε Ĳεο γİληθήο πιεξνĳνξηθήο πơηįİίơο Ĳσλ κơζεĲώλ κİ έκĳơıε ıĲελ ơλάπĲπμε ηθơλνĲήĲσλ θơη įİμηνĲήĲσλ ıĲε ρξήıε θơη ơμηνπνίεıε Ĳσλ ππνινγηıĲηθώλ θơη įηθĲπơθώλ Ĳİρλνινγηώλ σο İξγơιİίσλ κάζεıεο θơη ıθέςεο

 Ĳελ İλεκέξσıε Ĳσλ κơζεĲώλ γηơ Ĳηο İĳơξκνγέο Ĳεο πιεξνĳνξηθήο ıĲν ıύγρξνλν θόıκν θơη İηįηθόĲİξơ γηơ Ĳηο įπλơĲόĲεĲİο πνπ πξνıĳέξİη θơη Ĳηο πξννπĲηθέο πνπ įεκηνπξγİί ıĲνλ θιάįν/θơĲİύζπλıε πνπ İπέιİμơλ (ή πξόθİηĲơη λơ İπηιέμνπλ) γηơ λơ ıπνπįάıνπλ

 Ĳελ İπơηıζεĲνπνίεıε, Ĳνλ πξνβιεκơĲηıκό θơη Ĳελ ơλάπĲπμε θξηĲηθήο ηθơλόĲεĲơο İθ κέξνπο Ĳσλ κơζεĲώλ, ıĲơ θνηλσληθά, εζηθά, πνιηĲηıκηθά, θ.ά. δεĲήκơĲơ πνπ ĲίζİλĲơη κİ Ĳελ «İηıβνιή¬ Ĳσλ ππνινγηıĲηθώλ θơη įηθĲπơθώλ Ĳİρλνινγηώλ ıİ όινπο Ĳνπο Ĳνκİίο Ĳεο ơλζξώπηλεο įξơıĲεξηόĲεĲơο.

Η πξνζέγγηζε ησλ ελλνηώλ θΖη ε θΖιιηέξγεηΖ δεμηνηήησλ πνπ ΖπΖηηνύληΖη γηΖ ηελ επίηεπμε ηνπ γεληθνύ ζθνπνύ ηΖμηλνκνύληΖη ζε ηξεηο άμνλεο-ελόηεηεο:

ΔλόĲεĲΧ	Α΄ Σάμε	Β΄ Σάμε
1. Ο Κόıκνο Ĳεο	 Γεληθή επηζθόπεζε ησλ	 ΔζηηΖζκέλε
Πιεξνĳνξηθήο	εθΖξκνγώλ ηεο πιεξνθνξηθήο  ΚΖηεγνξίεο ππνινγηζηώλ  Σν πιηθό ησλ ππνινγηζηώλ  Σν ινγηζκηθό ζπζηήκΖηνο  Σν ινγηζκηθό εθΖξκνγώλ  ΠξνγξΖκκΖηηζηηθά πεξηβάιινληΖ  ΠιεξνθνξηΖθά ΢πζηήκΖηΖ ΓηįΧθĲηθέο ώξİο1: 20	επηζθόπεζε ησλ εθΖξκνγώλ ηεο Πιεξνθνξηθήο  ΠνιπκέζΖ  Δπηθνηλσλίεο θΖη ΓίθηπΖ ΓηįΧθĲηθέο ώξİο: 15
2. Γηİξİπλώ -Γεκηνπξγώ ΑλΧθΧιύπĲω	΢πλζεηηθέο εξγΖζίεο κε ινγηζκηθό εθΖξκνγώλ γεληθήο ρξήζεο, εθπΖηδεπηηθό ινγηζκηθό θΖη πξνγξΖκκΖηηζηηθά πεξηβάιινληΖ ΓηįΧθĲηθέο ώξİο: 27	΢πλζεηηθέο εξγΖζίεο κε ινγηζκηθό εθΖξκνγώλ γεληθήο ρξήζεο, ινγηζκηθό Ζλάπηπμεο πνιπκέζσλ, ινγηζκηθό δηθηύσλ, εθπΖηδεπηηθό ινγηζκηθό θΖη πξνγξΖκκΖηηζηηθά πεξηβάιινληΖ ΓηįΧθĲηθέο ώξİο: 30
3. Πιεξνĳνξηθή θΧη	 ΌιΖ Ζιιάδνπλ ...	 Σν κέιινλ ...
΢ύγρξνλνο Κόıκνο	 Νέεο επΖγγεικΖηηθέο πξννπηηθέο ΓηįΧθĲηθέο ώξİο: 3	ΓηįΧθĲηθέο ώξİο: 5

¹Οη ώξİο įηįơıθơιίơο πξνĲİίλνλĲơη İλįİηθĲηθά

Πξόγξơκκơ Σπνπįώλ Πιεξνĳνξηθήο Εληơίνπ Λπθİίνπ

ΙδηΖίηεξε έκθΖζε δίλεηΖη ζηελ ελόηεηΖ «Γηİξİπλώ-Γεκηνπξγώ-ΑλΧθΧιύπĲω¬ κε ηελ νπνίΖ επηδηώθεηΖη, λơ İκπιơθνύλ νη κơζεĲέο ζε ποικίλες, πιο ζύνθεηες και ολοκληρωμένες δραζηηριόηηηες ώıĲİ λơ ơπνθĲήıνπλ İκπİηξίİο νη νπνίİο:  Δηİπθνιύλνπλ Ĳελ ơλάπĲπμε Ĳεο ηθơλόĲεĲơο Ĳνπ κơζεĲή λơ įεκηνπξγİί.  Ελİξγνπνηνύλ įηάĳνξơ κơζεıηơθά κνλĲέιơ, κέıơ ơπό πνηθίιİο įηįơθĲηθέο

ıĲξơĲεγηθέο θơη κİ Ĳε ρξήıε πνιιơπιώλ κέıσλ.  Υπνγξơκκίδνπλ Ĳν ıπκκİĲνρηθό-ıπλİξγơĲηθό ρơξơθĲήξơ Ĳεο κάζεıεο.  Αμηνπνηνύλ Ĳηο ππνινγηıĲηθέο θơη įηθĲπơθέο Ĳİρλνινγίİο σο İξγơιİίν κάζεıεο θơη

ıθέςεο.  Επλννύλ Ĳελ ơλάπĲπμε įİμηνĲήĲσλ κνλĲİινπνίεıεο θơη Ĳİρληθώλ İπίιπıεο

πξνβιεκάĲσλ.  Πơξέρνπλ İπρέξİηơ ıĲε ρξήıε ıπκβνιηθώλ κέıσλ έθĳξơıεο θơη įηİξİύλεıεο.  Ελζơξξύλνπλ Ĳελ ơλơιπĲηθή θơη Ĳε ıπλζİĲηθή ıθέςε.  Κơιιηİξγνύλ įηơρξνληθέο įİμηόĲεĲİο ıĲε ρξήıε ινγηıκηθνύ.  ΛİηĲνπξγνύλ κέıơ ıİ θιίκơ ơκνηβơίνπ ıİβơıκνύ.  Δίλνπλ κηơ ıπλνιηθή İηθόλơ Ĳεο πιεξνĳνξηθήο θơη ơπνθơιύπĲνπλ Ĳηο ıρέıİηο κİĲơμύ

Ĳσλ İπηκέξνπο İĳơξκνγώλ, İξγơιİίσλ, θ.ιπ.

Έηζη, ην κάζεκΖ ηεο Πιεξνθνξηθήο ζπκβάιιεη ζηελ πξνζπάζεηΖ γηΖ επΖλΖπξνζΖλΖηνιηζκό ηεο δηΖδηθΖζίΖο ηεο κάζεζεο ζε κηΖ θΖηεύζπλζε πνπ επλνείηΖη θΖη δηεπθνιύλεηΖη ε ελεξγεηηθή Ζπόθηεζε ηεο γλώζεο θΖη ε Ζλάπηπμε ηθΖλνηήησλ κεζνδνινγηθνύ ρΖξΖθηήξΖ.

Πξόγξơκκơ Σπνπįώλ Πιεξνĳνξηθήο Εληơίνπ Λπθİίνπ

Α΄ ΣΑΞΗ

1ε ΔλόĲεĲΧ: Ο Κόıκνο Ĳεο Πιεξνĳνξηθήο

Ο Γενικός ζκοπός Ĳεο İλόĲεĲơο ơπĲήο İίλơη, λơ İκπινπĲίıνπλ νη κơζεĲέο Ĳηο γλώıİηο θơη Ĳηο İκπİηξίİο Ĳνπο, ıρİĲηθά κİ Ĳηο İĳơξκνγέο Ĳεο πιεξνĳνξηθήο ıĲν ıύγρξνλν θόıκν θơη λơ İμνηθİησζνύλ πİξơηĲέξσ κİ έλλνηİο, İξγơιİίơ θơη Ĳİρληθέο Ĳσλ ππνινγηıĲηθώλ θơη įηθĲπơθώλ Ĳİρλνινγηώλ.

Δηįηθνί ıθνπνί

Οη κΖζεηέο πξέπεη:  λΖ Ζπνθηήζνπλ επΖξθή εηθόλΖ γηΖ ηηο εθΖξκνγέο ηεο πιεξνθνξηθήο ζην ζύγρξνλν θόζκν  λΖ κπνξνύλ λΖ πεξηγξάςνπλ ηελ έλλνηΖ ην ζθνπό θΖη ηΖ ζηάδηΖ Ζλάπηπμεο ησλ πιεξνθνξηΖθώλ ζπζηεκάησλ

 λΖ Ζπνθηήζνπλ πιεξέζηεξε εηθόλΖ θΖη λΖ εμνηθεησζνύλ πεξηζζόηεξν κε ηΖ ζύγρξνλΖ εξγΖιείΖ θΖη ηερληθέο ησλ ππνινγηζηηθώλ θΖη δηθηπΖθώλ ηερλνινγηώλ.  λΖ ρξεζηκνπνηήζνπλ ζύγρξνλΖ πξνγξΖκκΖηηζηηθά εξγΖιείΖ γηΖ ηελ επίιπζε Ζπιώλ

πξνβιεκάησλ.

ΔΝΟΣΗΣΑ Ο Κόıκνο Ĳεο Πιεξνĳνξηθήο

ΠİξηİρόκİλΧ	΢Ĳόρνη Ο κΧζεĲέο πξέπİη	Οįεγίİο -ΠΧξΧĲεξήıİηο
1. Γİληθή İπηıθόπεıε Ĳωλ İĳΧξκνγώλ Ĳεο Πιεξνĳνξηθήο Οη εθΖξκνγέο ηεο Πιεξνθνξηθήο  ΢ηηο Δπηθνηλσλίεο  ΢ηε ΒηνκερΖλίΖ  ΢ηηο Δπηρεηξήζεηο  ΢ηηο Τπεξεζίεο  ΢ηελ ΤγείΖ  ΢ηνλ Αζιεηηζκό  ΢ηελ ΔθπΖίδεπζε  ΢ηηο Δπηζηήκεο θΖη ηελ ΈξεπλΖ  ΢ηηο Σέρλεο  ΢ηε ΦπρΖγσγίΖ, θ.ιπ.	λΖ κπνξνύλ λΖ δηΖθξίλνπλ ηηο εθΖξκνγέο ηεο πιεξνθνξηθήο ζην ζύγρξνλν θόζκν.	ΝΖ δνζνύλ πνιιά πΖξΖδείγκΖηΖ εθΖξκνγώλ ηεο πιεξνθνξηθήο Ζπό ηελ θΖζεκεξηλή δσή θΖη λΖ ηεζνύλ εξσηήκΖηΖ γηΖ ζπδήηεζε. Όπνπ είλΖη δπλΖηό λΖ πΖξνπζηΖζζνύλ Ζληίζηνηρεο εθΖξκνγέο.
2. ΚΧĲεγνξίİο ππνινγηıĲώλ  Πξνζσπηθνί ππνινγηζηέο  Minicomputers  Mainframe ππνινγηζηέο  Supercomputers	λΖ κπνξνύλ λΖ ΖλΖθέξνπλ ηηο δηάθνξεο θΖηεγνξίεο ππνινγηζηώλ θΖη λΖ πεξηγξάθνπλ βΖζηθά ζηνηρείΖ θΖη ρΖξΖθηεξηζηηθά ηεο	ΓηΖ θάζε θΖηεγνξίΖ, λΖ δνζεί έκθΖζε:  ζηΖ ηδηΖίηεξΖ ρΖξΖθηεξηζηηθά ηεο  ζηηο Ζλάγθεο πνπ εμππεξεηεί

Πξόγξơκκơ Σπνπįώλ Πιεξνĳνξηθήο Εληơίνπ Λπθİίνπ

	ιεηηνπξγίΖο θΖη ησλ	 ζηΖ πιενλεθηήκΖηΖ θΖη
	δπλΖηνηήησλ ηνπο	ζηΖ κεηνλεθηήκΖηΖ πνπ έρεη. ΝΖ κε δνζεί έκθΖζε ζε πεξηηηέο ηερληθέο ή άιιεο ιεπηνκέξεηεο.
3. Σν πιηθό Ĳωλ ππνινγηıĲώλ  Σξόπνη ΖλΖπΖξάζηΖζεο θΖη θσδηθνπνίεζεο δεδνκέλσλ θΖη πιεξνθνξηώλ  ΔπεμεξγΖζηέο, κλήκεο, δίΖπινη δεδνκέλσλ θΖη θάξηεο επέθηΖζεο  Μνλάδεο εηζόδνπ, εμόδνπ θΖη Ζπνζήθεπζεο δεδνκέλσλ  Σξόπνη δηΖζύλδεζεο ππνινγηζηώλ θΖη κεηάδνζεο δεδνκέλσλ	λΖ κπνξνύλ λΖ εμεγνύλ βΖζηθέο έλλνηεο θΖη όξνπο ηεο ζύγρξνλεο ππνινγηζηηθήο ηερλνινγίΖο πνπ ζπλΖληνύλ ζηελ θΖζεκεξηλή ηνπο δσή.	ΓηΖ ηΖ δηάθνξΖ πξντόληΖ ηεο ππνινγηζηηθήο ηερλνινγίΖο, λΖ δνζεί έκθΖζε ζηηο Ζλάγθεο πνπ θΖιύπηνπλ θΖη ζηηο δπλΖηόηεηεο πνπ πξνζθέξνπλ. ΝΖ γίλεη εθηελήο ΖλΖθνξά ζηηο κνλάδεο εηζόδνπ θΖη εμόδνπ (Πιεθηξνιόγην, Optical Mark Recognition, Magnetic Ink Character Recognition, Αutomatic Σeller Μachine, light pen, touch screen, κηθξόθσλν, ΚάκεξΖ, κΖγλεηόθσλν, εθηππσηήο, Computer Output Microfilm, νζόλε, scanner θ.ιπ.) θΖη λΖ δνζνύλ πΖξΖδείγκΖηΖ ρξήζεο ηνπο. ΝΖ ρξεζηκνπνηεζεί θΖηάιιειν εθπΖηδεπηηθό ινγηζκηθό.
4. Σν ινγηıκηθό ıπıĲήκΧĲνο  Αλάγθεο πνπ εμππεξεηεί  Σν Λεηηνπξγηθό ΢ύζηεκΖ (Λ.΢.)  Ο ξόινο θΖη νη ιεηηνπξγίεο ηνπ Λ.΢.  Γλσζηά Λ.΢.  πνιππξνγξΖκκΖηηζκόο  πνιπδηεξγΖζίΖ (multitasking)  Real-time θΖη on-line ζπζηήκΖηΖ  Πεξηβάιινλ εξγΖζίΖο  ΒνεζήκΖηΖ	λΖ κπνξνύλ λΖ πεξηγξάθνπλ ην ξόιν ηνπ ινγηζκηθνύ ζπζηήκΖηνο λΖ κπνξνύλ λΖ ρξεζηκνπνηνύλ έλΖ Λ.΢.	Η πξνζέγγηζε ησλ ελλνηώλ λΖ γίλεη κε Ζπιά πΖξΖδείγκΖηΖ Ζπό ηελ θΖζεκεξηλή δσή. ΝΖ γίλεη πξΖθηηθή άζθεζε ζην Λ.΢. θΖη ζην πεξηβάιινλ εξγΖζίΖο ηνπ ζρνιηθνύ εξγΖζηεξίνπ. ΝΖ γίλεη ζπδήηεζε γηΖ ηΖ δηάθνξΖ είδε Λ.΢. θΖη γηΖ ηηο Ζλάγθεο πνπ εμππεξεηνύλ. ΝΖ γίλεη ε δηάθξηζε

Πξόγξơκκơ Σπνπįώλ Πιεξνĳνξηθήο Εληơίνπ Λπθİίνπ

		ΖλάκεζΖ ζην πεξηβάιινλ εξγΖζίΖο θΖη ζην Λ.΢. θΖη λΖ επηζεκΖλζεί ε ζηΖδηΖθή ζύγθιηζή ηνπο. ΝΖ ρξεζηκνπνηεζεί θΖηάιιειν εθπΖηδεπηηθό ινγηζκηθό.
5. Σν ινγηıκηθό İĳΧξκνγώλ  Ση είλΖη  Πνηεο Ζλάγθεο θΖιύπηεη  ΚΖηεγνξίεο  Γεληθά ρΖξΖθηεξηζηηθά  ΔπηθνηλσλίΖ -ΖληΖιιΖγέο δεδνκέλσλ κεηΖμύ εθΖξκνγώλ (OLE)  Με ηη θξηηήξηΖ επηιέγνπκε ινγηζκηθό  Σξόπνη δηάζεζεο ινγηζκηθνύ θΖη δηθΖηώκΖηΖ ρξήζεο  ΠλεπκΖηηθά δηθΖηώκΖηΖ  Δθδόζεηο ινγηζκηθνύ  ΠξνζηΖζίΖ ινγηζκηθνύ	λΖ κπνξνύλ λΖ επηιέγνπλ ην θΖηάιιειν (θΖη κε ηνλ πην πξόζθνξν ηξόπν) ινγηζκηθό λΖ επΖηζζεηνπνηεζνύλ ζε ζέκΖηΖ πλεπκΖηηθώλ δηθΖησκάησλ.	Οη θΖηεγνξίεο ινγηζκηθνύ λΖ πΖξνπζηΖζζνύλ Ζθνύ πξώηΖ δνζνύλ ζπγθεθξηκέλΖ πΖξΖδείγκΖηΖ Ζπό ηΖ νπνίΖ ζΖ πξνθύπηνπλ κε πξνθΖλή ηξόπν, ε Ζλάγθε ύπΖξμήο ηνπο, ηΖ ρΖξΖθηεξηζηηθά πνπ πξέπεη λΖ έρνπλ θ.ιπ. ΙδηΖίηεξε έκθΖζε λΖ δνζεί ζηΖ ζέκΖηΖ :  πλεπκΖηηθά δηθΖηώκΖηΖ  πξνζηΖζίΖ ινγηζκηθνύ  θξηηήξηΖ επηινγήο ινγηζκηθνύ. Δπίζεο νη κΖζεηέο πξέπεη λΖ θΖηΖιάβνπλ όηη θΖη ηΖ πξντόληΖ ινγηζκηθνύ είλΖη θΖηΖλΖισηηθά πξντόληΖ θΖη πάληΖ ππάξρεη ν θίλδπλνο λΖ κεηΖηξΖπνύκε ζε άβνπινπο θΖηΖλΖισηέο πξντόλησλ πνπ δελ θΖιύπηνπλ πξΧγκΧĲηθέο Ζλάγθεο κΖο Ζιιά «Ζλάγθεο¬ πνπ κΖο επηβάιινληΖη σο ηέηνηεο. ΓηΖ όιΖ ηΖ πΖξΖπάλσ λΖ γίλνπλ ζπδεηήζεηο, λΖ δνζεί ζρεηηθή ΖξζξνγξΖθίΖ, θ.ιπ.
6. ΠξνγξΧκκΧĲηıĲηθά πİξηβάιινλĲΧ  Ση είλΖη  Ο θύθινο Ζλάπηπμεο πξνγξάκκΖηνο	λΖ κπνξνύλ λΖ ΖλΖθέξνπλ θΖη λΖ πεξηγξάθνπλ ηΖ ρΖξΖθηεξηζηηθά θΖη ηηο δπλΖηόηεηεο ησλ ζύγρξνλσλ πξνγξΖκκΖηηζηηθώλ	Με πνιιά πΖξΖδείγκΖηΖ, λΖ βνεζεζνύλ νη κΖζεηέο λΖ θΖηΖιάβνπλ ηΖ ρΖξΖθηεξηζηηθά, ηΖ πιενλεθηήκΖηΖ , ηΖ κεηνλεθηήκΖηΖ, ηνπο ηνκείο

Πξόγξơκκơ Σπνπįώλ Πιεξνĳνξηθήο Εληơίνπ Λπθİίνπ

 Γιώζζεο πξνγξΖκκΖηηζκνύ (γιώζζΖ κερΖλήο, assembly, γιώζζεο πςεινύ επηπέδνπ)  Γνκεκέλνο, ΣκεκΖηηθόο, ΑληηθεηκελνζηξΖθήο, ΢πλΖξηεζηΖθόο θΖη Λνγηθόο πξνγξΖκκΖηηζκόο  ΢ύγρξνλΖ εξγΖιείΖ Ζλάπηπμεο πξνγξΖκκάησλ (Γελλήηξηεο εθΖξκνγώλ, Macros, Rapid Application Development θ.ιπ.)  ΔξγΖιείΖ Ζλάπηπμεο ηζηνζειίδσλ	εξγΖιείσλ λΖ κπνξνύλ λΖ επηιύνπλ Ζπιά πξνβιήκΖηΖ κε ρξήζε πξνγξΖκκΖηηζηηθώλ εξγΖιείσλ.	εθΖξκνγήο θ.ιπ. ησλ δηΖθόξσλ γισζζώλ πξνγξΖκκΖηηζκνύ, ησλ πξνγξΖκκΖηηζηηθώλ ηερληθώλ, ησλ πξνγξΖκκΖηηζηηθώλ εξγΖιείσλ θ.ιπ.. Οη ΖλΖθνξέο ζηηο ηερληθέο ηνπ ζπλΖξηεζηΖθνύ θΖη ινγηθνύ πξνγξΖκκΖηηζκνύ λΖ είλΖη ζύληνκεο. Πξέπεη λΖ έρνπλ Ζπνθιεηζηηθό ζηόρν, λΖ Ζπνθηήζνπλ νη κΖζεηέο ζπλνιηθή εηθόλΖ ησλ πξνηύπσλ ζθέςεο ζηνλ πξνγξΖκκΖηηζκό. Οη ΖλΖθνξέο ζηΖ εξγΖιείΖ Ζλάπηπμεο ηζηνζειίδσλ (html, scripting languages, θιπ.) λΖ είλΖη ζύληνκεο θΖη ζε πεξηγξΖθηθό επίπεδν. ΔθΖξκνγέο θΖη πξΖθηηθή άζθεζε ζΖ γίλνπλ ζην πιΖίζην ησλ δξΖζηεξηνηήησλ ηεο ΔλόĲεĲΧο 2.
7. ΠιεξνĳνξηΧθά ΢πıĲήκΧĲΧ (Π.΢.)  Ση είλΖη Π.΢.  ΠΖξΖδείγκΖηΖ Π.΢.  ΣΖ βΖζηθά ζηνηρείΖ ελόο Π.΢.  Ο θύθινο Ζλάπηπμεο ελόο Π.΢. • ΠξνθΖηΖξθηηθή θάζε (θύζε, ζθνπόο, Ζληηθείκελν) • Αλάιπζε • ΢ρεδίΖζε • ΔθΖξκνγή (εγθΖηάζηΖζε, εθπΖίδεπζε, έιεγρνο, Ζμηνιόγεζε, ζπληήξεζε, ππνζηήξημε)	λΖ κπνξνύλ λΖ πεξηγξάθνπλ ηελ έλλνηΖ, ην ζθνπό θΖη ηΖ ζηάδηΖ Ζλάπηπμεο ελόο πιεξνθνξηΖθνύ ζπζηήκΖηνο.	ΌιΖ ηΖ ζέκΖηΖ θΖη νη έλλνηεο λΖ πΖξνπζηΖζζνύλ πεξηγξΖθηθά κε πνιιά πΖξΖδείγκΖηΖ θΖη ρσξίο πεξηηηέο ιεπηνκέξεηεο. ΝΖ γίλεη επΖλάιεςε ζηηο έλλνηεο, δεδνκέλΖ, πιεξνθνξίεο, θύθινο επεμεξγΖζίΖο δεδνκέλσλ. ΝΖ δνζνύλ πΖξΖδείγκΖηΖ Π.΢. θΖη λΖ γίλεη ζύλδεζε κε ηΖ πξνεγνύκελΖ ζέκΖηΖ ηεο ελόηεηΖο (ηη πιηθό, ηη ιεηηνπξγηθό ζύζηεκΖ, ηη ινγηζκηθό εθΖξκνγώλ ΖπΖηηείηΖη γηΖ ζπγθεθξηκέλν Π΢).

Πξόγξơκκơ Σπνπįώλ Πιεξνĳνξηθήο Εληơίνπ Λπθİίνπ

2 ΔλόĲεĲΧ: Γηİξİπλώ -Γεκηνπξγώ -ΑλΧθΧιύπĲω

Ο Γενικός ζκοπός Ĳεο İλόĲεĲơο ơπĲήο İίλơη, λơ İκπιơθνύλ νη κơζεĲέο ζε ποικίλες, πιο

ζύνθεηες και ολοκληρωμένες δραζηηριόηηηες ώıĲİ λơ ơπνθĲήıνπλ İκπİηξίİο νη

νπνίİο:

 Δηİπθνιύλνπλ Ĳελ ơλάπĲπμε Ĳεο ηθơλόĲεĲơο Ĳνπ κơζεĲή λơ įεκηνπξγİί.

 Ελİξγνπνηνύλ įηάĳνξơ κơζεıηơθά κνλĲέιơ, κέıơ ơπό πνηθίιİο įηįơθĲηθέο ıĲξơĲεγηθέο θơη κİ Ĳε ρξήıε πνιιơπιώλ κέıσλ.

 Υπνγξơκκίδνπλ Ĳν ıπκκİĲνρηθό-ıπλİξγơĲηθό ρơξơθĲήξơ Ĳεο κάζεıεο.

 Αμηνπνηνύλ Ĳηο ππνινγηıĲηθέο θơη įηθĲπơθέο Ĳİρλνινγίİο σο İξγơιİίν κάζεıεο θơη ıθέςεο.

 Επλννύλ Ĳελ ơλάπĲπμε įİμηνĲήĲσλ κνλĲİινπνίεıεο θơη Ĳİρληθώλ İπίιπıεο πξνβιεκάĲσλ.

 Πơξέρνπλ İπρέξİηơ ıĲε ρξήıε ıπκβνιηθώλ κέıσλ έθĳξơıεο θơη įηİξİύλεıεο.

 Ελζơξξύλνπλ Ĳελ ơλơιπĲηθή θơη Ĳε ıπλζİĲηθή ıθέςε.

 Κơιιηİξγνύλ įηơρξνληθέο įİμηόĲεĲİο ıĲε ρξήıε ινγηıκηθνύ.

 ΛİηĲνπξγνύλ κέıơ ıİ θιίκơ ơκνηβơίνπ ıİβơıκνύ.

 Δίλνπλ κηơ ıπλνιηθή İηθόλơ Ĳεο πιεξνĳνξηθήο θơη ơπνθơιύπĲνπλ Ĳηο ıρέıİηο κİĲơμύ

Ĳσλ İπηκέξνπο İĳơξκνγώλ, İξγơιİίσλ, θ.ιπ.

ΔΝΟΣΗΣΑ Γηİξİπλώ -Γεκηνπξγώ -ΑλΧθΧιύπĲω

ΠİξηİρόκİλΧ	΢Ĳόρνη Οη κΧζεĲέο πξέπİη	Οįεγίİο -ΠΧξΧĲεξήıİηο
1. ΢πλζİĲηθέο İξγΧıίİο Γεκηνπξγηθέο δξΖζηεξηόηεηεο κε ρξήζε  πΖθέησλ ινγηζκηθνύ  πξνγξΖκκΖηηζηηθώλ εξγΖιείσλ  ππεξεζηώλ ηνπ Internet  εθπΖηδεπηηθνύ ινγηζκηθνύ	λΖ δξΖζηεξηνπνηνύληΖη θΖη λΖ δεκηνπξγνύλ ώζηε λΖ ΖλΖθΖιύπηνπλ θΖη λΖ ρΖίξνληΖη ηε γλώζε.	΢ην πιΖίζην εξγΖζηώλ πνπ ζΖ δνζνύλ, νη κΖζεηέο πξέπεη λΖ ρξεζηκνπνηήζνπλ 1. ΠξνγξΖκκΖηηζηηθά εξγΖιείΖ 2. ΠΖθέηΖ ινγηζκηθνύ. ΢ε όηη Ζθνξά ζηΖ πξνγξΖκκΖηηζηηθά εξγΖιείΖ, ζΖ πξέπεη ηνπιάρηζηνλ, λΖ ρξεζηκνπνηήζνπλ κηΖ γιώζζΖ πξνγξΖκκΖηηζκνύ γηΖ ηελ επίιπζε πξνβιεκάησλ πνπ ζΖ ηνπο δνζνύλ. Η επίιπζε ελόο ηέηνηνπ πξνβιήκΖηνο ζπλίζηΖηΖη: ζηε δηΖηύπσζε ηνπ, ζηε κνληεινπνίεζή ηνπ, ζηελ Ζλάπηπμε ηνπ Ζιγνξίζκνπ επίιπζήο ηνπ, ζην ινγηθό ηνπ δηάγξΖκκΖ, ζηνλ πξνγξΖκκΖηηζκό θΖη ζηελ Ζμηνιόγεζε ησλ Ζπνηειεζκάησλ. Η δεκηνπξγίΖ πξνγξΖκκάησλ

Πξόγξơκκơ Σπνπįώλ Πιεξνĳνξηθήο Εληơίνπ Λπθİίνπ

κπνξεί λΖ Ζθνινπζεί δύν πξνγξΖκκΖηηζηηθέο πξνζεγγίζεηο: Ζ. νξηζκόο πξνγξάκκΖηνο Ζπό ζύλζεζε άιισλ (bottom -up πξνγξΖκκΖηηζκόο) β. Ζληηκεηώπηζε ζύλζεησλ πξνβιεκάησλ ΖλΖιύνληάο ηΖ ζε ΖπινύζηεξΖ (top -down πξνγξΖκκΖηηζκόο).

΢ε όηη Ζθνξά ζηΖ πΖθέηΖ ινγηζκηθνύ ζΖ ρξεζηκνπνηνύλ Ζπό Ζπηά πνπ ππάξρνπλ ζην ζρνιηθό εξγΖζηήξην. Δλδεηθηηθά ΖλΖθέξνπκε κεξηθά πΖξΖδείγκΖηΖ εξγΖζηώλ:  Υξήζε ΢πζηεκάησλ

ΓηΖρείξηζεο Βάζεο Γεδνκέλσλ, γηΖ: δηΖρείξηζε κΖζεηνινγίνπ, δηζθνζήθεο, Ζπνζήθεο π.ρ. Super Market, πεξηνδηθνύ ζπζηήκΖηνο ζηνηρείσλ, ιεμηθώλ, βηβιηνζήθεο, πιεξνθνξηώλ γηΖ ηζηνξηθά γεγνλόηΖ, γηΖ γεσγξΖθηθά ζηνηρείΖ θ.ι.π.  Υξήζε Λνγηζηηθνύ Εύιινπ γηΖ: νηθνλνκηθή δηΖρείξηζε εζόδσλ – εμόδσλ (ζρνιείνπ, ζπηηηνύ, επηρείξεζεο), ινγΖξηΖζκνύο θνηλνρξήζησλ, ππνινγηζκό θνξνινγηθήο δήισζεο, κειέηε ΜΖζεκΖηηθώλ θΖη Επζηθώλ κνληέισλ θ.ιπ.

 Υξήζε εθΖξκνγώλ επεμεξγΖζίΖο εηθόλΖο γηΖ δεκηνπξγίΖ:

Ζθηζώλ γηΖ πνιηηηζηηθέο εθδειώζεηο, πηλΖθίδσλ, εμώθπιισλ θ.ιπ.

 Υξήζε ηνπ δηΖδηθηύνπ γηΖ ΖλΖδήηεζε πιεξνθνξηώλ θΖη επηθνηλσλίΖ , ζην πιΖίζην ıπγθİθξηκέλωλ İξγΧıηώλ.

 ΠεηξΖκΖηηζκόο κε εθπΖηδεπηηθό ινγηζκηθό.

Πξόγξơκκơ Σπνπįώλ Πιεξνĳνξηθήο Εληơίνπ Λπθİίνπ

3ΔλόĲεĲΧ: Πιεξνĳνξηθή θΧη ΢ύγρξνλνο Κόıκνο

Ο Γενικός ζκοπός Ĳεο İλόĲεĲơο ơπĲήο İίλơη, λơ πξνβιεκơĲηıζνύλ νη κơζεĲέο γηơ Ĳηο İπηįξάıİηο (ζİĲηθέο θơη ơξλεĲηθέο) Ĳεο πιεξνĳνξηθήο ıĲνπο įηάĳνξνπο Ĳνκİίο Ĳεο ơλζξώπηλεο įξơıĲεξηόĲεĲơο ώıĲİ λơ İίλơη ηθơλνί λơ Ĳηο ơλơγλσξίδνπλ θơη λơ Ĳηο ơμηνινγνύλ.

Δηįηθνί ıθνπνί

Οη κΖζεηέο πξέπεη:  λΖ επΖηζζεηνπνηεζνύλ ζηΖ πνιηηηζκηθά, λνκηθά θΖη εζηθά δεηήκΖηΖ πνπ ηίζεληΖη Ζπό ηελ εηζΖγσγή ησλ ηερλνινγηώλ ζηελ θΖζεκεξηλή δσή

 λΖ Ζληηιεθζνύλ όηη νη ζεηηθέο ή Ζξλεηηθέο επηπηώζεηο πνπ πξνθΖινύλ νη ππνινγηζηηθέο θΖη δηθηπΖθέο ηερλνινγίεο, εμΖξηώληΖη θπξίσο Ζπό ηνλ ηξόπν πνπ ηηο ρξεζηκνπνηνύκε

 λΖ ελεκεξσζνύλ γηΖ ηνπο λένπο επηζηεκνληθνύο θΖη ηερλνινγηθνύο ηνκείο, ζπνπδέο, θΖη επΖγγέικΖηΖ πνπ δεκηνπξγνύληΖη Ζπό ηε ξΖγδΖίΖ εμέιημε ησλ ππνινγηζηηθώλ θΖη δηθηπΖθώλ ηερλνινγηώλ

ΔΝΟΣΗΣΑ Πιεξνĳνξηθή θΧη ΢ύγρξνλνο Κόıκνο

ΠİξηİρόκİλΧ	΢Ĳόρνη Οη κΧζεĲέο πξέπİη	Οįεγίİο -ΠΧξΧĲεξήıİηο
1. ΌιΧ Χιιάδνπλ...  Οη επηπηώζεηο ... ζηελ θΖζεκεξηλή δσή ζηελ εξγΖζίΖ ζηνλ Πνιηηηζκό ζηελ θνηλσλίΖ νιόθιεξε  Αλνηρηά ζέκΖηΖ.... λνκηθά, εζηθά, ην ηδησηηθό Ζπόξξεην, ηΖ ΖδηθήκΖηΖ ζην δηΖδίθηπν, ε ΖμηνπηζηίΖ ησλ πιεξνθνξηώλ, νη θίλδπλνη εζηζκνύ θΖη εμάξηεζεο, θ.ιπ.  Νένη επηζηεκνληθνί θΖη ηερλνινγηθνί θιάδνηζπνπδέο  ΝέΖ επΖγγέικΖηΖ	λΖ γλσξίζνπλ ηηο λέεο επΖγγεικΖηηθέο πξννπηηθέο πνπ δεκηνπξγνύληΖη Ζπό ηε ξΖγδΖίΖ εμέιημε ησλ ππνινγηζηηθώλ θΖη δηθηπΖθώλ ηερλνινγηώλ λΖ κάζνπλ λΖ θάλνπλ νξζνινγηθή ρξήζε ησλ λέσλ ηερλνινγηώλ θΖη λΖ κελ δέρνληΖη άθξηηΖ ηΖ πξόηππΖ θΖη ηηο ζπλήζεηεο πνπ επηβάιινπλ νη ηερλνινγηθέο εμειίμεηο.	΢πδήηεζε κε ηνπο κΖζεηέο κε πνιιά πΖξΖδείγκΖηΖ θΖη πΖξνπζίΖζε πεξηπηώζεσλ. ΝΖ δνζεί ζρεηηθή βηβιηνγξΖθίΖ (άξζξΖ, βηβιίΖ, πεξηνδηθά, ζρεηηθά URL θ.ιπ.). ΝΖ ΖλΖηεζνύλ ζρεηηθέο εξγΖζίεο όπσο:  ζπγθέληξσζε ΖξζξνγξΖθίΖο Ζπό πεξηνδηθά, εθεκεξίδεο, Ζπό ην Internet θ.ιπ.  ζπλέληεπμε Ζπό εηδηθνύο θΖη ζρνιηΖζκόο ηεο  ΝΖ νξγΖλσζνύλ εθδειώζεηο επΖηζζεηνπνίεζεο ζηηο Νέεο Σερλνινγίεο κε νκηιεηέο Ζμηόινγνπο επηζηήκνλεο, δεκνζηνγξάθνπο θ.ιπ.

Πξόγξơκκơ Σπνπįώλ Πιεξνĳνξηθήο Εληơίνπ Λπθİίνπ

Β΄ ΣΑΞΗ

1ε ΔλόĲεĲΧ: Ο Κόıκνο Ĳεο Πιεξνĳνξηθήο

Ο Γενικός ζκοπός Ĳεο İλόĲεĲơο ơπĲήο İίλơη, νη κơζεĲέο λơ γλσξίıνπλ Ĳηο İĳơξκνγέο Ĳεο πιεξνĳνξηθήο ıĲνπο įηάĳνξνπο (İπηκέξνπο) İπηıĲεκνληθνύο, Ĳİρλνινγηθνύο θơη İπơγγİικơĲηθνύο Ĳνκİίο θơη θơĲİπζύλıİηο θơη λơ İμνηθİησζνύλ πİξηııόĲİξν κİ Ĳηο İĳơξκνγέο θơη Ĳελ Ĳİρλνινγίơ Ĳσλ πνιπκέıσλ θơη Ĳσλ įηθĲύσλ ππνινγηıĲώλ.

Δηįηθνί ıθνπνί

Οη κΖζεηέο πξέπεη:  λΖ δηΖκνξθώζνπλ επΖξθή εηθόλΖ γηΖ ηηο δπλΖηόηεηεο θΖη ηΖ κέζΖ πνπ πξνζθέξεη ε πιεξνθνξηθή ζηελ θΖηεύζπλζε -θιάδν πνπ επέιεμΖλ γηΖ λΖ ζπνπδάζνπλ  λΖ εμνηθεησζνύλ κε ηελ ηερλνινγίΖ ησλ πνιπκέζσλ ώζηε λΖ κπνξνύλ λΖ Ζμηνπνηνύλ ηηο δπλΖηόηεηεο πνπ πξνζθέξεη θΖη λΖ ΖλΖπηύζζνπλ Ζπιέο εθΖξκνγέο  λΖ εμνηθεησζνύλ κε ηελ ηερλνινγίΖ ησλ δηθηύσλ θΖη δηΖδηθηύσλ ππνινγηζηώλ ώζηε λΖ κπνξνύλ λΖ Ζμηνπνηνύλ ηηο δπλΖηόηεηεο πνπ πξνζθέξνπλ.

ΔΝΟΣΗΣΑ Ο Κόıκνο Ĳεο Πιεξνĳνξηθήο

ΠİξηİρόκİλΧ	΢Ĳόρνη Ο κΧζεĲέο πξέπİη	Οįεγίİο -ΠΧξΧĲεξήıİηο
1. ΔıĲηΧıκέλε İπηıθόπεıε Ĳωλ İĳΧξκνγώλ Ĳεο Πιεξνĳνξηθήο  Οη εθΖξκνγέο ηεο Πιεξνθνξηθήο  ΢ηηο ζεσξεηηθέο θΖη Ζλζξσπηζηηθέο επηζηήκεο  ΢ηηο ζεηηθέο επηζηήκεο  ΢ηηο ηερλνινγηθέο εηδηθόηεηεο  Οη δπλΖηόηεηεο πνπ πξνζθέξνπλ νη ππνινγηζηηθέο θΖη δηθηπΖθέο ηερλνινγίεο γηΖ επηκόξθσζε, εθπΖίδεπζε θΖη θΖηάξηηζε ơπό ơπόıĲơıε.	λΖ κπνξνύλ λΖ δηΖθξίλνπλ ηηο εθΖξκνγέο ηεο πιεξνθνξηθήο ζηνπο δηάθνξνπο (επηκέξνπο) επηζηεκνληθνύο, ηερλνινγηθνύο θΖη επΖγγεικΖηηθνύο ηνκείο θΖη θΖηεπζύλζεηο λΖ δηΖκνξθώζνπλ επΖξθή εηθόλΖ γηΖ ηηο δπλΖηόηεηεο θΖη ηΖ κέζΖ πνπ πξνζθέξεη ε πιεξνθνξηθή ζηελ θΖηεύζπλζε -θιάδν πνπ επέιεμΖλ γηΖ λΖ ζπνπδάζνπλ.	ΝΖ δνζνύλ πνιιά πΖξΖδείγκΖηΖ εθΖξκνγώλ ηεο πιεξνθνξηθήο ζηνπο δηάθνξνπο επηζηεκνληθνύο θΖη ηερλνινγηθνύο ηνκείο όπσο: ΔπεμεξγΖζίΖ Επζηθήο ΓιώζζΖο (Natural Language Processing) Τπνινγηζηηθή ΓισζζνινγίΖ (Computational Linguistics) Πξνζνκνίσζε εξγΖζηεξίσλ ΜΖζεκΖηηθά πΖθέηΖ ΢ηΖηηζηηθά πΖθέηΖ ΢ρεδίΖζε κε ρξήζε ππνινγηζηή (Computer Aided Design/ Computer Aided Manufacturing), ζηελ Ζξρηηεθηνληθή, ζηΖ δνκηθά έξγΖ, ζηε δηΖθόζκεζε, ζηελ ΖπηνθηλεηνβηνκερΖλίΖ, ζηε βηνκερΖλίΖ γεληθά θ.ιπ. ΢ρεδίΖζε γξΖκκώλ πΖξΖγσγήο κε ρξήζε ππνινγηζηή (Computer Integrated Manufacturing) ΝΖ γίλνπλ ζπδεηήζεηο θΖη λΖ ηεζνύλ εξσηήκΖηΖ

Πξόγξơκκơ Σπνπįώλ Πιεξνĳνξηθήο Εληơίνπ Λπθİίνπ

		όπσο, ε ρξήζε ηεο πιεξνθνξηθήο: νįεγİί ıİ πνηνĲηθή βİιĲίσıε; πξνıĳέξİη λέİο įπλơĲόĲεĲİο; įεκηνπξγİί λέơ πξνβιήκơĲơ; λέİο ơλάγθİο; θ.ιπ. ΝΖ δνζνύλ ζρεηηθέο εξγΖζίεο. Όπνπ είλΖη δπλΖηό λΖ πΖξνπζηΖζζνύλ Ζληίζηνηρεο εθΖξκνγέο
2. ΠνιπκέıΧ  Ση είλΖη  ΣΖ βΖζηθά ρΖξΖθηεξηζηηθά ηνπο  ΤπεξθείκελΖ  ΤπεξκέζΖ  ΔθΖξκνγέο πνιπκέζσλ  Δμνπιηζκόο πνιπκέζσλ  ΔπεμεξγΖζίΖ ζήκΖηνο (εηθόλΖο, ήρνπ, video)  ΔξγΖιείΖ Ζλάπηπμεο εθΖξκνγώλ πνιπκέζσλ (authoring tools)	λΖ κπνξνύλ λΖ ΖλΖπηύμνπλ κηΖ Ζπιή εθΖξκνγή πνιπκέζσλ.	Η πΖξνπζίΖζε ησλ ελλνηώλ λΖ γίλεη κε επίδεημε δηΖθόξσλ έηνηκσλ εθΖξκνγώλ. ΝΖ ρξεζηκνπνηεζεί εθπΖηδεπηηθό ινγηζκηθό. ΝΖ ΖλΖπηπρζεί εθΖξκνγή ζην πιΖίζην ησλ δξΖζηεξηνηήησλ ηεο ΔλόĲεĲΧο 2.
3. Δπηθνηλωλίİο θΧη ΓίθĲπΧ  Σξόπνη ειεθηξνληθήο επηθνηλσλίΖο  Σνπηθά δίθηπΖ (LAN)  ΓίθηπΖ επξείΖο πεξηνρήο (WAN)  Σνπνινγίεο θΖη θπζηθή δηΖζύλδεζε  ΦεθηΖθό θΖη ΖλΖινγηθό ζήκΖ  Μεηάδνζε ζήκΖηνο  ΠξσηόθνιιΖ επηθνηλσλίΖο  Αξρηηεθηνληθή client -server  Internet θΖη Intranets	λΖ κπνξνύλ λΖ ΖλΖθέξνπλ δηάθνξνπο, ζύγρξνλνπο, ηξόπνπο επηθνηλσλίΖο θΖη λΖ πεξηγξάθνπλ ηΖ ρΖξΖθηεξηζηηθά ηνπο λΖ κπνξνύλ λΖ εμεγνύλ θΖη λΖ πεξηγξάθνπλ βΖζηθέο έλλνηεο θΖη όξνπο ηεο ζύγρξνλεο δηθηπΖθήο ΣερλνινγίΖο λΖ κπνξνύλ λΖ Ζμηνπνηνύλ ηηο δπλΖηόηεηεο πνπ πξνζθέξεη ην Internet.	ΝΖ πΖξνπζηΖζζνύλ νη ζύγρξνλνη ηξόπνη ειεθηξνληθήο επηθνηλσλίΖο (Ηιεθηξνληθό ηΖρπδξνκείν, FAX, Σειεδηάζθεςε, Online ππεξεζίεο, Electronic Data Interchange, Global Positioning Systems, Bulletin Board Systems, Internet θ.ιπ.) θΖη ηΖ βΖζηθά ρΖξΖθηεξηζηηθά ηνπο. Η πΖξνπζίΖζε ησλ δηΖθόξσλ ελλνηώλ θΖη όξσλ πνπ Ζθνξνύλ ζηελ δηθηπΖθή ηερλνινγίΖ πξέπεη λΖ ζηνρεύεη κόλν ζηελ απομσθοποίηζη Ĳεο κİĲơĳνξάο-κİĲάįνıεο Ĳσλ πιεξνĳνξηώλ θΖη όρη ζηελ Ζπόθηεζε εμεηδηθεπκέλσλ ηερληθώλ γλώζεσλ.

Πξόγξơκκơ Σπνπįώλ Πιεξνĳνξηθήο Εληơίνπ Λπθİίνπ

2 ΔλόĲεĲΧ: Γηİξİπλώ -Γεκηνπξγώ -ΑλΧθΧιύπĲω

Ο Γενικός ζκοπός Ĳεο İλόĲεĲơο ơπĲήο İίλơη, λơ İκπιơθνύλ νη κơζεĲέο ζε ποικίλες, πιο

ζύνθεηες και ολοκληρωμένες δραζηηριόηηηες ώıĲİ λơ ơπνθĲήıνπλ İκπİηξίİο νη

νπνίİο:

 Δηİπθνιύλνπλ Ĳελ ơλάπĲπμε Ĳεο ηθơλόĲεĲơο Ĳνπ κơζεĲή λơ įεκηνπξγİί.

 Υπνγξơκκίδνπλ Ĳν ıπκκİĲνρηθό-ıπλİξγơĲηθό ρơξơθĲήξơ Ĳεο κάζεıεο.

 Αμηνπνηνύλ Ĳηο ππνινγηıĲηθέο θơη įηθĲπơθέο Ĳİρλνινγίİο σο İξγơιİίν κάζεıεο θơη ıθέςεο.

 Επλννύλ Ĳελ ơλάπĲπμε įİμηνĲήĲσλ κνλĲİινπνίεıεο θơη Ĳİρληθώλ İπίιπıεο πξνβιεκάĲσλ.

 Πơξέρνπλ İπρέξİηơ ıĲε ρξήıε ıπκβνιηθώλ κέıσλ έθĳξơıεο θơη įηİξİύλεıεο.

 Ελζơξξύλνπλ Ĳελ ơλơιπĲηθή θơη Ĳε ıπλζİĲηθή ıθέςε.

 Κơιιηİξγνύλ įηơρξνληθέο įİμηόĲεĲİο ıĲε ρξήıε ινγηıκηθνύ.

 ΛİηĲνπξγνύλ κέıơ ıİ θιίκơ ơκνηβơίνπ ıİβơıκνύ.

 Δίλνπλ κηơ ıπλνιηθή İηθόλơ Ĳεο πιεξνĳνξηθήο θơη ơπνθơιύπĲνπλ Ĳηο ıρέıİηο κİĲơμύ

Ĳσλ İπηκέξνπο İĳơξκνγώλ, İξγơιİίσλ, θ.ιπ.

ΔΝΟΣΗΣΑ Γηİξİπλώ -Γεκηνπξγώ -ΑλΧθΧιύπĲω

ΠİξηİρόκİλΧ	΢Ĳόρνη Οη κΧζεĲέο πξέπİη	Οįεγίİο -ΠΧξΧĲεξήıİηο
1. ΢πλζİĲηθέο İξγΧıίİο Γεκηνπξγηθέο δξΖζηεξηόηεηεο κε ρξήζε  πξνγξΖκκΖηηζηηθώλ εξγΖιείσλ  πΖθέησλ ινγηζκηθνύ  ππεξεζηώλ ηνπ Inetrnet  ηεο ηερλνινγίΖο ησλ πνιπκέζσλ  εθπΖηδεπηηθνύ ινγηζκηθνύ	λΖ δξΖζηεξηνπνηνύληΖη θΖη λΖ δεκηνπξγνύλ ώζηε λΖ ΖλΖθΖιύπηνπλ θΖη λΖ ρΖίξνληΖη ηε γλώζε.	ΝΖ δνζνύλ πνιιέο εξγΖζίεο ζηηο νπνίεο νη κΖζεηέο ζΖ ρξεζηκνπνηνύλ ηΖ εξγΖιείΖ πνπ ππάξρνπλ ζην ζρνιηθό εξγΖζηήξην. ΝΖ δνζεί ηδηΖίηεξε έκθΖζε  ΢ηε ρξήζε ππεξεζηώλ ηνπ Internet (κεηΖθνξά Ζξρείσλ, ΖλΖδήηεζε πιεξνθνξηώλ, ζπκκεηνρή ζε ζπδεηήζεηο, θ.ιπ.)  ΢ηελ θΖηΖζθεπή ηζηνζειίδσλ κε ρξήζε θΖηάιιεινπ ινγηζκηθνύ πνπ είλΖη δηΖζέζηκν ζην εξγΖζηήξην (π.ρ. HTML, Java scripts, VRML θ.ιπ. )  ΢ηελ Ζλάπηπμε Ζπιώλ εθΖξκνγώλ πνιπκέζσλ  ΢ηνλ πεηξΖκΖηηζκό κε εθπΖηδεπηηθό ινγηζκηθό

Πξόγξơκκơ Σπνπįώλ Πιεξνĳνξηθήο Εληơίνπ Λπθİίνπ

3ΔλόĲεĲΧ: Πιεξνĳνξηθή θΧη ΢ύγρξνλνο Κόıκνο

Ο Γενικός ζκοπός Ĳεο İλόĲεĲơο ơπĲήο İίλơη, νη κơζεĲέο λơ πξνβιεκơĲηıζνύλ ıĲηο įηơĳơηλόκİλİο Ĳİρλνινγηθέο İμİιίμİηο θơη λơ İλεκİξσζνύλ γηơ Ĳηο ơιιơγέο πνπ πξνθơινύλĲơη ıĲνπο įηάĳνξνπο İπηıĲεκνληθνύο θơη Ĳİρλνινγηθνύο Ĳνκİίο, ıĲηο ıπνπįέο, ıĲơ İπơγγέικơĲơ θơη ıĲνλ θόıκν Ĳεο İξγơıίơο γİληθόĲİξơ.

Δηįηθνί ıθνπνί

Οη κΖζεηέο πξέπεη:  λΖ πξνβιεκΖηηζζνύλ γηΖ ηΖ όξηΖ ησλ δπλΖηνηήησλ ησλ ππνινγηζηηθώλ θΖη δηθηπΖθώλ ηερλνινγηώλ

 λΖ πξνβιεκΖηηζζνύλ γηΖ ηηο ΖιιΖγέο πνπ επηθέξεη ε πιεξνθνξηθή ζηνπο δηάθνξνπο ηνκείο ηεο Ζλζξώπηλεο δξΖζηεξηόηεηΖο θΖη λΖ είλΖη ηθΖλνί λΖ ηηο Ζμηνινγήζνπλ.

ΔΝΟΣΗΣΑ Πιεξνĳνξηθή θΧη ΢ύγρξνλνο Κόıκνο

ΠİξηİρόκİλΧ	΢Ĳόρνη Οη κΧζεĲέο πξέπİη	Οįεγίİο -ΠΧξΧĲεξήıİηο
1. Σν κέιινλ...  Οη ηξέρνπζεο θΖη νη δηΖθΖηλόκελεο ηερλνινγηθέο εμειίμεηο  Οη ΖιιΖγέο, ζηελ θΖζεκεξηλή δσή, ζηνλ πνιηηηζκό	λΖ κπνξνύλ λΖ θξίλνπλ ηηο επηπηώζεηο ηεο πιεξνθνξηθήο λΖ Ζληηιεθζνύλ όηη πξέπεη λΖ ελεκεξώλνληΖη ζπλερώο.	΢πδήηεζε κε ηνπο κΖζεηέο γηΖ επίθΖηξεο-πξόζθΖηεο εμειίμεηο ηεο ηερλνινγίΖο. ΝΖ πξνγξΖκκΖηηζζνύλ δξΖζηεξηόηεηεο εθηόο ζρνιείνπ κε επηζθέςεηο ζε ρώξνπο ηερλνινγηθήο Ζηρκήο (πΖλεπηζηήκηΖ, εξεπλεηηθά ηδξύκΖηΖ, επηρεηξήζεηο πιεξνθνξηθήο, θιπ.) ΝΖ ΖλΖηεζνύλ ζρεηηθέο εξγΖζίεο όπσο:  ζπγθέληξσζε ΖξζξνγξΖθίΖο Ζπό πεξηνδηθά, εθεκεξίδεο, Ζπό ην Internet θ.ιπ. γηΖ επίθΖηξεο ηερλνινγηθέο εμειίμεηο  ζπλέληεπμε Ζπό εηδηθνύο θΖη ζρνιηΖζκόο ηεο.

Πξόγξơκκơ Σπνπįώλ Πιεξνĳνξηθήο Εληơίνπ Λπθİίνπ

ΤΠΟΤΡΓΔΙΟ ΔΔΝΙΚΗ΢ ΠΑΙΓΔΙΑ΢ ΚΑΙ ΔΡΗ΢ΚΔΤΜΑΣΩΝ

ΠΑΙΓΑΓΩΓΙΚΟ ΙΝ΢ΣΙΣΟΤΣΟ

ΔΦΑΡΜΟΓΔ΢ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΚΗ΢/ΤΠΟΛΟΓΙ΢ΣΩΝ ΔΝΙΑΙΟΤ ΛΤΚΔΙΟΤ

ΟΓΗΓΙΔ΢ ΓΙΓΑ΢ΚΑΛΙΑ΢

΢ΔΠΣΔΜΒΡΙΟ΢ 1999

ΠΑΙΓΑΓΩΓΙΚΟ ΙΝΣΤΙΤΟΥΤΟ

Οδηγίερ για ηη διδαζκαλία ηων μαθημάηων Εθαπμογέρ Πληποθοπικήρ ηηρ Α΄ Τάξηρ και Εθαπμογέρ Υπολογιζηών ηων Τάξεων Β΄ και Γ΄ ηος Ενιαίος Λςκείος

1. Γİνικέρ οįηγίİρ

Γεληθέο νδεγίεο θΖη δηεπθξηλίζεηο γηΖ ηΖ κΖζήκΖηΖ Πιεξνθνξηθήο ηνπ ΓπκλΖζίνπ θΖη ηνπ ΔληΖίνπ Λπθείνπ πεξηέρνληΖη ζηελ Γ2/4243/22-9-99 εγθύθιην ηεο Γ/λζεο ΢πνπδώλ Γ/ζκηΖο ΔθπΖίδεπζεο ηνπ ΤΠΔΠΔ.

2. ΓιįΧκĲικέρ οįηγίİρ

Οδεγό γηΖ ηνλ ηξόπν δηδΖζθΖιίΖο ησλ κΖζεκάησλ Ζπνηειεί ην ΠξόγξΖκκΖ ΢πνπδώλ

θΖη ην ΔληΖίν ΠιΖίζην ΠξνγξάκκΖηνο ΢πνπδώλ Πιεξνθνξηθήο. Ο γεληθόο ζθνπόο, νη άμνλεο πινπνίεζήο θΖη ν βΖζηθόο ππξήλΖο γλώζεσλ θΖη δεμηνηήησλ πνπ πξέπεη λΖ Ζπνθηεζνύλ δηΖηππώλνληΖη κε ζΖθήλεηΖ ζην Δ.Π.Π.΢., ελώ ν γεληθόο ζθνπόο, νη εηδηθνί ζθνπνί θΖη ην πεξηερόκελν θάζε ελόηεηΖο δηΖηππώλνληΖη κε ζΖθήλεηΖ ζην Π.΢. Δπίζεο, ζην Π.΢. δηΖηππώλνληΖη κε ελεξγεηηθά ξήκΖηΖ νη ζηόρνη θάζε επηκέξνπο ελόηεηΖο ηνπ πεξηερνκέλνπ, θΖζώο επίζεο θΖη νδεγίεο δηδΖζθΖιίΖο. Οη θΖζεγεηέο, ζπλεπώο, πνπ ζΖ δηδάμνπλ ηΖ κΖζήκΖηΖ ζΖ πξέπεη λΖ κειεηήζνπλ πνιύ πξνζεθηηθά ην Π.΢. θΖη ην Δ.Π.Π.΢ Πιεξνθνξηθήο, ώζηε λΖ θΖηΖλνήζνπλ ηνπο ζηόρνπο ησλ κΖζεκάησλ θΖη λΖ Ζπνθηήζνπλ ζπλνιηθή εηθόλΖ γηΖ ηελ ύιε πνπ πξνεγείηΖη, Ζιιά θΖη γηΖ Ζπηήλ πνπ Ζθνινπζεί.

ΙδηΖηηέξσο επηζεκΖίλνπκε ηΖ πΖξΖθάησ: Χ) Η ύιε δε ζΖ πξέπεη λΖ δηδάζθεηΖη γξΖκκηθά. ΢πληζηάηΖη νη κΖζεηέο λΖ εκπιΖθνύλ ζε δξΖζηεξηόηεηεο (ηεο δεύηεξεο ελόηεηΖο) Ζπό ηελ Ζξρή ηεο ζρνιηθήο ρξνληάο πΖξάιιειΖ κε ηε ζεσξεηηθή θΖηάξηηζή ηνπο.

β) ΢ηε δεύηεξε ελόηεηΖ, ε νπνίΖ Ζπνηειεί θΖη ην κεγΖιύηεξν κέξνο ηνπ Π.΢. (>50%), πΖξέρεηΖη ε δπλΖηόηεηΖ γηΖ δξΖζηεξηόηεηεο ειεύζεξεο επηινγήο νη νπνίεο δηεπθνιύλνπλ ηελ ελεξγεηηθή Ζπόθηεζε ηεο γλώζεο, ηελ Ζλάπηπμε ηθΖλνηήησλ κεζνδνινγηθνύ ρΖξΖθηήξΖ θΖη ηελ θΖιιηέξγεηΖ ειεύζεξεο ζθέςεο θΖη έθθξΖζεο. ΈκθΖζε δίλεηΖη ζηε κεζνδνινγίΖ επίιπζεο θΖη ζηε κνληεινπνίεζε πξνβιεκάησλ θΖη όρη ζηελ άζθεζε κε ζπγθεθξηκέλν ινγηζκηθό. ΣΖ κέζΖ-εξγΖιείΖ δελ είλΖη Ζπηνζθνπόο. Σν πξνηεηλόκελν ζηε ζηήιε «Οδηγίερ-Παπαηηπήζειρ¬ ηνπ Π.΢. ινγηζκηθό ΖλΖθέξεηΖη ελδεηθηηθά. Σν ινγηζκηθό πνπ ζΖ ρξεζηκνπνηεζεί ζΖ είλΖη ηεο επηινγήο ησλ κΖζεηώλ θΖη ηνπ θΖζεγεηή. Σν κάζεκΖ δελ είλΖη επηκνξθσηηθό ζεκηλάξην ζε ζπγθεθξηκέλν ινγηζκηθό. Οη κΖζεηέο πξέπεη λΖ βνεζεζνύλ λΖ ΖλΖθΖιύςνπλ ηηο ζρέζεηο κεηΖμύ ησλ επηκέξνπο εθΖξκνγώλ, εξγΖιείσλ θηι., ώζηε λΖ Ζπνθηήζνπλ δηΖρξνληθέο δεμηόηεηεο ζηε ρξήζε ινγηζκηθνύ θΖη ζπλνιηθή εηθόλΖ γηΖ ηελ πιεξνθνξηθή. ΣΖ πξνβιήκΖηΖ-εξγΖζίεο θΖη νη δξΖζηεξηόηεηεο πνπ ζΖ πξνηείλνληΖη πξέπεη:

Οδηγίερ διδαζκαλίαρ για ηα μαθήμαηα Δθαπμογέρ Πληποθοπικήρ και Δθαπμογέρ Υπολογιζηών

ΠΑΙΓΑΓΩΓΙΚΟ ΙΝΣΤΙΤΟΥΤΟ

λΖ είλΖη ζΖθώο νξηζκέλεο θΖη λΖ Ζληινύλ ηδέεο Ζπό πξΖγκΖηηθέο θΖηΖζηάζεηο θΖη Ζπό ηηο εκπεηξίεο θΖη ηΖ ελδηΖθέξνληΖ ησλ κΖζεηώλ
λΖ ζπλδένληΖη θΖη λΖ «δηΖπεξλνύλ¬ όιν ην ΠξόγξΖκκΖ ΢πνπδώλ (ΜΖζεκΖηηθά, Επζηθή, ΙζηνξίΖ, ΓιώζζΖ, ΓεσγξΖθίΖ, ΒηνινγίΖ, θηι.), ώζηε λΖ πξνσζνύλ ηελ Ζληίιεςε όηη ν ππνινγηζηήο δελ είλΖη Ζπηνζθνπόο Ζιιά εξγΖιείν
λΖ είλΖη δνκεκέλεο, ώζηε λΖ κπνξνύλ λΖ νινθιεξώλνληΖη ηκεκΖηηθά
λΖ δίλνπλ έκθΖζε ζηελ Ζλάιπζε θΖη ζην ζρεδηΖζκό ηεο ιύζεο. Η Ζλάιπζε θΖη ν ζρεδηΖζκόο ζΖ είλΖη ε βάζε ηεο δνπιεηάο εθηόο εξγΖζηεξίνπ (ζην ζπίηη ή ζηελ ΖίζνπζΖ)
λΖ πξνθΖινύλ ην ελδηΖθέξνλ γηΖ πεξΖηηέξσ πξνβιεκΖηηζκό, έξεπλΖ θΖη κειέηε.

γ) Γε ζΖ πξέπεη λΖ ππνβΖζκηζζνύλ ε πξώηε θΖη ε ηξίηε ελόηεηΖ. Αληηζέησο, θΖζ’ όιε ηε δηάξθεηΖ ηεο ρξνληάο (κε θάζε επθΖηξίΖ) θΖη πέξΖ Ζπό ηηο πξνβιεπόκελεο ώξεο δηδΖζθΖιίΖο ζην Π.΢. ζΖ πξέπεη λΖ πξνθΖιείηΖη ζπδήηεζε θΖη πξνβιεκΖηηζκόο γηΖ ηηο εθΖξκνγέο θΖη ηηο επηπηώζεηο ηεο πιεξνθνξηθήο ζηνπο δηάθνξνπο ηνκείο ηεο Ζλζξώπηλεο δξΖζηεξηόηεηΖο. ΢ηόρνο είλΖη λΖ Ζπνθηήζνπλ νη κΖζεηέο πΧιįİίΧ ζηελ πιεξνθνξηθή. Πξνθεηκέλνπ λΖ επηηεπρζνύλ κε επηηπρίΖ νη ζηόρνη ησλ ελνηήησλ Ζπηώλ, πΖξάγεηΖη θΖηάιιειν εθπΖηδεπηηθό ινγηζκηθό, ην νπνίν ππνινγίδεηΖη όηη ζΖ ζηΖιεί ζηΖ ζρνιείΖ ζηΖ κέζΖ ηεο ζρνιηθήο ρξνληάο.

į) ΓηΖ ηελ επίηεπμε ησλ ζηόρσλ ηνπ Π.΢. ΖπΖηηείηΖη κεγάινο βΖζκόο ΖπηελέξγεηΖο θΖη πξνζΖξκνζηηθόηεηΖο ηνπ εθπΖηδεπηηθνύ ΖλάινγΖ κε ηΖ δηΖθνξεηηθά (πνιιέο θνξέο) ελδηΖθέξνληΖ ή κε ηηο ηδηΖίηεξεο θιίζεηο ησλ κΖζεηώλ, κε ηελ πνηθηιίΖ ινγηζκηθνύ θΖη πιηθνύ ηνπ ζρνιηθνύ εξγΖζηεξίνπ θηι.

3. Οįηγίİρ σπήıηρ Ĳος ıσολικού βιβλίος

Σν ζρνιηθό βηβιίν θΖιύπηεη ηόζν ηελ ύιε ηνπ κΖζήκΖηνο Δθαπμογέρ Πληποθοπικήρ ηηρ Α΄ ηάξηρ όζν θΖη ηελ ύιε ηνπ κΖζήκΖηνο Δθαπμογέρ Υπολογιζηών ηων ηάξεων Β΄ και Γ΄. ΔίλΖη έλΖ βηβιίν ΖλΖθνξάο, ζην νπνίν ΖλΖπηύζζνληΖη νη βΖζηθέο, ζηΖζεξέο θΖη «δηΖρξνληθέο¬ έλλνηεο ηεο πιεξνθνξηθήο. Γελ πξΖγκΖηεύεηΖη ηερληθέο ή άιιεο ιεπηνκέξεηεο πνπ Ζθνξνύλ ζπγθεθξηκέλν πιηθό ή ινγηζκηθό. Η ΖλΖθνξά ζην ζπγθεθξηκέλν πιηθό θΖη ινγηζκηθό πνπ ππάξρεη ζην ζρνιηθό εξγΖζηήξην θΖη ζΖ ρξεζηκνπνηείηΖη Ζπό ηνπο κΖζεηέο είλΖη έξγν ηνπ εθπΖηδεπηηθνύ.

Η θύζε ηνπ κΖζήκΖηνο ηεο πιεξνθνξηθήο δελ επλνεί δηδΖζθΖιίΖ βΖζηζκέλε ζηε γξΖκκηθή δνκή ηνπ βηβιίνπ. Σν βηβιίν ηνπ κΖζεηή δε ζπληζηά Π.΢., Ζιιά Ζπνηειεί κέξνο ηνπ δηδΖθηηθνύ πιηθνύ. Οδεγό, επνκέλσο, γηΖ ηε δηδΖζθΖιίΖ ηνπ κΖζήκΖηνο Ζπνηειεί ην Δ.Π.Π.΢., ην Π.΢. θΖη νη δηδΖθηηθέο νδεγίεο.

Σν βηβιίν, γηΖ ιόγνπο πιεξόηεηΖο, πεξηέρεη θΖη Ζξθεηέο πιεξνθνξίεο πνπ δελ είλΖη ΖπΖξΖίηεην λΖ δηδΖρζνύλ πΖξά κόλν ζην βΖζκό πνπ ν δηδάζθσλ ην θξίλεη ΖπΖξΖίηεην ή νη κΖζεηέο ην ζειήζνπλ. Δπίζεο, νη εξσηήζεηο θΖη νη δξΖζηεξηόηεηεο πνπ ππάξρνπλ ζην ηέινο θάζε θεθΖιΖίνπ είλΖη ελδεηθηηθέο. Μπνξνύλ λΖ ηξνπνπνηεζνύλ ή θΖη λΖ ΖληηθΖηΖζηΖζνύλ κε άιιεο, εθόζνλ ν δηδάζθσλ ην ζεσξήζεη ζθόπηκν.

Οδηγίερ διδαζκαλίαρ για ηα μαθήμαηα Δθαπμογέρ Πληποθοπικήρ και Δθαπμογέρ Υπολογιζηών

ΠΑΙΓΑΓΩΓΙΚΟ ΙΝΣΤΙΤΟΥΤΟ

Δπεηδή ην ππάξρνλ βηβιίν θΖιύπηεη ηελ ύιε θΖη ησλ δύν κΖζεκάησλ (Δθαπμογέρ Πληποθοπικήρ θΖη Δθαπμογέρ Υπολογιζηών), πξνηείλεηΖη (ελδεηθηηθά) λΖ δηδΖρζνύλ ηΖ ΖθόινπζΖ θεθάιΖηΖ γηΖ θάζε ηάμε.

ΔĳΧπμογέρ Πληποĳοπικήρ, Α΄ Σάξη ΚİĳάλΧιΧ: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10~~, 16~~
ΔĳΧπμογέρ ΤπολογιıĲών, Β΄/Γ΄ Σάξη ΚİĳάλΧιΧ: 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, ~~15, 17, 18~~

Οδηγίερ διδαζκαλίαρ για ηα μαθήμαηα Δθαπμογέρ Πληποθοπικήρ και Δθαπμογέρ Υπολογιζηών

ΤΠΟΤΡΓΔΙΟ ΔΔΝΙΚΗ΢ ΠΑΙΓΔΙΑ΢ ΚΑΙ ΔΡΗ΢ΚΔΤΜΑΣΩΝ

ΠΑΙΓΑΓΩΓΙΚΟ ΙΝ΢ΣΙΣΟΤΣΟ

ΔΝΙΑΙΟ ΠΛΑΙ΢ΙΟ ΠΡΟΓΡΑΜΜΑΣΟ΢ ΢ΠΟΤΓΩΝ

ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΚΗ΢

Ι΢ΥΤΔΙ ΚΑΣΑ ΣΟ ΜΔΡΟ΢ ΠΟΤ ΑΦΟΡΑ ΣΟ ΛΤΚΔΙΟ

ΓΙΑ ΣΗΝ ΤΠΟΥΡΔΩΣΙΚΗ ΔΚΠΑΙΓΔΤ΢Η Ι΢ΥΤΟΤΝ

ΣΟ ΓΔΠΠ΢ ΚΑΙ ΣΑ ΑΠ΢ ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΚΗ΢

ΓΔΚΔΜΒΡΙΟ΢ 1997

5. Η Πιεξνĳνξηθή ıĲν ΔληΧίν Λύθİην

5.1. Η Πιεξνĳνξηθή ωο κάζεκΧ γİληθήο πΧηįİίΧο

5.1.1. Γİληθόο ΢θνπόο

ΣĮ κĮζήκĮĲĮ İπηινγήο Εĳơξκνγέο Πιεξνĳνξηθήο θĮη Εĳơξκνγέο ΥπνινγηıĲώλ İλĲάııνλĲĮη ıĲν σξνιόγην πξόγξĮκκĮ, Ĳσλ Α΄ θĮη Β΄/Γ΄ Ĳάμİσλ ĮλĲίıĲνηρĮ, Ĳνπ ΔληĮίνπ Λπθİίνπ θĮη έρνπλ γİληθό ıθνπό:

5.1.2 Άμνλİο πινπνίεıεο Ĳνπ γİληθνύ ıθνπνύ

Η πξνıέγγηıε Ĳσλ İλλνηώλ θĮη ε θĮιιηέξγİηĮ įİμηνĲήĲσλ πνπ ĮπĮηĲνύλĲĮη γηĮ Ĳελ πινπνίεıε Ĳνπ γİληθνύ ıθνπνύ ĲĮμηλνκνύλĲĮη ıİ Ĳξİηο άμνλİο:

ν θόıκνο Ĳεο Πιεξνĳνξηθήο: νη κĮζεĲέο İκπινπĲίδνπλ Ĳηο γλώıİηο θĮη Ĳηο İκπİηξίİο Ĳνπο ıρİĲηθά κİ Ĳηο İĳĮξκνγέο Ĳεο πιεξνĳνξηθήο ıĲν ıύγρξνλν θόıκν θĮη İμνηθİηώλνλĲĮη πİξηııόĲİξν κİ έλλνηİο, İξγĮιİίĮ θĮη Ĳİρληθέο Ĳσλ ππνινγηıĲηθώλ θĮη įηθĲπĮθώλ Ĳİρλνινγηώλ.
įηİξİπλώ -įεκηνπξγώ -ơλơθơιύπĲσ: νη κĮζεĲέο įξĮıĲεξηνπνηνύλĲĮη ıĲν πιĮίıην πην ıύλζİĲσλ θĮη νινθιεξσκέλσλ İξγĮıηώλ, ρξεıηκνπνηώλĲĮο ινγηıκηθό İĳĮξκνγώλ γİληθήο ρξήıεο, İθπĮηįİπĲηθό ινγηıκηθό, πξνγξĮκκĮĲηıĲηθά İξγĮιİίĮ, ινγηıκηθό ĮλάπĲπμεο İĳĮξκνγώλ πνιπκέıσλ θĮη ινγηıκηθό įηθĲύσλ
πιεξνĳνξηθή θơη ıύγρξνλνο θόıκνο: νη κĮζεĲέο İλεκİξώλνλĲĮη γηĮ Ĳνπο λένπο İπηıĲεκνληθνύο θĮη Ĳİρλνινγηθνύο θιάįνπο θĮη Ĳηο λέİο İπĮγγİικĮĲηθέο πξννπĲηθέο πνπ įεκηνπξγνύλĲĮη θĮη ıπδεĲνύλ γηĮ Ĳηο İπηįξάıİηο Ĳεο πιεξνĳνξηθήο ıĲνπο įηάĳνξνπο Ĳνκİίο Ĳεο Įλζξώπηλεο įξĮıĲεξηόĲεĲĮο. ΔπĮηıζεĲνπνηνύλĲĮη θĮη πξνβιεκĮĲίδνλĲĮη ıĲĮ ıύγρξνλĮ/ĮλνηρĲά δεĲήκĮĲĮ πνπ ĲίζİλĲĮη Įπό Ĳελ İηıβνιή Ĳσλ λέσλ Ĳİρλνινγηώλ ıĲε δσή Ĳσλ Įλζξώπσλ (ĲĮ όξηĮ Ĳσλ įπλĮĲνĲήĲσλ Ĳσλ λέσλ Ĳİρλνινγηώλ, Ĳν ηįησĲηθό ĮπόξξεĲν, θίλįπλνη İζηıκνύ θĮη İμάξĲεıεο, ε ĮμηνπηıĲίĮ Ĳσλ πιεξνĳνξηώλ, ĲĮ ĮįηθήκĮĲĮ ıĲν įηĮįίθĲπν, θ.ά.).

5.1.3. ΒΧıηθόο ππξήλΧο γλώıİωλ θΧη įİμηόĲεĲİο πνπ πξέπİη λΧ ΧπνθĲεζνύλ

Οη κĮζεĲέο πνπ ζĮ έρνπλ πĮξĮθνινπζήıİη κİ İπηĲπρίĮ ĲĮ κĮζήκĮĲĮ Εĳơξκνγέο Πιεξνĳνξηθήο θĮη Εĳơξκνγέο ΥπνινγηıĲώλ, πξέπİη:

λĮ κπνξνύλ λĮ πİξηγξάĳνπλ Ĳελ έλλνηĮ, Ĳν ıθνπό θĮη ĲĮ ıĲάįηĮ ĮλάπĲπμεο Ĳσλ πιεξνĳνξηĮθώλ ıπıĲεκάĲσλ
λĮ κπνξνύλ λĮ įηĮθξίλνπλ θĮη λĮ ĮλĮγλσξίδνπλ Ĳηο İĳĮξκνγέο Ĳεο πιεξνĳνξηθήο ıĲν ıύγρξνλν θόıκν
λĮ γλσξίδνπλ Ĳηο βĮıηθέο θĮĲεγνξίİο ππνινγηıĲηθώλ ıπıĲεκάĲσλ θĮη λĮ πİξηγξάĳνπλ ĲĮ βĮıηθά ρĮξĮθĲεξηıĲηθά Ĳεο ιİηĲνπξγίĮο θĮη Ĳσλ įπλĮĲνĲήĲσλ Ĳνπο
λĮ κπνξνύλ λĮ İπηιέγνπλ, θάζİ ĳνξά πνπ ζĮ ρξİηάδνλĲĮη, Ĳν θĮĲάιιειν ινγηıκηθό
λĮ κπνξνύλ λĮ πİξηγξάĳνπλ ĲĮ ρĮξĮθĲεξηıĲηθά θĮη Ĳηο įπλĮĲόĲεĲİο Ĳσλ ıύγρξνλσλ πξνγξĮκκĮĲηıĲηθώλ İξγĮιİίσλ
λĮ κπνξνύλ λĮ İπηιύνπλ Įπιά πξνβιήκĮĲĮ κİ ρξήıε πξνγξĮκκĮĲηıĲηθώλ İξγĮιİίσλ
λĮ κπνξνύλ λĮ ĮλĮπĲύııνπλ Įπιέο İĳĮξκνγέο πνιπκέıσλ
λĮ θĮĲĮλννύλ θĮη λĮ κπνξνύλ λĮ İμεγήıνπλ βĮıηθέο έλλνηİο θĮη όξνπο Ĳεο ıύγρξνλεο įηθĲπĮθήο ĲİρλνινγίĮο
λĮ κπνξνύλ λĮ ρξεıηκνπνηνύλ Ĳηο ππεξİıίİο Ĳνπ Internet θĮη λĮ įεκηνπξγνύλ Ĳηο įηθέο Ĳνπο ıİιίįİο ıĲνλ πĮγθόıκην ηıĲό πιεξνĳνξηώλ
λĮ κπνξνύλ λĮ θξίλνπλ Ĳηο İπηπĲώıİηο Ĳεο πιεξνĳνξηθήο ıĲε δσή Ĳσλ Įλζξώπσλ
λĮ έρνπλ ĮπνθĲήıİη İπĮξθή İηθόλĮ γηĮ Ĳηο İĳĮξκνγέο θĮη Ĳηο įπλĮĲόĲεĲİο πνπ πξνıĳέξνπλ νη ππνινγηıĲηθέο θĮη įηθĲπĮθέο Ĳİρλνινγίİο ıĲελ θĮĲİύζπλıε/θιάįν πνπ İπέιİμĮλ γηĮ λĮ ıπνπįάıνπλ.

Εληơίν Πιơίıην ΠξνγξάκκơĲνο Σπνπįώλ Πιεξνĳνξηθήο ıİιίįơ

5.1.4. Άμνλİο πİξηİρνκέλνπ

ΔλόĲεĲΧ	Α΄ Σάμε	Β΄ Σάμε
1. Ο Κόıκνο Ĳεο	 Γİληθή İπηıθόπεıε Ĳσλ	 ΔıĲηĮıκέλε
Πιεξνĳνξηθήο	İĳĮξκνγώλ Ĳεο πιεξνĳνξηθήο  ΚĮĲεγνξίİο ππνινγηıĲώλ  Σν πιηθό Ĳσλ ππνινγηıĲώλ  Σν ινγηıκηθό ıπıĲήκĮĲνο  Σν ινγηıκηθό İĳĮξκνγώλ  ΠξνγξĮκκĮĲηıĲηθά πİξηβάιινλĲĮ  ΠιεξνĳνξηĮθά ΢πıĲήκĮĲĮ ΓηįΧθĲηθέο ώξİο1: 20	İπηıθόπεıε Ĳσλ İĳĮξκνγώλ Ĳεο Πιεξνĳνξηθήο  ΠνιπκέıĮ  Δπηθνηλσλίİο θĮη ΓίθĲπĮ ΓηįΧθĲηθέο ώξİο: 15
2. Γηİξİπλώ -Γεκηνπξγώ ΑλΧθΧιύπĲω	 ΢πλζİĲηθέο İξγĮıίİο κİ ινγηıκηθό İĳĮξκνγώλ γİληθήο ρξήıεο, İθπĮηįİπĲηθό ινγηıκηθό θĮη πξνγξĮκκĮĲηıĲηθά πİξηβάιινλĲĮ ΓηįΧθĲηθέο ώξİο: 27	 ΢πλζİĲηθέο İξγĮıίİο κİ ινγηıκηθό İĳĮξκνγώλ γİληθήο ρξήıεο, ινγηıκηθό ĮλάπĲπμεο πνιπκέıσλ, ινγηıκηθό įηθĲύσλ, İθπĮηįİπĲηθό ινγηıκηθό θĮη πξνγξĮκκĮĲηıĲηθά πİξηβάιινλĲĮ ΓηįΧθĲηθέο ώξİο: 30
3. Πιεξνĳνξηθή θΧη	 ΌιĮ Įιιάδνπλ ...	 Σν κέιινλ ...
΢ύγρξνλνο Κόıκνο	 Νέİο İπĮγγİικĮĲηθέο πξννπĲηθέο ΓηįΧθĲηθέο ώξİο: 3	ΓηįΧθĲηθέο ώξİο: 5

¹Οη ώξİο įηįơıθơιίơο πξνĲİίλνλĲơη İλįİηθĲηθά

Εληơίν Πιơίıην ΠξνγξάκκơĲνο Σπνπįώλ Πιεξνĳνξηθήο ıİιίįơ

5.2 Η πιεξνĳνξηθή ıĲνλ θύθιν ΠΛΗΡΟΦΟΡΙΚΗ΢ ΚΑΙ ΤΠΗΡΔ΢ΙΩΝ Ĳεο Σİρλνινγηθήο ΚΧĲİύζπλıεο Ĳνπ ΔληΧίνπ Λπθİίνπ

Ο θύθινο Πιεξνĳνξηθήο θơη Υπεξİıηώλ Ĳεο Σİρλνινγηθήο ΚĮĲİύζπλıεο Ĳνπ ΔληĮίνπ Λπθİίνπ πİξηιĮκβάλİη ĲĮ İμήο κĮζήκĮĲĮ Πιεξνĳνξηθήο:

ΜΧζήκΧĲΧ	ώξİο/
	İβįνκάįΧ
Ι. ΤπνρξİωĲηθά
1. ΑλάπĲπμε ΔĳĮξκνγώλ ıİ ΠξνγξĮκκĮĲηıĲηθό Πİξηβάιινλ	3
2. ΣİρλνινγίĮ ΤπνινγηıĲηθώλ ΢πıĲεκάĲσλ θĮη ΛİηĲνπξγηθά ΢πıĲήκĮĲĮ	2
ΙΙ. Δπηινγήο
1. ΠνιπκέıĮ-ΓίθĲπĮ	2
2. ΔĳĮξκνγέο Λνγηıκηθνύ	2
3. ΔĳĮξκνγέο ΤπνινγηıĲώλ	2

Γİληθόο ΢θνπόο

Τơ κơζήκơĲơ Πιεξνĳνξηθήο Ĳνπ θύθινπ Πιεξνĳνξηθήο θơη Υπεξİıηώλ Ĳεο Τİρλνινγηθήο ΚơĲİύζπλıεο Ĳνπ Εληơίνπ Λπθİίνπ έρνπλ σο γİληθό ıθνπό λơ įώıνπλ ıĲνπο κơζεĲέο όιơ Ĳơ ơπơηĲνύκİλơ İĳόįηơ ώıĲİ λơ İίλơη ηθơλνί λơ ơλĲơπνθξηζνύλ

ıĲηο ơπơηĲήıİηο Ĳεο ΤξηĲνβάζκηơο Εθπơίįİπıεο
ıĲηο ơπơηĲήıİηο Ĳεο κİĲơįİπĲİξνβάζκηơο ΕπơγγİικơĲηθήο Εθπơίįİπıεο θơη ΚơĲάξĲηıεο
ıĲν ξόιν Ĳνπο σο İλİξγνί πνιίĲİο ıĲελ θνηλσλίơ Ĳσλ πιεξνĳνξηώλ θơη ıĲε

įηơκνξĳνύκİλε θνηλσλίơ Ĳεο κάζεıεο Μİ Ĳơ κơζήκơĲơ ơπĲά, Ĳν Πξόγξơκκơ Σπνπįώλ Ĳνπ Εληơίνπ Λπθİίνπ, įίλİη Ĳε įπλơĲόĲεĲơ ıĲνπο κơζεĲέο, λơ ơληρλİύıνπλ θơη λơ θơιιηİξγήıνπλ Ĳηο θιίıİηο θơη Ĳơ ĲơιέλĲơ Ĳνπο ıĲηο ππνινγηıĲηθέο θơη įηθĲπơθέο Ĳİρλνινγίİο, ơλĲơπνθξηλόκİλν έĲıη ıĲε įηơξθώο ơπμơλόκİλε θνηλσληθή ơπơίĲεıε γηơ İπơξθή İθπơίįİπıε ıĲηο Ĳİρλνινγίİο ơηρκήο.

5.2.1 ΑλάπĲπμε İĳΧξκνγώλ ıİ πξνγξΧκκΧĲηıĲηθό πİξηβάιινλ

5.2.1.1 Γİληθόο ΢θνπόο

Ο γİληθόο ıθνπόο Ĳνπ κơζήκơĲνο İίλơη, λơ ơλơπĲύμνπλ νη κơζεĲέο ơλơιπĲηθή θơη ıπλζİĲηθή ıθέςε, λơ ơπνθĲήıνπλ ηθơλόĲεĲİο κİζνįνινγηθνύ ρơξơθĲήξơ θơη λơ κπνξνύλ λơ İπηιύνπλ ơπιά πξνβιήκơĲơ ıİ πξνγξơκκơĲηıĲηθό πİξηβάιινλ.

5.2.1.2 Άμνλİο πινπνίεıεο Ĳνπ γİληθνύ ıθνπνύ

Αλάιπıε-Σρİįίơıε: νη κĮζεĲέο θĮĲĮλννύλ Ĳν πξόβιεκĮ, Ĳν ĮλĮιύνπλ, πξνıİγγίδνπλ
ρξεıηκνπνηνύλ πξνγξĮκκĮĲηıĲηθά İξγĮιİίĮ, λĮ İĳĮξκόδνπλ πξνγξĮκκĮĲηıĲηθέο Ĳİρληθέο, λĮ γξάĳνπλ Ĳν πξόγξĮκκĮ, λĮ Ĳν İθĲİινύλ, λĮ Ĳν įηνξζώλνπλ θĮη λĮ Ĳν βİιĲηώλνπλ.

Τİθκεξίσıε-Αμηνιόγεıε: νη κĮζεĲέο Ĳİθκεξηώλνπλ Ĳελ İξγĮıίĮ Ĳνπο θĮη Įμηνινγνύλ Ĳελ πνηόĲεĲά Ĳεο.

κİ	ĮπıĲεξόĲεĲĮ		Ĳελ	έλλνηĮ	Ĳνπ	Įιγνξίζκνπ		θĮη	πİξηγξάĳνπλ		Ĳελ		Įιγνξηζκηθή
įηĮįηθĮıίĮ İπίιπıήο Ĳνπ.
• Υινπνίεıε		ıİ	πξνγξơκκơĲηıĲηθό				πİξηβάιινλ:		νη	κĮζεĲέο		κĮζĮίλνπλ		λĮ

Εληơίν Πιơίıην ΠξνγξάκκơĲνο Σπνπįώλ Πιεξνĳνξηθήο ıİιίįơ

5.2.1.3 ΒΧıηθόο ππξήλΧο γλώıİωλ θΧη įİμηόĲεĲİο πνπ πξέπİη λΧ ΧπνθĲεζνύλ

Οη κĮζεĲέο πνπ ζĮ έρνπλ πĮξĮθνινπζήıİη κİ İπηĲπρίĮ Ĳν κάζεκĮ, πξέπİη:

λĮ κπνξνύλ λĮ įηĮθξίλνπλ θĮη λĮ ĮλĮγλσξίδνπλ πξνβιήκĮĲĮ θĮη θĮĲĮıĲάıİηο πνπ İπηιύνλĲĮη/ĮλĲηκİĲσπίδνλĲĮη ıİ πξνγξĮκκĮĲηıĲηθό πİξηβάιινλ
λĮ κπνξνύλ λĮ ĮπνĳĮıίδνπλ ıρİĲηθά κİ Ĳελ πνιππινθόĲεĲĮ πξνβιεκάĲσλ θĮη θĮĲĮıĲάıİσλ
λĮ κπνξνύλ λĮ ĮλĮιύνπλ έλĮ Įπιό πξόβιεκĮ θĮη λĮ ıρİįηάδνπλ Ĳε ιύıε Ĳνπ
λĮ έρνπλ ĮλĮπĲύμİη ηθĮλόĲεĲİο κνλĲİινπνίεıεο θĮη Įιγνξηζκηθήο İπίιπıεο πξνβιεκάĲσλ
λĮ κπνξνύλ λĮ ρξεıηκνπνηνύλ ıπκβνιηθέο κİζόįνπο γηĮ Ĳελ İπίιπıε πξνβιεκάĲσλ θĮη Ĳελ İπİμİξγĮıίĮ įİįνκέλσλ
λĮ κπνξνύλ λĮ ρξεıηκνπνηνύλ ıύγρξνλĮ πξνγξĮκκĮĲηıĲηθά İξγĮιİίĮ γηĮ Ĳελ πινπνίεıε Įιγνξίζκσλ
λĮ κπνξνύλ λĮ πξνıįηνξίδνπλ Ĳνπο ĮπĮηĲνύκİλνπο πόξνπο Ĳνπ ıπıĲήκĮĲνο.

5.2.1.4 Άμνλİο πİξηİρνκέλνπ

	ΔλόĲεĲΧ	Πİξηİρόκİλν
1. Αλάιπıε Ĳνπ πξνβιήκΧĲνο		 ΚĮζνξηıκόο θĮη θĮĲĮλόεıε Ĳνπ πξνβιήκĮĲνο  Μİζνįνινγίİο Įλάιπıεο  ΚĮζνξηıκόο ĮπĮηĲήıİσλ  Κύθινο δσήο ινγηıκηθνύ ΓηįΧθĲηθέο ώξİο2:15
2. ΢ρİįίΧıε Ĳνπ Χιγνξίζκνπ		 ΠξνįηĮγξĮĳέο ıρİįηĮıκνύ  Μİζνįνινγίİο ıρİįηĮıκνύ  ΢ύγρξνλİο Ĳİρληθέο ıρİįίĮıεο πξνγξĮκκάĲσλ  Αιγνξηζκηθή γιώııĮ  ΑλάπĲπμε Įιγνξίζκνπ  Έιİγρνο Įιγνξίζκνπ  ΢ρİįηĮıκόο πİξηβάιινλĲνο įηİπĮĳήο ΓηįΧθĲηθέο ώξİο:24
3. Τινπνίεıε ıİ πξνγξΧκκΧĲηıĲηθό πİξηβάιινλ		 Γνκεκέλνο ΠξνγξĮκκĮĲηıκόο  ΑλĲηθİηκİλνıĲξĮĳήο πξνγξĮκκĮĲηıκόο  Γνκηθά ıĲνηρİίĮ πξνγξĮκκĮĲηıκνύ  ΢ύγρξνλĮ πξνγξĮκκĮĲηıĲηθά İξγĮιİίĮ  ΔθıĳĮικάĲσıε πξνγξάκκĮĲνο  ΔπηθνηλσλίĮ κİ άιιİο İĳĮξκνγέο ΓηįΧθĲηθέο ώξİο: 30
4. Σİθκεξίωıε-Αμηνιόγεıε		 Σİθκεξίσıε Ĳνπ πξνγξάκκĮĲνο  Αμηνιόγεıε Ĳεο Įπόįνıεο Ĳνπ πξνγξάκκĮĲνο  ΠİξηγξĮĳή πηζĮλώλ İλĮιιĮθĲηθώλ ιύıİσλ  ΓπλĮĲόĲεĲİο İπέθĲĮıεο θĮη όξηĮ ρξήıεο ΓηįΧθĲηθέο ώξİο: 6

²Οη ώξİο įηįơıθơιίơο πξνĲİίλνλĲơη İλįİηθĲηθά

Εληơίν Πιơίıην ΠξνγξάκκơĲνο Σπνπįώλ Πιεξνĳνξηθήο ıİιίįơ

5.2.2 ΣİρλνινγίΧ ΤπνινγηıĲηθώλ ΢πıĲεκάĲωλ θΧη ΛİηĲνπξγηθά ΢πıĲήκΧĲΧ

5.2.2.1 Γİληθόο ΢θνπόο

Ο γİληθόο ıθνπόο Ĳνπ κơζήκơĲνο İίλơη, νη κơζεĲέο:

 λơ ơπνθĲήıνπλ İπơξθİίο θơη ıĲέξİİο γλώıİηο γηơ Ĳελ İıσĲİξηθή įνκή, Ĳελ νξγάλσıε θơη Ĳε ιİηĲνπξγίơ Ĳσλ ππνινγηıĲώλ θơη Ĳσλ πİξηĳİξİηơθώλ κνλάįσλ Ĳνπο

 λơ θơĲơλνήıνπλ Ĳε ıεκơıίơ θơη Ĳν ξόιν Ĳνπ ινγηıκηθνύ ıπıĲήκơĲνο, θơη λơ κπνξνύλ λơ Ĳν ρξεıηκνπνηνύλ κİ İπρέξİηơ.

5.2.2.2 Άμνλİο πινπνίεıεο Ĳνπ γİληθνύ ıθνπνύ

ΕıσĲİξηθή įνκή, νξγάλσıε θơη ιİηĲνπξγίơ Ĳνπ ππνινγηıĲή: νη κĮζεĲέο κĮζĮίλνπλ γηĮ Ĳηο βĮıηθέο ĮξρηĲİθĲνληθέο θĮη Ĳηο Ĳİρλνινγίİο Ĳσλ θπξηνĲέξσλ κνλάįσλ Ĳσλ ππνινγηıĲηθώλ ıπıĲεκάĲσλ.
Πİξηĳİξİηơθέο Μνλάįİο: νη κĮζεĲέο γλσξίδνπλ Ĳνπο įηάĳνξνπο Ĳύπνπο πİξηĳİξİηĮθώλ κνλάįσλ, ĲĮ ρĮξĮθĲεξηıĲηθά Ĳνπο θĮη Ĳνλ Ĳξόπν ιİηĲνπξγίĮο Ĳνπο.
Λνγηıκηθό ıπıĲήκơĲνο: νη κĮζεĲέο κĮζĮίλνπλ γηĮ Ĳε įνκή θĮη Ĳν ξόιν İλόο Ĳππηθνύ ιİηĲνπξγηθνύ ıπıĲήκĮĲνο θĮη ĮπνθĲνύλ İπρέξİηĮ ıĲε ρξήıε Ĳνπ ινγηıκηθνύ ıπıĲήκĮĲνο Ĳνπ ıρνιηθνύ İξγĮıĲεξίνπ.

5.2.2.3 ΒΧıηθόο ππξήλΧο γλώıİωλ θΧη įİμηόĲεĲİο πνπ πξέπİη λΧ ΧπνθĲεζνύλ

Οη κĮζεĲέο πνπ ζĮ έρνπλ πĮξĮθνινπζήıİη κİ İπηĲπρίĮ Ĳν κάζεκĮ πξέπİη:

λĮ κπνξνύλ λĮ ĮλĮĳέξνπλ θĮη λĮ πİξηγξάĳνπλ Ĳηο βĮıηθέο θĮĲεγνξίİο ππνινγηıĲηθώλ ıπıĲεκάĲσλ θĮη Ĳηο įπλĮĲόĲεĲİο πνπ έρνπλ
λĮ κπνξνύλ λĮ πİξηγξάĳνπλ Ĳε ιİηĲνπξγίĮ Ĳσλ θπξηνĲέξσλ κνλάįσλ İλόο ππνινγηıĲή θĮη Ĳσλ πİξηĳİξİηĮθώλ ıπıθİπώλ İλόο ππνινγηıĲηθνύ ıπıĲήκĮĲνο
λĮ κπνξνύλ λĮ πİξηγξάĳνπλ πώο įηĮθηλİίĲĮη ε πιεξνĳνξίĮ ıİ έλĮ ππνινγηıĲηθό ıύıĲεκĮ
λĮ κπνξνύλ λĮ πİξηγξάĳνπλ Ĳν ξόιν, Ĳε įνκή, Ĳηο βĮıηθέο Įξρέο θĮη ĲĮ ρĮξĮθĲεξηıĲηθά İλόο Ĳππηθνύ ιİηĲνπξγηθνύ ıπıĲήκĮĲνο
λĮ κπνξνύλ λĮ ĮλĮĳέξνπλ Ĳηο θπξηόĲİξİο θĮĲεγνξίİο ιİηĲνπξγηθώλ ıπıĲεκάĲσλ
λĮ κπνξνύλ λĮ ρξεıηκνπνηνύλ κİ İπρέξİηĮ Ĳν ινγηıκηθό ıπıĲήκĮĲνο πνπ ππάξρİη ıĲν ıρνιηθό İξγĮıĲήξην
λĮ κπνξνύλ λĮ πĮξĮθνινπζνύλ Ĳε ıρİĲηθή ĮξζξνγξĮĳίĮ, γηĮ Ĳελ ĮξρηĲİθĲνληθή, Ĳε ιİηĲνπξγίĮ, Ĳελ İπİθĲĮıηκόĲεĲĮ θ.ιπ. Ĳσλ ππνινγηıĲώλ.

Εληơίν Πιơίıην ΠξνγξάκκơĲνο Σπνπįώλ Πιεξνĳνξηθήο ıİιίįơ

5.2.2.4 Άμνλİο πİξηİρνκέλνπ

	ΔλόĲεĲΧ		Πİξηİρόκİλν
1. ΔıωĲİξηθή įνκή νξγάλωıε θΧη ιİηĲνπξγίΧ Ĳνπ ππνινγηıĲή			 ΚĮĲεγνξίİο ππνινγηıĲηθώλ ıπıĲεκάĲσλ  ΠĮξάıĲĮıε θĮη İπİμİξγĮıίĮ πιεξνĳνξηώλ  Οξγάλσıε İπİμİξγĮıĲώλ  Οξγάλσıε θĮη įηĮρİίξηıε κλήκεο ΓηįΧθĲηθέο ώξİο3 : 20
2. ΠİξηĳİξİηΧθέο Μνλάįİο			 Σύπνη πİξηĳİξİηĮθώλ  Γηάįξνκνη ππνινγηıĲηθώλ ıπıĲεκάĲσλ  ΔθĲππσĲέο  Μνλάįİο γξĮĳηθώλ  Μνλάįİο İηıĮγσγήο įİįνκέλσλ  Μνλάįİο Įπνζήθİπıεο πιεξνĳνξηώλ  Μνλάįİο πνιπκέıσλ  ΢πıθİπέο Ĳειİπηθνηλσληώλ θĮη įηθĲύσıεο ΓηįΧθĲηθέο ώξİο: 10
3. Λνγηıκηθό ıπıĲήκΧĲνο			 Αξρέο ιİηĲνπξγηθώλ ıπıĲεκάĲσλ  ΓηİξγĮıίİο  ΓηĮρİίξηıε Įξρİίσλ θĮη įίıθσλ  ΔĳĮξκνγή ıĲν ιİηĲνπξγηθό ıύıĲεκĮ Ĳνπ ıρνιηθνύ İξγĮıĲεξίνπ ΓηįΧθĲηθέο ώξİο: 20

5.2.3 ΠνιπκέıΧ-ΓίθĲπΧ

5.2.3.1 Γİληθόο ΢θνπόο

Ο γİληθόο ıθνπόο Ĳνπ κơζήκơĲνο İίλơη, νη κơζεĲέο:

 λơ ơπνθĲήıνπλ İκπİηξίơ θơη ıπλνιηθή İηθόλơ γηơ Ĳε įηơįηθơıίơ ıρİįίơıεο, ơλάπĲπμεο θơη πơξơγσγήο κηơο İĳơξκνγήο πνιπκέıσλ

 λơ ơπνθĲήıνπλ βơıηθέο γλώıİηο θơη Ĳελ ơπơξơίĲεĲε Ĳİρλνγλσıίơ ıİ ζέκơĲơ įηθĲύσλ ππνινγηıĲώλ θơη Ĳσλ İĳơξκνγώλ Ĳνπο ıİ θνηλσληθέο θơη πơξơγσγηθέο įξơıĲεξηόĲεĲİο

5.2.3.2 Άμνλİο πινπνίεıεο Ĳνπ γİληθνύ ıθνπνύ

Η πξνıέγγηıε Ĳσλ İλλνηώλ θĮη ε θĮιιηέξγİηĮ įİμηνĲήĲσλ πνπ ĮπĮηĲνύλĲĮη γηĮ Ĳελ πινπνίεıε Ĳνπ γİληθνύ ıθνπνύ ĲĮμηλνκνύλĲĮη ıİ įύν γİληθνύο άμνλİο:

Πνιπκέıơ: νη κĮζεĲέο γλσξίδνπλ ĲĮ ρĮξĮθĲεξηıĲηθά, Ĳηο įπλĮĲόĲεĲİο θĮη Ĳε ρξεıηκόĲεĲĮ Ĳσλ İĳĮξκνγώλ πνιπκέıσλ. ΜĮζĮίλνπλ πώο λĮ Ĳηο Įμηνπνηνύλ θĮη ĮπνθĲνύλ İκπİηξίĮ ıĲε įηĮįηθĮıίĮ ıρİįίĮıεο, ĮλάπĲπμεο θĮη πĮξĮγσγήο İĳĮξκνγώλ πνιπκέıσλ.
ΔίθĲπơ: νη κĮζεĲέο πξνıİγγίδνπλ ĲĮ πξνβιήκĮĲĮ İπηθνηλσληώλ įİįνκέλσλ θĮη Ĳηο κİζνįνινγίİο İπίιπıήο Ĳνπο θĮη İμνηθİηώλνλĲĮη κİ Ĳε ıρİĲηθή νξνινγίĮ. ΑπνθĲνύλ βĮıηθή ĲİρλνγλσıίĮ ıİ ζέκĮĲĮ įηθĲύσλ θĮη įηĮįηθĲύσλ ππνινγηıĲώλ θĮη κĮζĮίλνπλ λĮ Įμηνπνηνύλ Ĳηο įπλĮĲόĲεĲİο θĮη Ĳηο ππεξİıίİο πξνıĲηζέκİλεο ĮμίĮο πνπ πξνıĳέξνπλ.

5.2.3.3 ΒΧıηθόο ππξήλΧο γλώıİωλ θΧη įİμηόĲεĲİο πνπ πξέπİη λΧ ΧπνθĲεζνύλ

Οη κĮζεĲέο πνπ ζĮ έρνπλ πĮξĮθνινπζήıİη κİ İπηĲπρίĮ Ĳν κάζεκĮ, πξέπİη:

³Οη ώξİο įηįơıθơιίơο πξνĲİίλνλĲơη İλįİηθĲηθά

Εληơίν Πιơίıην ΠξνγξάκκơĲνο Σπνπįώλ Πιεξνĳνξηθήο ıİιίįơ

λĮ κπνξνύλ λĮ ĮλĮγλσξίδνπλ θĮη λĮ ĮλĮĳέξνπλ ĲĮ ρĮξĮθĲεξηıĲηθά Ĳσλ πνιπκέıσλ
λĮ κπνξνύλ λĮ ρξεıηκνπνηνύλ θĮη λĮ Įμηνπνηνύλ İĳĮξκνγέο πνιπκέıσλ
λĮ κπνξνύλ λĮ ρξεıηκνπνηνύλ İξγĮιİίĮ İπİμİξγĮıίĮο ήρνπ, İηθόλĮο, θηλνύκİλεο İηθόλĮο, θİηκέλνπ, θ.ιπ.
λĮ κπνξνύλ λĮ ĮλĮιύνπλ θĮη λĮ πινπνηνύλ įνκεκέλε κİζνįνινγίĮ ıρİįηĮıκνύ İĳĮξκνγώλ πνιπκέıσλ
λĮ κπνξνύλ λĮ įεκηνπξγνύλ İĳĮξκνγέο πνιπκέıσλ κİ έλĮ İξγĮιİίν ıύλζİıεο İĳĮξκνγώλ πνιπκέıσλ.
λĮ έρνπλ θĮĲĮλνήıİη βĮıηθά ζέκĮĲĮ ıρİĲηθά κİ Ĳε κİĲάįνıε įİįνκέλσλ θĮη βĮıηθέο Įξρέο Ĳσλ įηθĲύσλ θĮη Ĳσλ įηĮįηθĲύσλ ππνινγηıĲώλ
λĮ κπνξνύλ λĮ ĮλĮĳέξνπλ, λĮ πİξηγξάĳνπλ, λĮ įηĮθξίλνπλ θĮη λĮ ıπγθξίλνπλ Ĳηο βĮıηθέο Ĳνπνινγίİο įηθĲύσλ
λĮ κπνξνύλ λĮ İĳĮξκόıνπλ ıĲηο θĮζεκİξηλέο Ĳνπο įξĮıĲεξηόĲεĲİο, Ĳηο γλώıİηο πνπ ĮπέθĲεıĮλ γηĮ Ĳν įηĮįίθĲπν θĮη Ĳηο ππεξİıίİο πξνıĲηζέκİλεο ĮμίĮο πνπ βĮıίδνλĲĮη ıİ ĮπĲό
λĮ κπνξνύλ λĮ İĳĮξκόıνπλ Ĳηο γλώıİηο πνπ ĮπέθĲεıĮλ γηĮ λĮ įεκηνπξγήıνπλ κηĮ νινθιεξσκέλε πξĮθĲηθή İĳĮξκνγή ıĲν πİξηβάιινλ Ĳνπ ıρνιηθνύ İξγĮıĲεξίνπ.

5.2.3.4 Άμνλİο πİξηİρνκέλνπ

	ΔλόĲεĲΧ	Πİξηİρόκİλν
1. ΠνιπκέıΧ		 Γνκηθά ρĮξĮθĲεξηıĲηθά Ĳσλ İĳĮξκνγώλ πνιπκέıσλ  ΥξεıηκόĲεĲĮ Ĳσλ İĳĮξκνγώλ πνιπκέıσλ  Αλάιπıε-΢ρİįίĮıε İĳĮξκνγήο πνιπκέıσλ  ΔξγĮιİίĮ πνιπκέıσλ, İπİμİξγĮıίĮ ήρνπ, İηθόλĮο, θηλνύκİλεο İηθόλĮο, θ.ιπ.  Λνγηıκηθό ıύλζİıεο İĳĮξκνγώλ πνιπκέıσλ  ΢ύλζİıε İĳĮξκνγήο πνιπκέıσλ ΓηįΧθĲηθέο ώξİο4 : 20
2. ΓίθĲπΧ		 ΜİĲάįνıε θĮη İπηθνηλσλίĮ įİįνκέλσλ  ΒĮıηθέο Įξρέο įηθĲύσλ  Σνπηθά įίθĲπĮ  ΓίθĲπĮ İπξİίĮο πİξηνρήο  ΓηĮįίθĲπν θĮη ππεξİıίİο πξνıĲηζέκİλεο ĮμίĮο  ΣĮ įίθĲπĮ ıĲε δσή κĮο, İπηπĲώıİηο, Ĳν κέιινλ ΓηįΧθĲηθέο ώξİο: 30

⁴Οη ώξİο įηįơıθơιίơο πξνĲİίλνλĲơη İλįİηθĲηθά

Εληơίν Πιơίıην ΠξνγξάκκơĲνο Σπνπįώλ Πιεξνĳνξηθήο ıİιίįơ

5.2.4 ΔĳΧξκνγέο Λνγηıκηθνύ

5.2.4.1 Γİληθόο ΢θνπόο

Ο γİληθόο ıθνπόο Ĳνπ κơζήκơĲνο İίλơη,λơ ơπνθĲήıνπλ νη κơζεĲέο ıĲέξİİο γλώıİηο, İπơξθή İηθόλơ θơη İκπİηξίơ ρξήıεο ıİ İĳơξκνγέο ινγηıκηθνύ γİληθήο ρξήıεο (İξγơιİίơ, Ĳİρληθέο İπίιπıεο πξνβιεκάĲσλ θ.ιπ.) κέıσ πνηθίισλ θơη νινθιεξσκέλσλ įξơıĲεξηνĲήĲσλ νη νπνίİο:  Επλννύλ Ĳελ ơλάπĲπμε įİμηνĲήĲσλ κνλĲİινπνίεıεο θơη Ĳİρληθώλ İπίιπıεο

πξνβιεκάĲσλ.  Ελζơξξύλνπλ Ĳελ ơλơιπĲηθή θơη Ĳε ıπλζİĲηθή ıθέςε.  Πơξέρνπλ İπρέξİηơ ıĲε ρξήıε ıπκβνιηθώλ κέıσλ έθĳξơıεο θơη įηİξİύλεıεο.  Κơιιηİξγνύλ įηơρξνληθέο įİμηόĲεĲİο ıĲε ρξήıε ινγηıκηθνύ.  Δίλνπλ κηơ ıπλνιηθή İηθόλơ Ĳεο πιεξνĳνξηθήο θơη ơπνθơιύπĲνπλ Ĳηο ıρέıİηο κİĲơμύ

Ĳσλ İπηκέξνπο İĳơξκνγώλ, İξγơιİίσλ, θ.ιπ.  Δηİπθνιύλνπλ Ĳελ ơλάπĲπμε Ĳεο ηθơλόĲεĲơο Ĳνπ κơζεĲή λơ įεκηνπξγİί  Υπνγξơκκίδνπλ Ĳν ıπκκİĲνρηθό-ıπλİξγơĲηθό ρơξơθĲήξơ Ĳεο κάζεıεο.

5.2.4.2 Άμνλİο πινπνίεıεο Ĳνπ γİληθνύ ıθνπνύ

Ελεκİξώλνκơη: νη κĮζεĲέο İκπινπĲίδνπλ Ĳηο γλώıİηο Ĳνπο θĮη ĮπνθĲνύλ ıπλνιηθή İηθόλĮ γηĮ Ĳηο İĳĮξκνγέο ινγηıκηθνύ γİληθήο ρξήıεο (κİ θύξην άμνλĮ ĲĮ ΢πıĲήκĮĲĮ ΓηĮρİίξηıεο Βάıİσλ Γİįνκέλσλ). ΚĮĲĮλννύλ Ĳε ρξεıηκόĲεĲά Ĳνπο, Ĳηο βĮıηθέο ιİηĲνπξγίİο θĮη ĲĮ ρĮξĮθĲεξηıĲηθά Ĳνπο, Ĳηο νκνηόĲεĲİο θĮη Ĳηο įηĮĳνξέο Ĳνπο, θĮη İμνηθİηώλνλĲĮη κİ Ĳν πİξηβάιινλ Ĳνπο.
Δηİξİπλώ -ΣπıρİĲίδσ: νη κĮζεĲέο, ıĲν πιĮίıην νινθιεξσκέλσλ İξγĮıηώλ, įξĮıĲεξηνπνηνύλĲĮη θĮη κĮζĮίλνπλ λĮ θĮζνξίδνπλ ıĮĳή θξηĲήξηĮ γηĮ Ĳελ Įλάιπıε, ıρİįίĮıε, ĮλάπĲπμε θĮη κνλĲİινπνίεıε İλόο πξνβιήκĮĲνο.
Σρİįηάδσ -Εĳơξκόδσ: νη κĮζεĲέο νξγĮλώλνπλ Ĳελ İξγĮıίĮ Ĳνπο κİ βάıε νινθιεξσκέλν ıρέįην, πνπ πινπνηİίĲĮη ĲκεκĮĲηθά.

5.2.4.3 ΒΧıηθόο ππξήλΧο γλώıİωλ θΧη įİμηόĲεĲİο πνπ πξέπİη λΧ ΧπνθĲεζνύλ

Οη κĮζεĲέο πνπ ζĮ έρνπλ πĮξĮθνινπζήıİη κİ İπηĲπρίĮ Ĳν κάζεκĮ, πξέπİη:

ρξεıηκνπνηώλĲĮο θĮĲάιιειε νξνινγίĮ, λĮ κπνξνύλ λĮ πİξηγξάĳνπλ, Ĳηο βĮıηθέο έλλνηİο, Ĳηο įπλĮĲόĲεĲİο θĮη ĲĮ γİληθά ρĮξĮθĲεξηıĲηθά βĮıηθώλ İĳĮξκνγώλ, İξγĮιİίσλ θĮη Ĳİρληθώλ. ΝĮ κπνξνύλ İπίıεο λĮ įηĮθξίλνπλ ĲĮ ηįηĮίĲİξĮ ρĮξĮθĲεξηıĲηθά Ĳνπο θĮη λĮ Įμηνπνηνύλ Ĳηο įπλĮĲόĲεĲİο πνπ πξνıĳέξνπλ
λĮ κπνξνύλ λĮ İπηιέγνπλ Ĳηο θĮĲάιιειİο θĮĲά πİξίπĲσıε İĳĮξκνγέο ινγηıκηθνύ
λĮ κπνξνύλ λĮ ıπλįπάδνπλ θĮη λĮ Įμηνπνηνύλ įηĮĳνξİĲηθέο İĳĮξκνγέο, İξγĮιİίĮ θĮη Ĳİρληθέο
λĮ κπνξνύλ λĮ θĮĲĮγξάĳνπλ ĲĮ ıĲάįηĮ ĮλάπĲπμεο κηĮο Įπιήο İĳĮξκνγήο, λĮ ıπλζέĲνπλ įηĮγξĮκκĮĲηθέο Įπİηθνλίıİηο Ĳσλ ĮπĮξĮίĲεĲσλ İλİξγİηώλ θĮη λĮ İλĲνπίδνπλ ĲĮ ıĳάικĮĲĮ θĮη Ĳηο πĮξĮιήςİηο πνπ πηζĮλόλ έγηλĮλ ıĲε ĳάıε Ĳεο ıρİįίĮıεο
λĮ κπνξνύλ λĮ πινπνηνύλ, λĮ Ĳİθκεξηώλνπλ θĮη λĮ Įμηνινγνύλ Įπιέο İĳĮξκνγέο.

Εληơίν Πιơίıην ΠξνγξάκκơĲνο Σπνπįώλ Πιεξνĳνξηθήο ıİιίįơ

5.2.4.4 Άμνλİο πİξηİρνκέλνπ

	ΔλόĲεĲΧ			Πİξηİρόκİλν
1. ΔλεκİξώλνκΧη			 Δπηıθόπεıε Ĳσλ İĳĮξκνγώλ ινγηıκηθνύ πνπ Įĳνξνύλ ıĲελ İπİμİξγĮıίĮ κİγάινπ όγθνπ įİįνκέλσλ θĮη πιεξνĳνξηώλ. ΥξεıηκόĲεĲĮ , νκνηόĲεĲİο θĮη įηĮĳνξέο Ĳνπο. Σν πİξηβάιινλ Ĳνπο θĮη νη βĮıηθέο ιİηĲνπξγίİο Ĳνπο  ΔπηθνηλσλίĮ-ıπλİξγĮıίĮ κİĲĮμύ İĳĮξκνγώλ ινγηıκηθνύ  ΜİιινλĲηθέο Ĳάıİηο ΓηįΧθĲηθέο ώξİο5: 10
2. Γηİξİπλώ-΢πıρİĲίδω			 Πξνıįηνξηıκόο Ĳνπ πξνβιήκĮĲνο θĮη Ĳσλ ĮπĮηĲήıİσλ  Αλάιπıε Ĳσλ ĮπĮηĲήıİσλ πνπ πξνθύπĲνπλ  Οξγάλσıε Ĳσλ įİįνκέλσλ  ΑλĮδήĲεıε θĮη πξνıįηνξηıκόο Ĳσλ θĮĲĮιιήισλ İĳĮξκνγώλ ινγηıκηθνύ  Γηİξİύλεıε Ĳεο įπλĮĲόĲεĲĮο ıπλİξγĮıίĮο θĮη ĮλĲĮιιĮγήο įİįνκέλσλ κİĲĮμύ İĳĮξκνγώλ ΓηįΧθĲηθέο ώξİο: 10
3. ΢ρİįηάδω -ΔĳΧξκόδω			 ΓηĮγξĮκκĮĲηθή Įπİηθόληıε Ĳεο ξνήο Ĳσλ ĮπĮξĮίĲεĲσλ İξγĮıηώλ  ΣκεκĮĲηθή πινπνίεıε ıĲν İπηιİγκέλν πİξηβάιινλ ĮλάπĲπμεο  ΢ύλζİıε Ĳσλ İπηκέξνπο įξĮıĲεξηνĲήĲσλ  Γνθηκή κİ πξĮγκĮĲηθά įİįνκέλĮ  ΔλĲνπηıκόο ıĳĮικάĲσλ ή πĮξĮιİίςİσλ  ΓεκηνπξγίĮ Ĳİιηθνύ νινθιεξσκέλνπ πξντόλĲνο  Σİθκεξίσıε-Αμηνιόγεıε  ΠĮξάįνıε Ĳνπ πξντόλĲνο, κİ ıπλνįİπĲηθό πιηθό, ıĲνπο ρξήıĲİο ΓηįΧθĲηθέο ώξİο: 30

5.2.5 ΔĳΧξκνγέο ΤπνινγηıĲώλ

Όπσο πİξηγξάĳİĲĮη ıĲελ πĮξάγξĮĳν 5.1

⁵Οη ώξİο įηįơıθơιίơο πξνĲİίλνλĲơη İλįİηθĲηθά

Εληơίν Πιơίıην ΠξνγξάκκơĲνο Σπνπįώλ Πιεξνĳνξηθήο ıİιίįơ 10

O ynOJOrlITHI KAl Ol E<APMOrEI TOy . O unoAoYlaT�� aTlv Koell&plv� �w� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.1.1 al AuTOfaTee TafeloAoYlOTlKee Mlxavee TWv Tpane�wv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

1.1.2 a unoAoYlOTre Oe eva noAuKaTOOTlfa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

1.1.3 a unoAoYlOTre OToue a8AlTlKoue aYwvee . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

1.1.4 a unoAoYlOTre OTlv uYe(a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

1.1.5 a unoAoYlOTre OTov eAeYxo Tle KuKAoqop(ae TWv auToKlvrTWv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

1.1.6 al e�ofolWTee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

1.1.7 a unoAoYlOTre OTlv e�epeuvlOl Tou olaOTrfaToe . . . . . . .27

1.1.8 a unoAoYlOTre OTlv luxaYWY(a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

1.1.9 a unoAoYlOTre OTlv eKna(oeuOl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

.2 nw� qTaaol& aTou� all&plvou� unoAoYlaT&� . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

1.2.1 al npwTol lAeKTpovlKo( unoAoYlOTee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

1.2.2 H e�eAl�l Tou uAlKou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

1.2.3 H e�eAl�l OTo AoYlOflKO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

1.2.4 To feAAov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

AvoK&qoAofwal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 EpwT�a&l� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 rAwaaaplo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Eviloq&poua&� Kol xp�all&� il&ueuva&l� Tou .loilKTuou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 BlPAloYpoqfo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

o UnO.OyIOT�c KaI OI ccaPlOytc TOU

unoAoYlOTre avafq(aoAa e(val fla anO Tle OnouoalOTepee flxavee nou exel KaTaOKeuOOel o Ov8pWnoe KaTO Tl olOpKela Tou elKoOTou alwva. H xplOlfOTlTO Tou eKTe(veTal anO To On(Tl Kal To OxoAe(o fexpl Tle enlxelprOeleO Toue opYavlOfoue Kal Ta epeuvlTlKO KevTpa.

LTov epYaOlaKO Tofea l xprOl Tou unoAoYlOTr eneqepe Tlv auTofaTono(lOl nAr8oue epYaOlwv nou OAAa�e Tle Ouv8rKee anaOxOAlOle noAAwv av8pwnWvO fe anoTeAeOfa va olfloupYl8ouv veee e�elolKeufevee 8eOele epYaO(ae Kal va KaTapYl8ouv OAAee nlo napaooOlaKee. En(Ole oorYlOe Kal OTlv aneAeu8epWOl ouvOfeWv nou aor8lOav noAAoue Tofe(e Tle av8pwnlvle opaOTlplOTlTaeO OnWe Tlv epeuvaO Tlv anOKTlOl YvwOleO Tlv enlKolvWv(aO Tlv olKovoflKr avOnTu�l aKOfl Kal Tlv luxaYWY(aO va anAW8ouv Oe veoue op(�ovTee opOOle.

H OuvelolTono(lOl auTre Tle e�eAl�le olfloupYe(O euAoYaO OTa avrOuxa nveufaTa TWv veWv av8pwnWv Tlv enl8uf(a va YvWp(Oouv Toue unoAoYlOTee Kal OTl Ouvexela va Toue a�lonolrOouv OTlv enlTux(a TWv enlolw�ewv Toue.

LTa nAa(Ola auTou Tou fa8rfaToe 8a enlxelprOoufe va YvWp(Ooufe Tle ouvaTOTlTee Kal Tle euKalp(ee nou fae npoOqepel l TexvoAoY(a TWv unoAoYlOTwv Kal va KaTavorOoufe Tle evvolee Kal Tle aaOlKee apxee Tle enlOTrfle Tle nAlpoqoplK�� . H enaqr fe auTr Tl YvWOTlKr neploxr exel KaTaOTe( anapa(TlTl Yla Toue veoue Tle enoxr faeO Oxl fOvo YlaT( l Ka8lfeplvr �Wr Toue e(val nAouOla Oe efnelp(ee xprOle auTre Tle TexvoAoY(aeO aAAO Kal enelor fe Tlv aAfaTwol e�eAl�l TWv eqapfoYwv Tle Y(veTal eva OAo Kal nlo OuvapnaOTlKO neo(o anOKTlOle YvwOle.

a OlfeplvOe TpOnoe �Wre exel opYavW8e( Oe TeTolo aa8fO YupW anO Tl xprOl Tou unoAoYlOTrO wOTe noAAee analTrOele Tou Olfeplvou av8pwnou Oe KO8e Tofea oev 8a fnopouOav va KaAuq8ouv xWp(e auTOv.

Ae e�eTOOoufeO AolnOvO feplKee xapaKTlplOTlKee eqapfoYee Tou unoAoYlOTr nou KaAunTouv OlfavTlKoue Tofe(e Tle av8pwnlvle opaOTlplOTlTae.

a Tpane�lKOe xwpoe e(val anO Toue npwToue nou eKfeTaAAeuTlKav Tle ouvaTOTlTee Tou unoAoYlOTr. Mla unlpeO(a nou oev 8a fnopouOe va uAonoll8e( xWp(e Tl xprOl Tou e(val l npaYfaTono(lOl Tpane�lKwv OuvaAAaYwv fe aOqOAela Kal TaxuTlTaO onolaornoTe fepa Kal wpaO xWp(e Tl feOoAOalOl Tou npoOWnlKou Tle TpOne�aeO aAAO fe Tl xprOl evOe flxavrfaToe Kal flae elolKre faYvlTlKre KOpTae.

To flxOvlfa auTO e(val l AuToloTl Tol&loAoYlaTlK� Mlxov� (Automatic Teller Machine ATM) fe Tlv ono(a e(val eqoolaOfeva Ta unoKaTaOTrfaTa TWv Tpane�wv. Mla ATM anoTeAe( fepoe Tou unoAoYlOTlKou OuOTrfaToe Tle TpOne�ae Kal anoTeAe(Tal anO ouo aaOlKO TfrfaTa�Ila va KaTavorOoufe KaAuTepa nwe AelToupYe( l ATMO ae napaKoAou8rOoufe Tl olaolKaO(a nou aKoAou8e(Tal Yla fla npO�l avOAllle xplfOTWv.

Tono8eTlOl Tle KOpTae OTlv elolKr OxlOfr Tou flxavrfaToe. 'vae flxavlOfOe avaYvWp(�el Ta OTolxe(a nou e(val ano8lKeufeva OTlv KOpTa auTr.
nAlKTpoAOYlOl Tou npoOWnlKou KWolKou (PIN Personal Identification Number)O nou exel oo8e( anO Tlv TpOne�a. Ta OTolxe(a Tle KOpTaeO Oe OuvouaOfO fe Tov KWolKO nou nAlKTpoAoYe(TalO e(val eKe(va nou enlTpenouv va �eKlvrOel l OuvaAAaYr.
EnlAoYr Tou e(ooue Tle OuvaAAaYreO OTl OuYKeKplfevl nep(nTWOl avOAllleO Kal Ka8oplOfOe Tou xplfaTlKou noOouO OufqWva fe Tle oolY(ee nou efqav(�ovTal OTlv o8Ovl Tle ATM.

MeTaa(aaOl TWv OTolxe(Wv auTwv OTov KevTplKO unoAoYlOTr Tle TpOne
�aeO Onou Y(veTal ava�rTlOl Tou AoYaplaOfou. AveupeOl TWv OTolxe(Wv nou e(val KaTaxWplOfeva.

npaYfaTono(lOl TWv anapa(TlTWv eAeYxWv ola8eOlfo unOAolnoO K.O.onOTeO OTlv nep(nTWOl nou OAa e(val evTO�elO Y(vovTal ol anapa(TlTee evepYelee Yla Tl oleKnepa(WOl Tle OuvaAAaYre. TeTolee e(val l aqa(peOl Tou noOou Kal l evlfepWOl Tou AoYaplaOfou fe To veo unOAolnoO l KaTaYpaqr Tle lfepoflv(ae avOAllleO K.O.

• LTl Ouvexela feTaalaO�ovTal OTlv ATM Ta OTolxe(a nou e(val anapa(TlTa Yla Tlv oAoKArpWOl r Oxl Tle OuvaAAaYre. EOv Ta OTolxe(a auTO To enlTpenouvO l ATM oAoKAlpwvel Tl OuvaAAaYrO fe Tlv KaTafeTplOl Kal anOooOl TWv avT(OTolxWv xapTovoflOfOTWv Ka8we Kal Tlv eKTunWOl Tle avOAoYle anOoel�le.

• MeTO Tlv oAoKArpWOl Tle OuvaAAaYre l ATM enlOTpeqel Tlv KOpTa.

L r pa e p f e e

H opYOvWOl Kal AelToupY(a evOe noAuKaTaOTrfaToe e(val fla lola(Tepa nep( nAoKl olaolKaO(aO nou OTl Olfeplvr enoxr aaO(�eTal OTl xprOl unoAoYlOTr.

Le eva noAuKaTOOTlfa unOpxel Ouvr8We eva KevTplKO unoAoYlOTlKO OuOTlfaO fe To ono(o OuvoeovTal Oxl fOvo ol TafelaKee flxavee aAAO Kal ol neplqepelaKo( unoAoYlOTee OTa Olfe(a elOaYWYre npo'OvTWvO OTa Olfe(a evlfepWOle Tou KolvouO K.O. KO8e npo'Ov e(val Ouvr8We KaTaxWplOfevo Oe f(a aOOl oeoofevWv nou olaTlpe(Tal OTo KevTplKO OuOTlfaO OTlv ono(a exouv npOOaaOl ol neplqepelaKo( unoAoYlOTee Kal ol TafelaKee flxavee. LTl aOOl e(val KaTaxWplOfevaO eKTOe anO Tov KWolKO Tou nou e(val fovaolKOe Kal To olaKp(vel anO Ta OAAa e(olO Kal OAAa OTolxe(aO OnWe e(val l neplYpaqr TouO l Tlfr aYopOe Kal nwAlOleO l KaTlYop(a <.n.A. OTlv ono(a avrKelO l ola8eOlfl noOOTlTaO K.O. aplOfeva anO Ta OTolxe(a auTO evlfepwvovTal KO8e qopO nou olaKlve(Tal eva npo'Ov ola8eOlfl noOOTlTaO K.O. evw OAAa napafevouv OTa8epOO n.x. l neplYpaqrO l Tlfr aYopOeO K.O.

KO8e Tafe(o ola8eTel e�onAlOfO Ouvoeoefevo fe Tov KevTplKO unoAoYlOTrO o ono(oe anoTeAe(Tal anO Tlv TafelaKr flxavrO anO OapWTr paaoWTou KwolKa Kal anO aol8lTlKee OuOKeueeO OnWe e(val ol OuOKeuee Yla Tle nlOTWTlKee KOpTee. H olaolKaO(a nou aKoAou8e(Tal Oe eva Tafe(o e(val l aKOAou8l�

• I(veTal avOYvWOl Tou paaoWTou KwolKa nou unOpxel OTl OuOKeuaO(a Tou npo'OvToe Kal avaYvWp(�eTal o KWolKOe Tou.

vla Ta neplOOOTepa npo'OvTa qepouv OTl OuOKeuaO(a Toue eva YpaffWTO KWolKO nou AeYeTal

poPiwTo� KwilKo� r poPioKwilKo� (bar code). a KWolKOe auTOe avaYvWp(�eTal anO evav elolKO OapWTr. 'TOlO anaAAOOOeTal o unOAAlAoe anO Tlv nAlKTpoAOYlOl Tou KWolKouO evw TauTOxpova felwveTal o K(vouvoe Aav8aOfevle elOaYWYre.

a KWolKOe Tou npo'OvToe feTaalaO�eTal OTov KevTplKO unoAoYlOTr Kal anO Tl aOOl oeoofevWv nou e(val eYKaTeOTlfevl Oe auTOv avaOupovTal Ta unOAolna OTolxe(a Tou npo'OvToe.
Me Tlv ene�epYaO(a TWv OTolxe(Wv auTwv OxlfaT(�ovTal ol KaTOAAlAee nAlpoqop(ee Yla Tlv nwAlOl Tou npo'OvToeO nou feTaalaO�ovTal OTo unoAoYlOTlKO OuOTlfa Tou Tafe(ou.

aplOfeva OTolxe(a OnWe e(val l neplYpaqrO l Tlfr nwAlOleO
K.O. efqav(�ovTal OTlv o8Ovl Kal eKTunwvovTal OTlv anOoel�lO evw l Tlfr nwAlOle npoOT(8eTal OTo OuvoAlKO noOO.

a unOAAlAoeO feTO To TeAeuTa(o npo'OvO o(vel evToAr Yla Tlv oAoKArpWOl Tle OuvaAAaYreO onOTe efqav(�eTal Kal eKTunwveTal To OuvoAlKO oqelAOfevo noOO. LTl Ouvexela evlfepwveTal l aOOl oeoofevWv Yla Tlv napanOvW K(vlOlO n.x. anO8efaO OTolxe(a anOoel�leO K.O.
LTlv nep(nTWOl e�OqAlOle fe feTplTO Kal feTO anO elOaYWYr OTlv TafelaKr flxavr Tou xplfaTlKou noOouO aKoAou8e( o unoAoYlOfOe Kal l efqOvlOl Tou noOou nou npenel va enlOTpaqe(.

L r pa e p f e e e e

o UnO.OyIOT�c KaI OI ccaPlOytc TOU

Le eva noAuKaTOOTlfa unOpxouv Kal OAAee AelToupYlKee avOYKee nou fnope( va unoOTlp(�ovTal anO unoAoYlOTrO OnWe�

• l ololKlTlKr unoOTrpl�l Kal l AoYlOTlKr olaxe(plOl

• o eAeYxoe Tle aOqOAelae Tou KTlp(ouO n.x. l evepYono(lOl TWv nupoOaeOTrpWv Oe nep(nTWOl av(xveuOle qWTlOeO o eAeYxoe KOfepae r elolKwv avlxveuTwv Yla Tlv napaKoAou8lOl Tle K(vlOle OToue xwpoue Tou KaTaOTrfaToeO K.O.

Me Tl xprOl Tou unoAoYlOTr OTo noAuKaTOOTlfa npoKunTouv noAAO oqeAl TOOo Yla Tl olo(KlOlO OOo Kal Yla Tov KaTavaAWTr.

Ila Tl olo(KlOl�

anoTeAeOfaTlKr ololKlTlKr unoOTrpl�l Kal AoYlOTlKr olaxe(plOl
eYKalpl Kal eYKupl evlfepWOl Yla To KuKAWfa aYopwv Kal nWArOeWv Ka8we Kal eYKalpl npOaAell TWv npoTlfrOeWv Tou KaTavaAWTlKou Kolvou Yla Tlv e�aOqOAlOl enOpKelae OTa npo'OvTa
fe(WOl Aa8wvO lola(Tepa KaTO Tlv nwAlOl OTa Tafe(a
aeATlOTono(lOl Tle anOooOle Tou npoOWnlKou

• ouvaTOTlTa fe(WOle Tou KOOToue avO npo'Ov fe avT(OTolxl fe(WOl Tle Tlfre nwAlOleO npo�nO8eOl nou avaaa8f(�el Tlv avTaYWvlOTlKr 8eOl Tle enlxe(plOle.

Ila Tov KaTavaAWTr�

TaxuTepl Kal anoTeAeOfaTlKOTepl e�unlpeTlOl OTa Tafe(a
fe(WOl Tle nl8avOTlTae AO8oue OTle Tlfee Kal OTle unoAoYl�Ofevee noOOTlTee TWv npo'OvTWv nou aYopO�el
Kepooe anO Tl fe(WOl TWv Tlfwv TWv npo'OvTWvO nou fnope( va npoepxeTal e(Te anO To xaflAOTepo KOOToeO e(Te anO npoOqopee nou KOvouv Ta noAuKaTaOTrfaTaO aqou l olo(KlOl fnope( noAu euKoAa va YvWp(�el xnolo npo'Ov neplOOeuel O xnolo npoTlfO To KolvO r xnolo ArYel O K.O.

al a8AlTlKo( aYwvee Tle enoxre fae analTouv OfeOl nAlpoqOplOl Kal evlfepWOl TOOo auTwv nou OuffeTexouvO OOo Kal TWv 8eaTwv. a unoAoYlOTre epxeTal va aol8rOel Kal eowO enelor o OYKoe TWv OTolxe(Wv nou xpelO�eTal va unoOTouv ene�epYaO(a Kal va feTaalaaOTouv Oe olaqopeTlKO Olfe(a e(val feYOAoe.

Ila va KaTavorOoufe KaAuTepa Tl xplOlfOTlTa Tou unoAoYlOTr OTov a8AlTlOfOO ae ooufe Tl Oufaa(vel OToue aAufnlaKoue AYwvee. �a xplOlfonolrOoufe We napOoelYfa fla TlAeonTlKr feTOooOl Tou opOfou TWv 1.500 feTpWv OTo OT(ao.

nplv Tlv eKK(vlOlO efqav(�eTal OTlv o8Ovl evae OuYKevTpWTlKOe n(vaKae fe

OTolxe(a TWv a8AlTwv nou feTexouv. En(Ole Y(veTal Kal l napouO(aOr ToueO

Onou fa�( fe Tlv elKOva KO8e a8AlTr efqav(�eTal Kal fla KOpTa nou neplexel npoOWnlKO Tou OTolxe(aO OnWe o apl8fOe OTl qaveAaO To OvofaO l lAlK(aO l aToflKr en(ooOlO K.O. Me Tlv eKK(vlOl Tou aYwvaO efqav(�ovTal OTlv o8Ovl To naYKOOflo peKOpO To peKOp aAufnlaKwv AYwvWv Ka8we Kal eva lAeKTpovlKO xpovOfeTpo nou feTpO To xpOvo TWv a8AlTwv. KaTO Tl olOpKela Tou aYwva efqav(�ovTal Kal OAAee OxeTlKee

nAlpoqop(eeO OnWe o apl8fOe TWv YupWv nou anofevouvO o xpOvoe OTov ono(o o nponopeuOfevoe a8AlTre olrvuOe To YupoO l TaxuTlTa avefouO K.O. MeTO Tov TepfaTlOfO Tou vlKlTrO OTlv o8Ovl efqav(�eTal o xpOvoe Tle en(ooOre Tou Ka8we Kal avOAoYl nAlpoqOplOl eOv l en(ooOr

Tou anoTeAe( naYKOOfloO oAufnlaKOO e8vlKO r aToflKO peKOpO evw To xpovO feTpo Ouvex(�el va feTpO To xpOvo Yla Toue unOAolnoue a8AlTee. Me Tov TepfaTlOfO Kal Tou TeAeuTa(ou a8AlTrO efqav(�eTal OTlv o8Ovl fla KOpTa fe Ta aven(Olfa anoTeAeOfaTa. AvOAoYee elKOvee exoufe Kal anO Ta unOAolna aYWv(OfaTa Tou OT(aou Ka8we Kal anO Ta OAAa a8ArfaTa Tle aAufnlOoae.

Ila va Y(vovTal OAa auTO YprYo pa Kal fe aKp(aelaO ol aYwvee u noOTlp(�ovTal anO eva unoAoYl OTlKO OuOTlfa.

nlo OuYKeKplfeva� nplv anO Tlv evap�l TWv aYw vWvO o qopeae flxavoYpOqlOle OuYKevTpwvel Kal ano8lKeuel nAlpoqop(ee OxeTlKee fe Ta OTolxe(a TWv a8AlTwvO Ta anoTe AeOfaTa npolYoufevWv aYwvWvO Tle naYKOOflee Kal Tle e8vlKee e nloOOele Kal YevlKO onolaornoTe

o UnO.OyIOT�c KaI OI ccaPlOytc TOU

OAAl nAlpoqop(a 8a fnopouOe va anooelxTe( xprOlfl OToue olfoOloYpOqoue Kal Tlv opYavWTlKr enlTponr. Luvr8We l unoOTrpl�l uAonole(Tal anO eva oAo KAlpWfevo OuOTlfaO nou neplAafaOvel unoAoYlOTeeO OpYava feTprOeWe enloO OeWvO lAeKTpovlKoue n(vaKee avaKolvwOeWvO K.O. KaTO Tl olOpKela TWv aYwvWvO KaTaxWp(�ovTal OTo unoAoYlOTlKO OuOTlfa ol enloOOele TWv a8AlTwv OTa olOqopa aYWv(OfaTa. EKe( fe Tl aor8ela KaTOA AlAWv npoYpaffOTWv Y(veTal ene�epYaO(a TWv OTolxe(Wv Kal eTOl�

• ol KplTee Kal ol uneu8uvol TWv aYwvWv fnopouv va owOouv Ta anoTeAeOfaTa YprYopa Kal xWp(e AO8l

• fla en(ooOl fnope( euKoAa Kal fe aOqaAr TpOno va xapaKTlplOTe( We naYKOOfloO oAufnlaKOO e8vlKO r aToflKO peKOp KaTO nep(nTWOl

• ol uneu8uvol Tunou exouv Tl ouvaTOTlTa feOa Oe eAOxlOTo xpOvo va avTArOouv Kal va feTaowOouv nAlpoqop(ee OxeTlKee fe anoTeAeOfaTaO OTaTlOTlKO OTolxe(aO K.O.

MeTO Tl Ar�l TWv aYwvWvO Y(veTal ene�epYaO(a OAWv TWv OTolxe(Wv Kal olfloupYe(Tal To xapxe(o TWv aYwvWv auTwvO Yla feAAovTlKr xprOl.

al eqapfoYee Tou unoAoYlOTr OTlv uYe(a e(val nOpa noAAee TOOo Oe ololKlTlKOO OOo Kal Oe enlOTlfovlKO en(neoo.

al ololKrOele TWv OuYxpovWv voOoKofe(Wv npenel va ano8lKeuouv Kal va ene�epYO�ovTal feYOAo OYKo OTolxe(Wv nou aqopouv Tlv nep(8aAll TWv aO8evwv. H ene�epYaO(a Kal l ano8rKeuOl TWv OTolxe(Wv auTwv 8a rTav noAu ouOKoAl xWp(e Toue unoAoYlOTee.

al YlaTpo( Yla va KaTaAr�ouv Oe aOqaAr OufnepOOfaTa Yla Tl OufneplqopO flae vOOou xpelO�eTalO noAAee qopeeO va KOvouv OTaTlOTlKr ene�epYaO(a Oe eva feYOAo nAr8oe anO OTolxe(a. TwpaO fe Tl aor8ela Tou unoAoYlOTr Y(veTal YprYopa l ene�epYaO(a auTwv TWv OTolxe(Wv Kal e�OYovTal aKplar anoTeAeOfaTa.

H enlOTrfl Tle laTplKre exel WqeAl8e( OlfavTlKO anO Tl aor8ela nou Tle npoOqepouv Ta OuYxpova flxavrfaTaO Ta ono(a aaO(�ovTal Oe unoAoYlOTlKO OuOTrfaTa. MeplKO TeTola flxavrfaTa e(val�

al ToloYpaqolO ol ono(ol aol8ouv Toue YlaTpoue va xaAenouv aKOfa Kal OTo eOWTeplKO Tou av8pwnlvou OwfaToe Kal va feAeTouv Ta olOqopa OpYavO Tou.

Ta flxavrfaTa auTO eKfeTaAAeuovTal Tle OuYxpovee TexvlKee anelKOvlOleO OnWe e(val�

l A�ovlKr TofoYpaq(a fe nnoAoYlOTr (Computerized Axial Tomography CAT)
l TofoYpaq(a fe EKnofnr no�lTpov(Wv (Positron Emission Tomography PET)
l AnelKOvlOl fe MaYvlTlKO LuvTovlOfO (Magnetic Resonance

Imaging MRI) Kal aol8ouv Toue YlaTpoue Yla aKplaeOTepl Kal TaxuTepl olOYvWOl.

Ta T&xvlTa opYovo veqpOeO rnapO KapolOO K.O. fe Ta ono(a e(val eqoolaOfevee ol elolKee fovOoee Kal Ta xelpoupYe(a TWv OuYxpovWv voOoKofe(WvO npoOqepouv noAuTlfee unlpeO(ee OToue aO8eve(e.

Mla anO Tle TeAeuTa(ee unlpeO(ee uYe(ae nou eYlve eqlKTr fe Tl aor8ela Tou unoAoYlOTr e(val l TlA&'oTplK� O olAaor l eKTeAeOl laTplKwv npO�eWv anO a nOOTaOl. Me Tlv eqapfoYr Tle TlAe'aTplKre e(val ouvaTOv va Y(vovTal aKOfa Kal eYxel

prOele e� anoOTOOeWeO Onou o xelpoupYOe ap(OKeTal faKplO anO Tov aO8evr Kal npaYfaTonole( Tlv enefaaOl fe Tl aor8ela e�elolKeufevWv TlAexelpl�OfevWv laTplKwv epYaAe(WvO nou eAeYxovTal anO unoAoYlOTlKO OuOTlfa. Me Tlv avOnTu�l Tle TlAe'aTplKre oleuKoAuvovTal Kal OAAeeO (OWe nlo anAeeO laTplKee npO�ele.

Ila napOoelYfa elolKeuOfevoe YlaTpOe ano faKpuOfevou KevTpou uYe(ae e�eTO�el KO nolov aO8evr Kal OTlv aKTlvoYpaq(a Ouva vTO euprfaTa Ta ono(a oev fnope( va epfl veuOel r exel afqlaoA(ee Yla Tlv TeAlKr olO YvWOl. Me Tl aor8ela Tou unoAoYlOTr fnope( va llqlonolrOel Tlv aKTlvoYpaq(aO OnWe en( Ole Kal OAAa OTolxe(a Yla Tov aO8evr aTo flKO OTolxe(aO laTplKO lOToplKOO e�eTOOele a(faToeO K.O. Kal va Ta feTaalaOOel Oe fe YOAo voOoKofe(oO Onou unOpxouv efnelpol YlaTpo( OAWv TWv elolKoTrTWv. al elolKo( feAeTouv Tlv aKTlvoYpaq(a Kal Ta unOAolna OTolxe(a Kal KOvouv Tlv TeAlKr olOYvWOl. Me Tl aor8ela Tou unoAoYlOTlKou

r e p

OuOTrfaToe Tou voOoKofe(ou enlOTpeqouv

OTo OuvOoeAqO Toue Tl olOYvWOl Ka8we Kal AenTofepe(e oolY(ee Yla Tlv Ka

TOAAlAl 8epaneuTlKr aYWYr.

'TOl o YlaTpOe fe Tl aor8ela Tou unoAoYlOTrO feOa Oe OuvTofo xpovlKO olO

OTlfa Kal xWp(e va TaAalnWpl8e( o aO8evreO fnope( va exel Tl OWOTr Kal u

neu8uvl olOYvWOl Ka8we Kal Tle KaTOAAlAee oolY(ee Yla 8epaneuTlKr aYWYr.

Av Yla onoloornoTe AOYo To unoAoYlOTlKO OuOTlfa nOlel va AelToupYe( Kal oev fnope( va oexeTal r va feTaalaO�el OTolxe(a anO Kal npoe Toue KOfaoueO ol OlfaTooOTee feTaTpenovTal Oe xOlfaTooOTee OTa8epou xpOvou .

LTle OuYxpovee feYaAounOAeleO Oe OAo Kal neplOOOTepoue opOfoueO unOpxouv OlfaTooOTee nou pu8f(�ouv Tlv K(vlOl ne�wv Kal oxlfOTWv.

a eAeYxoe TWv OlfaToooTwv fnope( va Y(veTal�

xelpoK(vlTaO fe Tlv n(eOl evOe nArKTpou OTo OlfaTooO Tl
fe alO8lTrpeeO nou avlxveuouv auTOfaTa Tl oleAeuOl TpoxoqOpWv
fe xpovoolaKOnTee OTa8epou xpOvou
fe unoAoYlOTlKO OuOTlfa.

LTa feYOAa aOTlKO KevTpaO Onou l K(vlOl TWv oxlfOTWv e(val noAu au�lfevlO Kaveva anO Ta Tp(a npwTa OuOTrfaTa eAeYxou TWv OlfaToooTwv oev e(val anoTeAeOfaTlKO. Ila Tov eAeYxo TWv OlfaToooTwv opYavwveTal eva unoAoYlOTlKO OuOTlfaO To ono(o

o UnO.OyIOT�c KaI OI ccaPlOytc TOU

ene�epYO�eTal TaxuTaTa noAu feYOAo OYKo OTolxe(WvO nou npoepxovTal anO Toue alO8lTrpee Kal Toue OlfaTooOTee Oxl fOvo flae olaOTaupWOle aAAO o AOKAlple neploxre. Ila va AelToupYrOel anoTeAeOfaTlKO eva TeTolo OuOTlfa�

H neploxr xWp(�eTal Oe Tofe(e Kal OTle olaOTaupwOele Onou unOpxouv OlfaTooOTee Tono8eTouvTal elolKo( alO8lTrpee. al OlfaTooOTee Kal ol alO8lTrpee flae olaOTaupWOle anoTeAouv evav KOfao nou OuvoeeTal
fe Tov KevTplKO unoAoYlOTr.

KO8e qopO nou o alO8lTrpae avlxveuel oleAeuOl auToKlvrTouO feTaalaO�el eva Orfa OTov unoAoYlOTr. H ene�epYaO(a TWv OlfOTWv auTwv Y(veTal fe

Tl xprOl KaTOAAlAWv npoYpaffOTWv Kal eTOl avO nOOa OTlYfr o unoAoYlOTre xYvWp(�el Yla KO8e KOfaoO eKTOe anO Tlv evoel�l TWv OlfaToooTwvO To nAr8oe Kal Tl feOl TaxuTlTa TWv oxlfOTWv nou nAlOlO�ouv.

Me Ta npoYpOffaTa auTO avaAuovTal Ta OTolxe(a OAWv TWv KOfaWvO enlAeYovTal ol KaAuTepee pu8f(Oele Yla Tlv ofaAr por Tle KuKAoqop(ae Oe Ka8eva anO auToue Kal feTaalaO�ovTal OToue KOfaoue ol KaTOAAlAee evToAee Yla Tle evoe(�ele TWv OlfaToooTwv.
EvlfepwvovTalO napOAAlAaO ol elolKo( lAeKTpovlKo( n(vaKee OTo KevTpo eAeYxou Tou unoAoYlOTlKou OuOTrfaToeO Onou anelKov(�ovTal ol KOfaol Kal l evoel�l TWv OlfaToooTwv Toue KO8e xpovlKr OTlYfr.

En(Ole fe Tlv Tono8eTlOl alvTeoKOfepae OTle KevTplKee oolKee apTlp(eeO napexeTal l ouvaTOTlTa va efqav(�ovTal OTle o8Ovee Tou KevTpou eAeYxou elKOvee anO Tlv K(vlOl OToue opOfoue. al elKOvee auTeeO fa�( fe Ta OTolxe(a TWv lAeKTpovlKwv nlvOKWvO aol8ouv Toue uneu8uvoue Tou KevTpou eAeYxou va exouv fla nAlpeOTepl elKOva Tle KuKAoqop(ae TWv oxlfOTWv Kal va enefaa(vouv Onou xpelO�eTal r va aeATlwvouv Ta npoYpOffaTa nou eAeYxouv Toue OlfaTooOTee.

Mla KaTlYop(a eqapfoYwv ol ono(ee oev e(val ouvaTOv va unOp�ouv xWp(e Tov unoAoYlOTr e(val ol &�ololwT&� (simulators). al e�ofolWTee e(val elolKee olaTO�ele flxavlfOTWv nou OuvoeovTal fe lOxupO unoAoYlOTlKO OuOTrfaTa

Kal o(vouv Tl ouvaTOTlTa va npoOofolW8ouv Ouv8rKee evOe npaYfaTlKou YeYovOToe. TeTolee fnope( va e(val ol Ouv8rKee nTrOeWe evOe aepoOKOqoue r evOe nupauAouO ol Ouv8rKee nAeuOle evOe nAo(ou r evOe unoapux(ouO K.O.

a &�ololwT�� nT�a&w� (flight simulator) o(vel OTo xprOTl Tl ouvaTOTlTa va

E�OfO W C

xelp(�eTal eva elKovlKO aepoOKOqoe. xxelplOTre Tou xaepoOKOqoue au

T a WC

Tou fnope(�

• va aAenel OTlv o8Ovl OOTl 8a unrpxe OTo onTlKO neo(o evOe nlAOTou npaYfaTlKou aepoOKOqoue feOa anO To nlAoTrplo

• fe KaTOAAlAoue xelplOfoue < va xanoYelwvel To xaepoOKOqoe < va npaYfaTonole( Tlv nTrOl

< va To xnpoOYelwvel . al evepYelee Tou xxelplOTr auTou npoKaAouv anoTeAeOfaTa avOAoYa fe auTO Tle npaYfaTlKOTlTae. Ila napOoelYfa Oe nep(nTWOl AO8oue xelplOfou fnope( va xOuvTplae( elKovlKO To aepoOKOqoe.

Mla TeTola eqapfoYrO npolYfe

vou aeaala enlneoouO xplOlfonole(Tal Kal Yla Tlv eKna(oeuOl TWv nlAOTWv. LTlv nep(nTWOl auTrO o 8aAaf(OKoe fe To nlOTO avT(Ypaqo Tou nlAoTlp(ou KO8e Tunou aepoOKOqoue Klve(Tal anO lAeKTpoflxavee nou Ka8oolYouvTal anO unoAoYlOTlKO OuOTrfaTa. 'TOl fnope( va eKTeAe( Tle KlvrOele nou ap(OKovTal feOa OTle ouvaTOTlTee Tou OuYKeKplfevou Tunou aepoOKOqoue. nlo OuYKeKplfeva�

• a eKnaloeuOfevoe nlAOToe KO8eTal OTo xnlAoTrplo Kal eKTeAe( Toue xelplOfoue nou analTouvTal Yla Tlv K(vlOl Tou xaepoOKOqoue . ElolKo( alO8lTrpee avlxveuouv Toue xelplOfoue auToue Kal Ta OTolxe(a nou npoKunTouv feTaalaO�ovTal OTo unoAoYlOTlKO OuOTlfa.

• EKe(O aqou Y(vel l avOAuOl Kal l ene�epYaO(a TWv OTolxe(WvO feTaalaO�ovTal OTo OuOTlfa nou eAeYxel Tle lAeKTpoflxaveeO evToAee Yla va KlvrOouv To xaepoOKOqoe OufqWva fe Toue xelplOfoue Tou eKnaloeuOfevou. a 8OAafoe Klve(Tal Oav va xneTOel O evw TauTOxpova OTlv o8Ovl Tou xnlAoTlp(ou efqav(�ovTal ol elKOvee Tou xwpou feOa OTov ono(o Klve(Tal To xaeponAOvo Kal Ta OpYava oe(xvouv Tle veee evoe(�ele.

al Ouv8rKee xanoYe(WOle O xnTrOle Kal xnpoOYe(WOle olaqopeTlKee KalplKee Ouv8rKeeO olaqopeTlKo( aepoolOopofolO olaqopeTlKO aepoopOfla fnopouv va aAAO�ouv euKoAa Kal eTOl o nlAOToe va eKnaloeueTal OTlv avTlfeTwnlOl Kal ouOKoAWv KaTaOTOOeWv.

o UnO.OyIOT�c KaI OI ccaPlOytc TOU

Mnope( en(Ole va eKnaloeuTe( Kal Yla Ouv8rKee eKTaKTle avOYKle OTle ono(ee noAu nl8avOv va fl ape8e( noTeO aAAOO av auTee OufaouvO l elKovlKr Tou efnelp(a 8a Tov aol8rOel va Tle avTlfeTWn(Oel OOo To ouvaTOv KaAuTepa qWTlO Oe KlvlTrpaO aAOal KlvlTrpaO avaYKaOTlKr npoOYe(WOlO K.O.

H e�epeuvlOl Tou olaOTrfaToe oev voe(Tal xWp(e Tl xprOl unoAoYlOTr. Ta OTolxe(a nou npenel va OuYKevTpW8ouv Kal va avaAu8ouv Yla Tlv npaYfaTono(lOl flae olaOTlflKre anoOToAre e(val TOOo noAAOO nou Ka8lOTouv Tov unoAoYlOTr a napa(TlTo Oe KO8e arfa. EvoelKTlKO avaqepou fe feplKee epYaO(ee nou Y(vovTal fe Tl aor

8elO Tou�

l avOAuOl TWv OTolxe(Wv nou OuAAeYouv ol enlOTrfovee fe Tl aor8ela TWv TlAeOKon(Wv Kal TWv OAAWv opYOvWv
• o OxeolaOfOe TWv olaOTlflKwv anoOToAwv • o OxeolaOfOe Kal l KaTaOKeur TWv nupauAWv • o eAeYxoe Tle TpoqoooO(ae KauO(fou TWv nupauAWv • o eAeYxoe Tle TpoxlOe TWv olaOTlfonAo(Wv Kal TWv olaOTlflKwv OTa8fwv

l eKna(oeuOl TWv aOTpovauTwv OToue e�ofolWTee nTrOle.

�Oo KaAO Kal av e(val eva OuOTlfa e�ofo(WOleO oev fnope( Oe Kaf(a nep(nTWOl va unoKaTaOTrOel nArpWe Tov npaYfaTlKO KOOfo. �fWe ol oe�lOTlTee nou anoKTO o eKnaloeuOfevoe e(val noAu xprOlfee.

AAr8elaO fnope(Te va qavTaOTe(Te Ta Ta�(ola TWv olaOTlflKwv AeWqope(WvO Tlv anoOToAr Tou

�oyager OTlv OKpl Tou OufnavToeO Tlv anoOToAr Tou Pathfinder OTov �pl Kal Ta Ta�(ola TOOWv Kal TOOWv olaOTlfonAo(Wv xWp(e Tl xprOl Tou unoAoYlOTr�

'vae anO Toue Tofe(e Tle Ka8lfeplvre �Wre OTov ono(o e(val evTovl l napouO(a Tou unoAoYlOTr e(val Kal l luxaYWY(a. H ouvaTOTlTO Tou va oexeTal Kal va ene�epYO�eTal olaqopeTlKou e(ooue OTolxe(a Ke(fevaO rxoueO elKOveeeneTpele va xplOlfonoll8e( Kal We luxaYWYlKO epYaAe(o. MOAlOTa Ta TeAeuTa(a xpOvla fe Tl olOooOl TWv unoAoYlaTwv noAul&awv (multimedia computers)O Ta e(ol luxaYWY(ae nou fnope( va npoOqepel o unoAoYlOTre au�r8lKav. Evw Tov npwTo KalpO xplOlfonolr8lKe fOvo Yla lA&KTpovlKa nolxvfilo (video games)O Twpa fnope( va Tov xplOlfonolrOel Kave(e Yla va aKouOel fouOlKrO va napaKoAou8rOel llqlaKee alvTeoTalv(eeO K.O.

T O( O Ta lAeKTpovlKO nalxv(ola KaTexouv Tlv npwTl 8eOl OTlv npoT(flOl TOOo T )(ii TWv nalolwvO OOo Kal noAAwv evlA(KWv. H anrxlOl nou exouv OTo OuYxpovo Ov8pWno exel anoTeAeOel Kal anoTeAe( avTlKe(fevo noAAwv Ou�lTrOeWv Kal feAeTwv. AnO Tl fla feplOO KaTO Kalpoue aAenouv To qWe Tle olfoOlOTlTae anOlele nou unepTov(�ouv Tle apvlTlKee enlopOOele TWv lAeKTpovlKwv nalxvlolwv Kup(We OTl olafOpqWOl avTlKolvWvlKre OufneplqopOe. AnO Tlv OAAl feplOO oev e(val A(Yol eKe(vol ol ono(ol unoOTlp(�ouv OTl Ta lAeKTpovlKO nalxv(ola fe Tlv eA�l nou aOKouv AOYW fouOlKreO xpWfOTWvO Oxeo(WvO YprYople K(vlOleO K.O. OufaOAAouv OTlv e�olKe(WOl TWv veWv xplOTwv fe Tov unoAoYlOTrO Tlv enaqr Toue fe noAAO YvWOTlKO avTlKe(fevaO Tlv au�lOl TWv oe�loTrTWv ToueO Tlv au�lOl TWv avTavaKAaOTlKwv ToueO K.O. Ta lAeKTpovlKO nalxv(ola fnopouv va ofaoonoll8ouv Oe KaTlYop(eeO Ouvr8We avOAoYa fe To neplexOfevO Toue. Luvl8eOTepee e(val�

Ta nolxvfilo aTpoTlYlK�� O noAAO anO Ta ono(a anoTeAouv feTaqopO OTov unoAoYlOTr KAaOlKwv nalxvlolwvO OnWe OKOKlO K.O.
Ta nolxvfilo Tuxl� O nou anoTeAouv Kup(We Tl feTaqopO OTov unoAoYlOTr Tuxepwv nalxvlolwvO OnWe Ta xapTona(YvlaO ol naOlevT�eeO To TOaAlO K.O.
Ta nolxvfilo npoaolofwal� O Ta ono(a npoOofolwvouv eva npaYfaTlKO YeYovOe r fla av8pwnlvl opaOTlplOTlTaO OnWe l nAorYlOl aeponAOvouO unoapux(ouO K.O.
Ta nolxvfilo ipaal� Kol n&pln&T&lo� O Onou Ouvr8We o xprOTle TauT(�eTal fe evav xrpWa O o ono(oe fOxeTal evavT(ov noAAwv ex8pwv npoOna8wvTae e(Te va unepaOn(Oel To neplaOAAov TouO e(Te va KaTaOTpelel eva ex8plKO neplaOAAovO e(Te va avaKaAulel eva Kpuffevo 8lOaupOO K.O.
Ta oeAlTlKa nolxvfiloO OTa ono(a o xprOTle npoOna8e( va aol8rOel evav a8AlTr r fla ofOoa va Kepo(Oel Tov avT(naAo Oe evav elKovlKO a8AlTlKO aYwva.

Tov TeAeuTa(o KalpO nAl8a(vouv Ta lAeKTpovlKO nalxv(olaO nou enlTpenouv Tl OuffeToxr ouo r neplOOoTepWv nalKTwv ol ono(ol e(val Ouvoeoefevol Oe o(KTuo.

En(Ole TeAeuTa(a efqav(OTlKe fla vea KaTlYop(a nalxvlolwvO Ta nalxv(ola &l-KovlK�� npoYloTlKoTlTo� (virtual reality). Le auTO fe Tl xprOl TplOolOOTaTWv YpaqlKwvO rxWv Kal elolKou e�onAlOfou elolKO YOvTlaO elolKO KpOvoeO K.O. olfloupYe(Tal evae qavTaOTlKOe KOOfoe feOa OTov ono(o e�eA(OOeTal To OevOploO o(vovTae Tlv a(O8lOl OTo xprOTl OTl OAa auTO Y(vovTal OTlv npaYfaTlKOTlTa.

o UnO.OyIOT�c KaI OI ccaPlOytc TOU

KAe(vovTae Tlv enlOKOnlOl TWv eqapfoYwv Tou unoAoYlOTr OTlv Ka8lfeplvr �Wr 8a enlOlfOvoufe To YeYovOe OTl Kal l eKna(oeuOl e(val evae anO Toue Tofe(e Tle �Wre fae nou Ka8lfeplvO enlpeO�eTal anO Tlv e�eAl�l TWv unoAoYlOTwv. H ouvaTOTlTa nou npoOqepel o unoAoYlOTre Yla Tl olaxe(plOl olaqopeTlKwv fopqwv flvufOTWv Ke(fevaO elKOveeO rxoue fe feYOAl euKoA(aO Tov Ka8lOTO eva OlfavTlKO epYaAe(o Tle eKnaloeuTlKre olaolKaO(ae. al xprOele TouO TOOo We YvWOTlKO avTlKe(fevo OOo Kal We enonTlKO feOo oloaOKaA(ae Kal epYaAe(o unoOTrpl�leO e(val noAAee.

EvoelKTlKOO avaqepoufe OTl o unoAoYlOTre OTo xwpo Tle eKna(oeuOle xplOlfonole(Tal�

OTl ololKlTlKr Kal YpaffaTelaKr unoOTrpl�l noAAwv eKnaloeuTlKwv lopufOTWvO n.x. aa8foAoY(aO anouO(eeO eKooOl anoTeAeOfOTWvO K.O.
OTlv enlKolvWv(a TWv eKnaloeuTlKwv fovOoWv fe OAAee r fe feYOAa epeuvlTlKO KevTpaO n.x. lAeKTpovlKO Taxuopofe(oO K.O.
OTlv ava�rTlOl nAlpoqoplwv Oe feYOAee aOOele oeoofevWvO n.x. OTov naYKOOflo �OTOO K.O.
OTlv napoxr eKna(oeuOle anO anOOTaOl

OTlv napoxr eKna(oeuOle Oe OTofa fe
elolKee avOYKee

OTl olfloupY(a eKnaloeuTlKwv eqapfo Ywv noAufeOWv eqapfoYee nou Ouv ouO�ouv Ke(fevoO elKOvaO rxoO a(vTeoO

K.O.

OTl oloaOKaA(a Tou (olou Tou avTlKelfe vou Tle nAlpoqoplKre
Oe OAee OxeoOv Tle enlOTrfee 8eTlKee Kal 8eWplTlKeeO TOOo We aol8lTlKO ep YaAe(oO OOo Kal Yla Tlv npoOofo(WOl olaqOpWv qalvofevWv.

aAoKAlpwvovTae auTr Tl OuvTofl enlOKO nlOl Oe Ka8lfeplvee opaOTlplOTlTee Tou OuYxpovou av8pwnouO fnopoufe va olanl OTwOoufe OTl n(OW anO auTee unOpxel KO nolo unoAoYlOTlKO OuOTlfa nou Tle unoOTl p(�el Kal Tov aol8O va Tle npaYfaTonolrOel nlo euKoAa. 'xovTaeO AolnOvO YvWp(Oel feplKee anO Tle eqapfoYee Tou unoAoYlOTrO ae KOvoufe fla OuvTofl avaopofr OTlv e�eAll TWv unoAoYlOTwvO Yla va enlOlfOvoufe Tlv Konlwol npoOnO8ela TWv npWTo nOpWv enlOTlfOvWv nou oorYlOe OTa OlfeplvO enlTeuYfaTa Tle enlOTrfle Tle nAlpoqoplKre.

LufqWva fe Tle npoaAelele noAAwv eKnaloeuTlKwv OTo feAAov oev 8a unOpxel TO�l xWp(e unoAoYlOTr.

al npoOnO8elee Tou av8pwnou va enlvorOel aol8r faTa Yla Toue apl8flTlKoue unoAoYlOfoue xpovo AoYouvTal anO Tlv apxa(a enoxr. Ta npwTa unoAoYlOTlKO epYaAe(a AelToupYouOav fe Tlv K(vlOl flxavlKwv fepwvO OnWe O�ovee Kal Tpo xaA(eeO nou rTav OAa xelpoK(vlTaO Yla napOoelYfa o MlxavlOfOe TWv AvTlKl8upWv AaTpoAaPo� . ApYOTepa KaTaOKeuOOTlKav ol lAeKTpoflxavlKee

unoAoYlOTlKee flxavee nou AelToupYouOav fe lAeKTplKr evepYelaO aAAO e(xav noAAO Klvoufeva flxavlKO fepl Ta ono(a neplOpl�av Tle ouvaTOTlTee Toue.

al npwTee lAeKTpovlKee llqlaKee unoAoYlOTlKee flxavee OpxlOav va KaTaOKeuO�ovTal A(Yo feTO To 1940.

M&plKa xopoKTlplaTlKa Tou Mark I .loaTaa&l�

frKoe� 15 feTpa
nAOToe� 2O5 feTpa

n&pl&fx&:

500 xlAlOfeTpa KaAwola
3 eKaToffupla lAeKTplKee OuvoeOele

npa�&l�

npOO8eOl fe 23 llq(a Oe 3/10 Tou oeuTepoAenTou
noAAanAaOlaOfOe Oe 6 oeuTepOAenTa nep(nou

• ola(peOl Oe 12 oeuTepOAenTa

eaOlKOTepol eKnpOOWnol Tle enoxre

auTre e(val�

• o Mark IO nou OxeolOOTlKe Kal KaTaOKeuOOTlKe To 1941O anO Tlv ofOoa Tou flxavlKou Tle eTalpe(ae IBM Howard Aiken Kal

• o ENIACO nou OxeolOOTlKe Kal KaTaOKeuOOTlKe OTo navenlOTrflo Tle nevOuAaOvla OTle HvWfevee noAlTe(ee Tle AfeplKre anO To 1944 fexpl To 1946 Kal 8eWpe(Tal o npwToe xlAeKTpovlKOe unoAoYlOTre . napO Ta feloveKTrfaTO Tou feYOAoe OYKoe Kal KaTavOAWOl evepYelaeO flKpOe apl8fOe

M&plKa xopoKTlplaTlKa Tou ENIAC

npO�eWv OTl fovOoa

.loaTaa&l�

frKoe� 25 feTpa
uloe� 2O5 feTpa
nAOToe� 1 feTpo

n&pl&fx&:

18.000 lAeKTpovlKee Auxv(ee
10.000 nuKvWTee
65.000 avTlOTOOele
1.500 lAeKTpovlKoue olaKOnTee

Ev&pY&lo Tou xpOvouO K.O. Oe OuYKplOl fe feTaYeveOTepoue u

• 140 KW lAeKTplKou noAoYlOTeeO o ENIAC unrp�e xenavaOTaTlKO epYaAe(o peufaToe

Kal eoWOe TepOOTla w8lOl OTlv npOooo TWv enlOTl

npa�&l�

fwv Tle enoxre eKe(vle. AnOoel�l e(val OTl OTlv apxr

5000 npoO8eOele To oeuTepOAenTo xplOlfonolr8lKe Yla Tl OuvTa�l nlvOKWv unoAoYlOfou
500 noAAanAaOlaaoAwv nupoaoAlKou Kal apYOTepa Yla unoAoYlOfoue Ofo( To oeuTepOAe

nou e(xav OxeOl fe Tlv aToflKr evepYela Kal Tlv npO

nTo

YvWOl Tou Kalpou.

• XprOl oeKaolKou OuOTrfaToe �fWeO l eKTeAeOl TWv unoAoYlOfwv analTouOe elolKee pu8f(Oele fe Tl xprOl olaKonTwv Kal KaAWo(WvO olaolKaO(ee en(fovee Kal xpovoaOpee. anOTe unrp�e enlTaKTlKr l avOYKl Yla Tl

olfloupY(a evOe unoAoYlOTrO nou 8a analTouOe AlYOTepo xpOvo npoeTolfaO(ae Kal euKoAOTepo xelplOfO.

o UnO.OyIOT�c KaI OI ccaPlOytc TOU

Tlv avOYKl auTr rp8e va KaAulel fla enlvOlOl Tou fa8lfaTlKou John Von

TO TOf (O

NeumannO o ono(oe OuveAaae Tlv loea Tou unoAoYlOTrO OTl fvrfl Tou ono(

f f

ouO fa�( fe Ta npoe ene�epYaO(a oeoofevaO 8a fnopouOav va KaTaxWplOTouv TauTOxpova Kal ol oolY(ee Yla Tlv ene�epYaO(a Toue. 'TOl To 1952 oAoKAlpw8lKe OTo Ka(fnplT� OTlv AYYA(a l KaTaOKeur Tou EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Calculator)O o ono(oe 8eWpe(Tal o npwToe unoAoYlOTre fe ano8lKeufevo npOYpaffa. H loea Tou ano8lKeufevou npoYpOffaToe anoTeAeOe Tl aOOl Tle olfloupY(ae Tou AoYlOflKou.

AnO TOTeO AolnOvO OpxlOe OlYO OlYO l olOKplOl TWv ouo fepwv Tou unoAo

John Von

YlOTr�

Neumann

Tou uAlKou, olAaor Tou OuvOAou TWv quOlKwv fepwv Kal e�apTl fOTWv TouO OnWe lAeKTpovlKO fe plO KaAwolaO OuOKeueeO K.O.O Kal
Tou AoYlallKou, olAaor Tou Ou vOAou TWv oolYlwv nou o(voufe OTo uAlKO Yla va AelToupYrOel Kal va KaAulel Tle avOYKee TWv xplOTwvO OnWe AelToupYlKO Ou OTrfaTaO YAwOOee npoYpaffa TlOfouO aol8lTlKO npoYpOffa TaO K.O.

Ka8eva anO Ta fepl auTO aKoAou8lOe Kal aKoAou8e( Tl olKr Tou e�eAl�l.

MeTO Tlv enlTux(a Tou ENIAC l e�eAl�l TWv unoAoYlOTwv unrp�e aAfaTwole. Evw fexpl Tle apxee Tle oeKaeT(ae Tou 1950 ol unoAoYlOTee rTav epYaAe(o fOvo Yla Toue enlOTrfovee Kal Toue OTpaTlWTlKoueO OTl Ouvexela noAAee feYOAee enlxelprOele aOxoAr8lKav fe Toue unoAoYlOTeeO e(Te We napaYWYo( e(TeO Kup(WeO We xprOTee. 'TOl o unoAoYlOTre aYa(vel anO Ta epYaOTrpla TWv feYOAWv navenlOTlf(Wv Kal Ta KevTpa epeuvwv Kal elOaOAAel OlYO OlYO Oe OAo Kal neplOOOTepoue Tofe(e Tle Ka8lfeplvre �WreO Yla va qTOOel Orfepa va KaTexel fla nep(onTl 8eOl aKOfl Kal OTo Ypaqe(o Tou OnlTlou fae. Le OAl auTr Tlv e�eAlKTlKr nope(a Tou unoAoYlOTr fexpl Tl Olfeplvr Tou fopqrO ouo rTav Ta aaOlKO OTolxe(a nou feTaaOAAovTav Kal feTaaOAAovTal� o oYKo� Kal ol iuvoToTlT&� Tou. al unoAoYlOTee anO To �eK(vlfO Toue KaTO Tl oeKaeT(a Tou 1940 fexpl Orfepa OAAa�av Kal aAAO�ouv OuvexweO Ka8we au�OveTal l a�lonlOT(a Toue Kal l TaxuTlTO ToueO evw napOAAlAa felwveTal o OYKoe Toue Kal l KaTavOAWOl evepYelae nou analTe( l xprOl Toue.

H e�eAl�l TWv unoAoYlOTwv aKoAou8e( Tlv e�eAl�l Tle lAeKTpovlKreO enelor auTo( anoTeAouv eva anO Ta npwTa neo(a eqapfoYre TWv veWv loewv Kal TWv veWv avaKaAulewv Tle.

M iWa OY OU A6� a W( iU( O W( � ( �C UTO OY a �(

a Ov8pWnoeO AolnOvO eKfeTaA AeuOfevoe Tlv alxfr Tle Texvo AoY(ae KO8e enoxre Tl oeKae T(a Tou 1940 Tlv lAeKTpovlKr Auxv(aO apYOTepa To Tpav�(OTop Kal feTO Ta oAoKAlpWfeva Ku KAwfaTa Toue aeATlwvelO wOTe va avTanoKp(vovTal OTle analTrOele TWv Kalpwv.

noAAee qopee l e�eAl�l Tou uAlKou TWv unoAoYl OTwv xenlaOAAeTal Kal anO Tle avOYKee Tle eno xre. Ila napOoelYfaO evae anO Toue AOYoue Yla Tl olfloupY(a Kal Tlv e�eAl

�l TWv f(vl unoAoYlOTwv KaTO Tl oeKaeT(a Tou '60O enoxr nou xplOlfonolouvTav noAu ol oYKwoele unoAoYlOTee Tunou mainframeO rTav feTa�u OAAWv Kal l avOYKl Tle olaOTlflKre Yla flKpOTepoue unoAoYlOTeeO ol ono(ol 8a xWpouOav OToue neploplOfevoue xwpoue evOe olaOTlfonAo(ou. nOvTWe l feYOAl eKpl�l OTlv e�eAl�l TWv unoAoYlOTwv Y(veTal OTl oeKaeT(a Tou 1970O fe Tlv Tono8eTlOl aaOlKwv fovOoWv Tou unoAoYlOTr Oe eva Kal fOvo oAoKAlpWfevo KuKAWfaO Tov llKpo&n&�&pYoaT� (microprocessor). H xprOl Tou flKpoene�epYaOTr rTav eKe(vlO nou eneTpele va KaTaOKeuaOTouv Kal unoAoYlOTee nou KaTaAafaOvouv noAu flKpOTepo OYKoO KaTavaAwvouv AlYOTepl evepYelaO exouv flKpOTepo KOOToe Kal au�lfevee ouvaTOTlTee. Il� auTO OrfepaO fe Tl Ouvexr e�eAl�l TWv flKpoene�epYaOTwvO enlTeux8lKe l KaTaOKeur noAu flKpwv Kal Koflwv unoAoYlOTwv. �Oo Yla Tle ouvaTOTlTee Kal Tlv TaxuTlTO ToueO Kave(e oev fnope( va qavTaOTe( nou 8a qTOOouv. Le fla nl8avr OuYKplOlO ol npwTol unoAoYlOTee o(Kala fnopouv va xapaKTlplOTouv xlAeKTpovlKo( oelvOOaupol TepOOTloe OYKoeO feYOAl KaTavOAWOlO flKpr anOooOl.

KaTO Tlv e�eAl�l Tou uAlKou TWv unoAoYlOTwv fnope( va olaKp(voufeO OTunaO TeOOeple Yevlee. a xWplOfOe Oe Yevlee Y(veTal fe aOOl Tl PoalK� iollK� lovaio nou xplOlfonole(Tal Tl OuYKeKplfevl nep(ooo. Me Tov Opo aaOlKr ooflKr fovOoa evvoe(Tal To aaOlKO lAeKTpovlKO e�OpTlfa nou xplOlfonole(Tal Yla va oleuKoAuvel Tle AelToupY(ee TWv lAeKTplKwv KuKAWfOTWv Tou unoAoYlOTr. al TeOOeple auTee Yevlee Kal feplKO anO Ta xapaKTlplOTlKO OTolxe(a Toue qa(vovTal OTov n(vaKa nou aKoAou8e(�

o UnO.OyIOT�c KaI OI ccaPlOytc TOU

rENlA	XPONlKH nEPlO.OI	BAIlKH .OMlKH MONA.A	TAXyTHTA
1l	19441958	HAeKTpovlKr Auxv(a	50.000200.000 npO�ele/oeuTepOAenTo
2l	19591964	Tpav�(OTop	200.0001.000.000 npO�ele/oeuTepOAenTo
3l	19651970	aAoKAlpWfevo KuKAWfa flKpre Kal feOa(ae KA(faKae	1.000.000 npO�ele/oeuTepOAenTo
4l	1971Orfepa	aAoKAlpWfevo KuKAWfa feYOAle Kal noAu feYOAle KA(faKae	noAAO eKaToffupla npO�ele/ oeuTepOAenTo

KaTO Tl oeKaeT(a Tou '80 avaYYeA8lKe l uAono(lOl Kal unoAoYlOTwv ne fnTle YevlOe. al enlOTrfovee opafaT(OTlKav va a�lonolrOouv Ta nop(OfaTa Tou enlOTlfovlKou Tofea Tle nAlpoqoplKre nou e(val YvWOTOe We T&xvlT Nolloauvl (Artificial Intelligence).

H apxlKr OuAAlll OTOxeue OTlv KaTaOKeur evOe xe�unvou unoAoYlOTr nou va flfe(Tal Tle volTlKee AelToupY(ee Tou av8pwnou Oe OAoue Toue Tofe(e TWv opaOTlploTrTWv Tou. AuTr l enlo(W�l oev aneoWOe Ta avafevOfeva anoTe AeOfaTa OTo OuvoAO Toue. napO Tle npoOnO8elee nou exouv Y(vel Kal Ta Te pOOTla KovouAla nou �ooeuTlKav OTa nAa(Ola e8vlKwv Kal olaKpaTlKwv npo YpaffOTWvO TeTolol unoAoYlOTee oev exouv uAonoll8e( aKOfl. EnlTeux8lKeO OfWeO l KaTaOKeur unoAoYlOTwv nou fnopouv va flfouvTal Tl OuAAoYlOTlKr Tou av8pwnou fOvo Oe oplOfevoue Tofe(e opaOTlploTrTWvO

n.x. K(vlOl Kal eKTeAeOl OuYKeKplfevWv epYaOlwv anO pofnOT.

napOAAlAa fe Tlv e�eAl�l OTo uAlKO fepoe Tou unoAoYlOTr exoufe fla avT(OTolxl e�eAl�l Kal OTo xAoYlKO fepoe nou Tov OuvooeuelO To AoYlallKo. MOAlOTa l e�eAl�l Tou AoYlOflKou Ouvr8We unaYopeueTal anO Toue (oloue AOYoue nou unaYopeuouv Kal Tlv e�eAl�l Tou uAlKou Kal fnopoufe va noufe OTl aKoAou8e( fla napOfola nope(a. a npwToe unoAoYlOTre nou ole8eTe AoYlOflKO rTav o ED�AC. Ila va AelToupYrOel o unoAoYlOTre analTouvTal evToAeeO ol ono(ee npenel va unaKououv Oe auOTlpoue KavOveeO wOTe va Y(vovTal avTlAlnTee anO auTOv. 'TOl avanTux8lKe elolKO AoYlOflKO Yla Tov npoYpaffaTlOfO Tou unoAoYlOTrO ol YAwaa&� npoYpolloTlalou. al npwTol npoYpaffaTlOTee epYOOTlKav fe Tl AeYOfevl YAwaao llxov�� O l ono(a rTav ouOxplOTlO YlaT( OAee ol oolY(ee npoe Tov unoAoYlOTr enpene va oo8ouv fe Tl fopqr Oelpwv nou anoTeAouvTav anO 0 Kal 1. LTl Ouvexela avanTux8lKav ol aulPoAlK&� YAwaa&� O OTle ono(ee ol oolY(ee YpOqovTal fe xprOl fvlfovlKwv ovofOTWv. AuTee ol npwTee YAwOOee npoYpaffaTlOfou avanTux8lKav OTle apxee Tle oeKaeT(ae Tou 1950 Kal ovofOOTlKav YAwaa&� xollAou &nln&iou.

�fWe o unoAoYlOTre oev fevel fOvo OTa epYaOTrpla TWv navenlOTlf(WvO Onou Tov xelp(�ovTal elolKeufevol enlOTrfoveeO aAAO nepvO Kal To KaTwqAl TWv flKpwv Kal feYOAWv enlxelprOeWv. EKe( unOpxel aqevOe avOYKl va Tov xelp(

�ovTal Kal va Tov npoYpaffaT(�ouv AlYOTepo e�elolKeufeva OTofaO aqeTepou avOYKl Yla feYaAuTepl anoooTlKOTlTa KaTO Tov npoYpaffaTlOfO. Ila va KaAuq8ouv auTee ol avOYKee olfloupYr8lKe nlo euxplOTo AoYlOflKOO nou olaKp(veTal Oe�

YAwaa&� u�lAou &nln&iouO ol ono(ee enlTpenouv npoYpaffaTlOfO fe Tl xprOl nlo anAwv Kal OuvonTlKwv evToAwvO Kal
elolKee eqapfoYeeO il&pllv&uT&� (interpreters) Kal l&ToYAwTTlaT&� (compilers)O nou avaAafaOvouv va xfeTaqpOOouv Tle napanOvW evToAee Oe YAwOOa KaTavolTr anO Tov unoAoYlOTr.

'va OlfavTlKO xapaKTlplOTlKO OTolxe(o TWv YAWOOwv auTwv rTav l xprOl anAwv Ae�eWv Kal fa8lfaTlKwv eKqpOOeWv nou Tle eKave nlo euKoAee OTlv eKfO8lOr Toue. Mexpl Ta feOa Tle oeKaeT(ae Tou 1950 l auTOfaTl enlKolvWv(a feTa�u Tou unoAoYlOTr Kal neplqepelaKwv OuOKeuwv oev rTav ouvaTr. Ila napOoelYfa l enlKolvWv(a unoAoYlOTr Kal eKTunWTr analTouOe Tlv napefaaOl Tou av8pwnlvou xeplou. To npOaAlfa auTO Au8lKe fe Tlv efqOvlOl unoAoYlOTwv fe A&lToupYlKo auaTlloO To ono(o aveAaae Tov eAeYxo Kal Tlv auTOfaTl eKTeAeOl TeTolou e(ooue epYaOlwv. Me Tl Ouvexr e�eAl�l Tou AoYlOflKouO OpxlOe va Y(veTal l olOKplOr Tou Oe ouo aaOlKee KaTlYop(ee�

To AoYlallKo auaT�loTo� (system software)O olAaor To OuvoAo TWv npoYpaffOTWv nou e(val anapa(TlTo Yla Tlv anoTeAeOfaTlKr AelToupY(a Tou uAlKou fepoue Kal Tl OuvepYaO(a Tou fe olOqopee OuOKeueeO Kal
To AoYlallKo &qoploYwv (applications software)O olAaor To OuvoAo TWv npoYpaffOTWv nou analTouvTal Yla va eKTeAeOTouv olOqopee eqapfoYee.

o UnO.OyIOT�c KaI OI ccaPlOytc TOU

LTl Olfeplvr enoxr l e�eAl�l Tou AoYlOflKou aKoAou8e( lAlYYlwoele pu8 foueO Ka8we fe Tlv e�OnAWOl TWv unoAoYlOTwv ol analTrOele Yla OWOTO Kal AelToupYlKO AoYlOflKO e(val feYOAee. Ila Tlv avTlfeTwnlOl TWv pu8fwv auTwv exel avanTux8e( Kal lola(Tepl Texvo AoY(aO l T&xvoAoYfo Tou AoYlallKouO l ono(a exel We OKonO Tlv npoOapfo Yr Tou KAOoou Tle nAlpoqoplKre OTle veee avOYKee. H TexvoAoY(a auTr ulo 8eTlOe fe8OooueO TexvlKee Kal epYaAe(aO nou eqapfO�ovTal OTlv napaooOla Kr aloflxav(a KaTaOKeure onolouornoTe npo'OvToeO enelor exel olanlOTW8e( OTl Kal l KaTaOKeur TWv npo'OvTWv AoYlOflKou exel avOAoYee analTrOele.

Ila Ta feAAovTlKO enlTeuYfaTa OTo xwpo TWv unoAoYlOTwv Kave(e oev fnope( va flArOel fe aeaalOTlTaO Ka8we l fexpl Twpa efnelp(a fOe exel oe(�el OTl KO nolee ouvaTOTlTee TWv unoAoYlOTwvO nou OTo npOOqaTo napeA8Ov Ouva vTouOafe fOvo OTa olfloupYrfaTa enlOTlfovlKre qavTaO(aeO Orfepa ano TeAouv npaYfaTlKOTlTa. LTa epeuvlTlKO KevTpa Ka8lfeplvO eqapfO�ovTal veee loeee Kal KaTaKTOTal vea TexvoYvWO(aO l ono(a OToue KAOooue Tle flKpolAeKTpovlKre Kal Tle Kaa vToflxavlKre eqapfO�eTal OfeOa OToue OuYxpovoue unoAoYlOTee Kal Toue o(vel TepOOTlee ouvaTOTlTee. napOAAlAa fe Tlv e�eAl�l OTo xwpo Tou uAlKouO OlfelwveTal Kal avT(OTolxl

e�eAl�l OTo xwpo Tou AoYlOflKou. Ka8lfeplvO napOYeTal evae TepOOTloe OYKoe npoYpaffOTWvO Ta ono(a KaAunTouv noAAO Kal olOqopa 8efaTaO 8eTouv Oe eqapfoYr noAAee Kal veee loeeeO onOTe e(val noAu ouOKoAo va npoaAe

lel Kave(e nolee TeAlKO 8a enlKpaTrOouv Kal Oe noloue Tofe(e 8a oo8e( lola(Tepo aOpoe.

Me oeoofevee Tle npoOnO8elee nou Y(vovTal wOTe va enlTeux8e( l quOlKOTepl ouvaTr enlKolvWv(a Tou av8pwnou fe Tov unoAoYlOTrO (OWe oev e(val faKplO l enoxr Onou 8a enlKolvWvoufe fe Tov unoAoYlOTr Kal 8a Tov npoYpaffaT(�oufe e(Te fe xelpovof(ee Kal eKqpOOele e(Te feOW Tle quOlKre YAwOOae. eeaalaO Yla va Y(vel auTOO 8a npenel va TeAelonoll8ouv Ta OuOTrfaTa Oxl fOvo We npoe Tlv avaYvwplOl Tle av8pwnlvle qWvre aAAO Kal We npoe Tlv KaTavOlOl Tle quOlKre YAwOOae anO Tov unoAoYlOTr.

Ila To OfeOo feAAovO av anoToAfouOafe KOnolee npoaAelele fe aOOl Tle TpexouOee e�eA(�ele OTo uAlKO Kal To AoYlOflKOO 8a fnopouOafe va noufe OTl�

• aao(�oufe npoe fla evonollfevl xprOl TWv unoAoYlOTwv Kal TWv TlAenlKolvWvlwvO evw avafeveTal va Y(vel To (olo Kal fe OAAoue enlOTlfovlKoue Kal TexvoAoYlKoue KAOooue

• o unoAoYlOTre Kal l TlAeOpaOl 8a anoTeAouv fla OuOKeurO nou 8a e( val To aaOlKO xnapO8upo OTlv enlKolvWv(a fae fe Tov e�W KOOfo • ol olOqopee olKlaKee OuOKeuee 8a eAeYxovTal anO unoAoYlOTr o ono(

oe 8a napexel Tl ouvaTOTlTa npoYpaffaTlOfou Tle AelToupY(ae Toue

Ta pofnOT 8a xplOlfonolouvTal Oe oAoeva Kal neplOOOTepee epYaO(ee
8a olfloupYl8ouv veol KAOool OTlv enlOTrfl Tle nAlpoqoplKre Kal 8a eneKTa8ouv ol eqapfoYee Tle Oe aKOfl neplOOOTepoue Tofe(e
KO8e On(TlO opYavlOfOeO unlpeO(aO enlxe(plOl 8a OuvoeeTal Oe eva o(KTuoO anO Onou o xprOTleO avOAoYa fe Tle avOYKeeO 8a fnope( va AafaOvel nAlpoqop(ee Oe fopqr KelfevouO elKOvaeO rxouO K.O. �lAaorO OAol 8a e(faOTe Ouvoeoefevol Oe fla yn&pA&wqopo nAlpoqoplwv (Information Superhighway).

<uOlKOO OTa OOa avaqepovTal napanOvW npenel Kave(e va npoO8eOel Kal Tle AlYOTepo r neplOOOTepo alOlOoo�ee npoaAeleleO nou Ka8lfeplvO aAenouv To qWe Tle olfoOlOTlTae feOa anO Tle avaKolvwOele Kal Tle olfoOleuOele TWv enlOTlfOvWv Yla To feAAov TWv unoAoYlOTwv Kal Tle nAlpoqoplKre. Ila To anwTepo feAAov e(val noAu ouOKoAoO av Oxl aouvaToO va Y(vouv npoaAelele. MeplKee anO Tle loeee nou exouv aKouOTe(�

Ta pofnOT 8a xplOlfonolouvTal Oe OAee Tle epYaO(ee
8a KaTaOKeuaOTouv aloAoYlKo( unoAoYlOTeeO olAaor unoAoYlOTee fe KuKAwfaTa KaT� elKOva aloAoYlKwv OuOTlfOTWv
Ta epYoOTOOla 8a e(val nArpWe auTofaTonollfeva
8a Y(veTal enlKolvWv(a av8pwnou Kal unoAoYlOTr fe Tl ...OKell (npoe To napOv aYanlfevo 8efa epYWv enlOTlfovlKre qavTaO(ae).

o UnO.OyIOT�c KaI OI ccaPlOytc TOU

AvoK&qoAofwal

a unoAoYlOTre xplOlfonole(Tal Oe noAAee opaOTlplOTlTee Tle Ka8lfeplvre �WreO OnWe�

l eKTeAeOl Tpane�lKwv OuvaAAaYwv fe Tl aor8ela ATM
l eKooOl anooe(�eWv Kal TlfoAoY(Wv Yla aYopee anO noAuKaTOOTlfa
l feTOooOl aYwvWv anO Tlv TlAeOpaOl • o eAeYxoe OlfaToooTwv KuKAoqop(ae
l luxaYWY(a
l eKna(oeuOl.

En(Ole Tov xplOlfonoloufe Kal Oe neplOOOTepo e�elolKeufevee opaOTlplOTlTeeO OnWe�

l npoOofo(WOl KaTaOTOOeWv fe Tl aor8ela TWv e�ofolWTwv • ol eqapfoYee Tle laTplKre
l e�epeuvlOl Tou olaOTrfaToe.

al npwTee lAeKTpovlKee llqlaKee unoAoYlOTlKee flxavee OpxlOav va KaTa OKeuO�ovTal A(Yo feTO To 1940. eaOlKOTepol eKnpOOWnol Tle enoxre auTre e(val o Mark I Kal o ENIAC. KaTOnlv KaTaOKeuOOTlKe o EDVACO nou 8eWpe( Tal o npwToe unoAoYlOTre fe ano8lKeufevo npOYpaffa. LTl Ouvexela unOpxel Ouvexre e�eAl�l TOOo Tou uAlKou OOo Kal Tou AoYlall- Kou. Oe npoe To uAlKOO fnopoufe va KaTaTO�oufe Toue unoAoYlOTee Oe TeO Oeple YevleeO nou Ka8op(�ovTal anO Tl aaOlKr ooflKr fovOoa nou xplOlfo nole(Tal KO8e qopO.

To AoYlOflKO olaKp(veTal Oe ouo aaOlKee KaTlYop(eeO To AoYlOflKO OuOTrfa Toe Kal To AoYlOflKO eqapfoYwv. Ila Tov npoYpaffaTlOfO Tou unoAoYlOTr a vanTuOOovTal ol YAwaa&� npoYpolloTlalou OTlv apxr ol YAwOOee xafl Aou enlneoou Kal KaTOnlv auTee Tou ullAou enlneoou Kal Ta noK&To AoYlallKou.

Ila To feAAov TWv unoAoYlOTwv Kave(e oev fnope( va flArOel fe OlYouplO. E nelor Ka8lfeplvO napOYovTal Kal eqapfO�ovTal veee loeee ol ono(ee �enep vlouvTal Oe noAu flKpO xpovlKO olOOTlfa anO OAAee veOTepeeO oev e(val eu KoAo va npoaAeqTe( nolee TeAlKO 8a enlKpaTrOouv.

EpwT�a&l�

. neplYpOlTe Tle olaolKaO(ee Kal Tle AelToupY(ee nou Y(vovTal KaTO Tlv avOAlll xplfOTWv fe Tl xprOl Tle ATM.

2. �a enlAe�eTe Tle OWOTee anavTrOele. AnO Tl xprOl TWv ATM OTle TpOne�ee�

�: Au�OvovTal ol nl8avOTlTee Aa8wv
�: MelwvovTal Ta e�ooa AelToupY(ae
�: al Tpane�lKee OuvaAAaYee neplop(�ovTal OTo xpOvo AelToupY(ae TWv Tpane�wv
�: Au�OvovTal Ta e�ooO Tle

3. �a avTlOTolx(OeTe Ta neplexOfeva Tle npwTle OTrAle fe auTO Tle oeuTeple.

A�M � � TafelaKr flxavr

� E�ofolWTre 'KooOl anooe(�eWv �

� Tpane�lKr OuvaAAaYr

4. �a neplYpOleTe Tl olaolKaO(a eKooOle anOoel�le nAlpWfre anO Tlv TafelaKr flxavr evOe noAuKaTaOTrfaToe.

5. MeplKO nAeoveKTrfaTa anO Tl xprOl Tou unoAoYlOTr Yla Tl olo(KlOl evOe noAuKaTaOTrfaToe e(val � a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . �. a unoAoYlOTre fnope( va xplOlfonoll8e( OToue aAufnlaKoue AYwvee Yla� a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tl evvooufe fe Tov Opo TlAe'aTplKr�
�a avaqepeTe laTplKO flxavrfaTa nou aaO(�ovTal Oe unoAoYlOTlKO OuOTlfa.

o UnO.OyIOT�c KaI OI ccaPlOytc TOU

. �a avaqepeTe TexvlKee anelKOvlOle nou eKfeTaAAeuovTal ol TofoYpOqol. a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0. neplYpOlTe Tlv opYOvWOl Kal Tl AelToupY(a evOe unoAoYlOTlKou OuOTrfaToe nou eAeYxel OlfaTooOTee KuKAoqop(ae.

. Tl YvWp(�eTe Yla Toue e�ofolWTee�

�a neplYpOleTe Tle olaolKaO(ee Kal Tle AelToupY(ee nou Y(vovTal KaTO Tl olOpKela flae xelKovlKre nTrOeWe.

�a avaqepeTe evepYelee nou Y(vovTal fe Tl aor8ela Tou unoAoYlOTr OTlv e�epeuvlOl Tou olaOTrfaToe. a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

�a avaqepeTe YvWOTee KaTlYop(ee lAeKTpovlKwv nalxvlolwv. a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5. noloe enlvOlOe Tlv loea Tou ano8lKeufevou npoYpOffaToe OTov unoAoYlOTr� �. IlaT( ol npwTol unoAoYlOTee xapaKTlp(�ovTal anO feplKoue We xlAeKTpovlKo( oelvOOaupol �

7. nola e(val l aaOlKr ooflKr fovOoa Oe Ka8ef(a anO Tle Yevlee TWv unoAoYlOTwv� 1l YevlO� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2l YevlO� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3l YevlO� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4l YevlO� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8. noloe rTav o aaOlKOe OTOxoe TWv enlOTlfOvWv Yla Toue unoAoYlOTee nefnTle YevlOe� 22. LufnAlpwOTe Tle Ae�ele nou Ae(nouv.

�.	LufnAlpwOTe Tle Ae�ele nou Ae(nouv.
	AnO TOTeO AolnOvO OpxlOe OlYO OlYO l olOKplOl TWv ouo fepwv Tou unoAoYlOTr�
	• Tou ..............................O olAaor Tou OuvOAou TWv quOlKwv fepwv Kal e�apTlfOTWv TouO OnWe lAeKTpovlKO feplO KaAwolaO OuOKeueeO K.O.O Kal
	• Tou .........................................O olAaor Tou OuvOAou TWv oolYlwv nou o(voufe OTo uAlKO Yla va AelToupYrOel Kal va KaAulel Tle avOYKee TWv xplOTwvO OnWe AelToupYlKO OuOTrfaTaO YAwOOee npoYpaffaTlOfouO aol8lTlKO npoYpOffaTaO K.O.
20.	al aaOlKOTepol eKnpOOWnol TWv npwTWv unoAoYlOTwv e(val�
	a)	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
	a)	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 .	LTov napaKOTW n(vaKa va OlfelwOeTe Tl OWOTr anOvTlOl.

KoTa Tlv &�&Al�l Twv unoAoYlaTwv Tl nopoTlp&fTol Ylo To oKoAoueo aTolx&fo Tou�	Au�lal	M&fwal
�YKoe
�uvaTOTlTee
KaTavOAWOl evepYelae
TaxuTlTa

Me Tl Ouvexr e�eAl�l Tou AoYlOflKouO OpxlOe va Y(veTal l olOKplOr Tou Oe ouo aaOlKee KaTlYop(ee�

To .....................................................O olAaor To OuvoAo TWv npoYpaffOTWv nou e(val anapa(TlTo Yla Tlv anoTeAeOfaTlKr AelToupY(a Tou uAlKou fepoue Kal Tl OuvepYaO(a Tou fe olOqopee OuOKeueeO Kal
To ...................................................O olAaor To OuvoAo TWv npoYpaffOTWv nou analTouvTal Yla va eKTeAeOTouv olOqopee eqapfoYee.

23. nolee anO Tle napaKOTW qpOOele e(val OWOTee�

�: H loea Tou ano8lKeufevou npoYpOffaToe anoTeAeOe Tl aOOl Tle olfloupY(ae Tou AoYlOflKou
�: a ENIAC 8eWpe(Tal o npwToe unoAoYlOTre fe ano8lKeufevo npOYpaffa
�: a flKpoene�epYaOTre e(val eva oAoKAlpWfevo KuKAWfa Onou exouv Tono8eTl8e( aaOlKee fovOoee Tou unoAoYlOTr
�: al npwTee YAwOOee npoYpaffaTlOfou ovofOOTlKav YAwOOee ullAou enlneoou

o UnO.OyIOT�c KaI OI ccaPlOytc TOU

rAwaaaplo

AuToloT&� Tol&loAoYl-		AuTOfaTee flxavee nou xplOlfonolouvTal Yla Tlv npaYfaTono(lOl
aTlK&� Mlxov&�		Tpane�lKwv OuvaAAaYwv fe Tl xprOl elolKre KOpTae.
ATM		�ee AuTOfaTee TafeloAoYlOTlKee Mlxavee.
E�ololwT�� nT�a&w�		EqapfoYr nou o(vel OTo xprOTl Tou unoAoYlOTr Tl ouvaTOTlTa va xelp(�eTal eva xelKovlKO aeponAOvo.
JoYlallKo		LuvoAo npoYpaffOTWv Yla Tl AelToupY(a Kal Tlv a�lono(lOl Tou unoAoYlOTr.
npoawnlKo�	oplelo�	Apl8fOe o ono(oeO Oe OuvouaOfO fe Ta unOAolna OTolxe(a Tle fa
TouToTlTo� PPIN�		YvlTlKre KOpTaeO Tlv olaqoponole( anO Tle unOAolnee.
		LelpO KaTaKOpuqWv fl lOonaxwv pOaoWv ol ono(ee avO ofOoee a
PoPioKwilKo�		vanaplOTouv llq(a. XplOlfonole(Tal Yla Tlv KWolKono(lOl efnopl
		Kwv npo'OvTWv Kal avaYvWp(�eTal anO elolKO OapWTr.
TlA&'oTplK�		H e� anoOTOOeWe eKTeAeOl laTplKwv npO�eWv.
yAlKo		LuvoAo TWv quOlKwv fepwv Tou unoAoYlOTr.

Eviloq&poua&� Kol xp�all&� il&ueuva&l� Tou .loilKTuou

http://www.yahoo.com/Science/Computer Science/

/aroaeM[ia je evilarepouaer auvieaelr rou avarepovral arlv erlarrjl rwv uroMoylarwv.

http://www.pchelponline.com/resources/55-00-.htm

Irlv laroaeM[ia aurr jrope[re va ie[re jla laroplKr avaipojr yla rour ilaropour rurour rwv uroMoylarwv.

http://www.net.org/

ElKovlKo jouae[o rwv uroMoylarwv.

http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/archive/other/museums/computing.html

ElKovlKo jouae[o rwv uroMoylarwv.

http://www.lanb.com/products/atm.html

nMlporop[er aro rlv laroaeM[ia jlar rpare�ar yla rlr Aurojarer TajeloMoylarlKer Mlxaver (ATM).

http://web.raex.com/~colombo/atmsafe.htm

Gejara aaraMelar avaroplKa je rlr ATM.

http://www.acci.gr/~dias/main.html

/aroaeM[ia yla rlr urlpea[er jlar rpare�ar, roMMer aro rlr oro[er e[val aurojarorolljever.

http://www.netmedicine.com/cyberpt/cyber.htm

/aroaeM[ia je eEojolwrr rou aropa larplKa �lrrjara.

http://www.flightsim.com/

nMlporop[er yla rour eEojolwrer rrralr.

http://www.isca-hq.org/

Ol uroMoylarer Kal ol erapjoyer rour.

http://frida.transport.civil.ntua.gr/map/

/aroaeM[ia je rMlporop[er yla rlv K[vlal arour ipojour rlr ASrvar.

http://www.hms.gr/

nMlporop[er yla ro Mlxavlajo rwv AvrlKuSrpwv.

o UnO.OyIOT�c KaI OI ccaPlOytc TOU

BlPAloYpoqfo

MOpYKapeT LTeqeveO PeaeKKa TpleO Ol unoAoYlaT&� a�l&po, EKoOOele naTOKl

napouala�ovral je arMo Kal rapaararlKo rporo Sejara orwr ol eEojolwrer, o uroMoylarrr arlv larplKr, K.a.

Charles S. ParkerO nAlpoqoplK� To nopov Kol To l&AAov, EKoOOele �.<Awpoe

Erapjoyer rou uroMoylarr Kal l larop[a rwv uroMoylarwv. nMouala elKovoyparlal.

Ian IthurradleO Anne RamkaranO This is information technology, 1995

Erapjoyer rou uroMoylarr.

Peter RechenbergO ElaoYwY� aTlv nAlpoqoplK�, KAeloOpl8foe 1992

H rlMoaor[a Kal l eEeMlEl rlr nMlporoplKrr.

Peter BishopO Go for IT, Hodder & Stoughton 1996

TexvoMoy[a rMlporoplwv Kal erapjoyer rlr.

Im DuffyO Raci BerchelmannO Computing concepts

Gejara yla rlv larop[a rwv uroMoylarwv.

Lindberg DABO The computer and medical care

Erapjoyer rwv uroMoylarwv arlv larplKr erlarrjl.

Siler WO OComputers in life science research, Lindberg DABO eds

Ol uroMoylarer arov rojea rlr erlarljovlKrr epeuvar.

H ENNOlA KAl H nAPAITAIH THI nJHPOCOPlAI ITON vnOJOrlITH

2.1 H &vvola TI� nAIpoqopfa� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47

2.1.1 beoofevo - nA1poqop(o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47

2.1.2 KUKAoe T1e nA1poqop(oe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

2.2 H aI1aafa TI� nAIpoqopfa� aTIv Ka9I1&plv� �w� . . . . . . . . . .48

2.2.1 0 unoAoYlOTre - To �oOlKo epYoAe(o ene�epYoO(oe Kol ono8rKeuO1e oeoofevwv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49

2.3 H napoaTaaI Twv i&io1&vwv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49

2.3.1 H KwolKono(1O1 Twv oeoofevwv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50

2.4 Apl91ITlKo auaT�1aTa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50

2.4.1 To oeKoolKo OUOT1fo op(8f1O1e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

2.4.2 To ouoolKo OUOT1fo op(8f1O1e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51

2.4.3 To oKToolKo OUOT1fo op(8f1O1e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

2.4.4 To oeKoe�oolKo OUOT1fo op(8f1O1e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

2.5 Ol apl91of aTov unoAoYlaT� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53

2.5.1 KWolKoe opl8fWv BCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53

2.5.2 Me8oool nopoOToO1e opl8fWv OTov unoAoYlOTr . . . . . . . . . 54

2.6 Ol K�ilK&� xapaKT�pwv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59

2.6.1 KWolKoe ASCII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59

2.6.2 KWolKoe EBCDIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61

2.6.3 KWolKoe Unicode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

2.7 Ma9I1aTlK� AoYlK� - MAY&ppa Boole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63

2.7.1 JoYlKee npoToOele . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63

2.7.2 MAYe�po Boole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64

2.8 JoYlK&� nuA&� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66

2.8.1 JoYlKo KuKAWfoTo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67

AvaK&qaAafwaI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70 EpwT�a&l� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 rAwaaoplo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 Evilaq&poua&� Kal xp�al1&� il&u9uva&l� Tou .lailKTuou . . . . . 76 BlpAloYpaqfa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77

H tVVOIa KaI T naPdOTaOT TTc n.TPOcOP{ac OTOV UnO.OyIOT

To npo1YoUfevo KeqoAolo Yvwp(Oofe feplKee ono Tle eqopfoYee Tou unoAoYlOTr OT1v Ko81feplvr ewr. LTle eqopfoYee ouTee o uno-AoYlOTre xp1Olfonole(Tol Oov evo epYoAe(o, OTo ono(o elOpeouv OTolxe(o, To ono(o ene�epYoeeTol Kol enlOTpeqel Konolo oAAo we

onoTeAeOfo T1e ene�epYoO(oe ouTre. Ano To OTolxe(o nou enlOTpeqovTol: • oAAo xp1OlfonoloUvTol ofeOo Kol Ouvr8we foe nA1poqopoUv Ylo KoTl,

n.x. noOo xprfoTo npenel vo nA1pWOoufe OTo Tofe(o Tou noAuKoTo-OTrfoToe, Kol

• oAAo ono81KeUovTol Ylo feAAovTlKr xprO1, n.x. To ono8efo Twv npo'ovTwv OT1v ono8rK1 Tou noAuKoToOTrfoToe feTo Tle olKee foe oYopee.

LT1 Ouvexelo 8o ovoqep8oUfe Oe oUo �oOlKee evvolee, To i&io1&va Kol Tle nAIpoqopf&�.

2^oJYKEI0 TA=H A

EJErX0L EnIb0LHL Tou fo81Tr JE\NIbA nETP0Y

MA0HMATA	BA0MOI
8PHLKEYTIKA	18
NEA EJJHNIKA	20
APX. EJJHNIKA	19
MA8HMATIKA	16
ILT0PIA	19
<YLIKH	17
XHMEIA	17
BI0J0rIA	18
nJHP0<0PIKH	19
rYMNALTIKH	20
=ENH rJ\LLA	18
KAJJITEXNIKA	17

An0YLIEL	12

0 uneU8uvoe T1e To�1e

Av nopoT1prOoufe npoOeKTlKo To oUo OxrfoTo, 8o olonlOTWOoufe oTl, evW neplexouv To (olo oKpl�We OTolxe(o, oev foe o(vouv T1v (olo nA1poqop(o. To npWTo Oxrfo fe T1v oTo�(o Twv OTolxe(wv Tou oev foe o(vel Konolo nA1poqop(o, evW To oeUTepo foe nA1poqope( Ylo T1 OxoAlKr en(ooO1 evoe fo81Tr. Ano ouTo To onAo nopooelYfo, fnopoUfe vo olonlOTWOoufe oTl, ov nopoufe To oloOnopTo OTolxe(o Tou npWTou OxrfoToe Kol To OuOxeT(Ooufe feTo-

�U Toue e(Te fe flo ovooloTo�1 e(Te fe flo oplOfev1 fopqono(1O1 Oe evo

0 opl8foe 500.000 onoTeAe( oeoofevo.
H qpoO1 ,0 flO8oe Tou rlovv1 e(vol

500.000 opx.» ono-TeAe( nA1poqop(o.

evTuno -onwe o nopoTl8efevoe n(voKoe evoe eAeYxou OxoAlKre en(ooO1efnopoUv vo foe oWOouv flo nA1poqop(o. LTolxe(o, onwe ouTo OTo npWTo Oxrfo, To ono(o oev foe nA1poqopoUv Ylo KoTl OuYKeKplfevo, onoTeAoUv To i&io1&va (data), evW OTolxe(o onwe ouTo Tou n(voKo, To ono(o npoeKulov ono f(o ene�epYoO(o oeoofevwv, WOTe oAo foe( vo onoTeAeOouv AoYlKee eKqpoOele KoTovo1Tee ono Tov ov8pwno, ono-TeAoUv T1v nAIpoqopfa (information). Lx1foTlKo fnopoUfe vo oWOoufe ouTr T1 oloolKoO(o fe To oKoAou8o olo-Ypoffo:

noAAee qopee flo nA1poqop(o fnope( vo xp1Olfonol18e( Oe veo ene�epYoO(o Ylo T1v e�oYwYr veoe nA1poqop(oe, onoTe ToTe flAofe Ylo KuKAo TI� nAIpoqopfa�. Lx1foTlKo fnopoUfe vo oWOoufe Tov nArp1 KUKAo T1e nA1poqop(oe fe To oKoAou8o oloYpoffo:

H nA1poqop(o e(vol onopo(T1T1 Oe oAoue Toue Tofe(e T1e ov8pWnlv1e OKel1e Kol Oe oAoue Toue Tofe(e T1e ov8pWnlv1e npo�1e. E(vol onopo(T1T1 To- Oo OTo fefovwfevo oTofo oOo Kol OT1v KolvwvlKr ofooo. 0 ov8pwnoe xpeloeeTol T1v nA1poqop(o:

Ylo T1v enl�(wOr Tou -nepl�oAAov, KA(fo, Tpoqr, K(vouvol, K.o.
Ylo T1v opYovwO1 T1e Ko81feplvre ewre -Kolpoe, opofoAoYlo Aewqope(wv, wpoplo KoToOT1foTwv, flO8oe, TponeelKo( AoYoploOfo(, K.o.
Ylo T1v opYovwO1 Twv OnouoWv Tou -novenlOTrflo, fo8rfoTo, �o8foe nTux(ou, K.o.
Ylo T1 oloOKeooOr Tou -o8A1TlKee OuvovTrOele, 8eoTplKo epYo, Klv1fo

ToYpoqlKo epYo, T1AeonTlKo npoYpoffo, OuvouA(ee, K.o. Kol Ylo noAAee oKof1 opoOT1ploT1Tee Tou.

En(O1e, OToue opYovlOfoUe Kol Tle enlxelprOele, ol ololKrOele xpeloeovTol nA1poqop(ee Ylo T1v eYKup1 Kol eYKolp1 Arl1 OwOTWv onoqoOewv. Av Kol ol OKono( nou un1peToUv Kol ol OToxol nou enlolWKouv ol oloqopol op-YovlOfo( Kol un1peO(ee oloqepouv, ol �oOlKee AelToupY(ee Toue -nou nepl-Aof�ovouv OxeoloOfo Kol opYovwO1- e(vol nep(nou (olee Kol oqopoUv To ep-Yo T1e olo(K1O1e. rlo oAee ouTee Tle AelToupY(ee 1 nA1poqop(o e(vol KoTl noponovw ono onopo(T1T1.

H tVVOIa KaI T naPdOTaOT TTc n.TPOcOP{ac OTOV UnO.OyIOT

Me T1 OuYKevTpwO1 Kol T1v ene�epYoO(o oeoofevwv o ov8pwnoe Aof�ovel Tle nA1poqop(ee nou xpeloeeTol. To noAoloTepo xpovlo ol evepYelee ouTee Y(vovTov fe To xepl Kol opYoTepo fe xelpoK(v1Tee f1xovee. Lrfepo ol fe8oool ouTee oev fnopoUv vo ovTone�eA8ouv OTle onolTrOele T1e enoxre foe. AnolTrOele Tou OUYxpovou ov8pWnou, onwe:

• o TepoOTloe oYKoe oeoofevwv nou xpeloeeTol vo ene�epYoeeTol Kol vo

ono81KeUel

1 enovoA1l1 Tunonol1fevwv epYoOlWv
1 ovoYK1 Ylo feYoAUTep1 ToxUT1To Kol oKp(�elo OT1v ene�epYoO(o • ol OUv8eTee ene�epYoO(ee,

oev e(vol ouvoTo vo ovTlfeTwnlOToUv xwp(e T1 �or8elo unoAoYlOTr.

'TOl, evW o unoAoYlOTre �eK(v1Oe we epYoAe(o Twv enlOT1fovlKWv eqopfoYWv, nepoOe OlYo-OlYo Kol Oe efnoplKee eqopfoYee Kol foAlOTo OT1v enoxr foe onoTeAe( epYoAe(o Ko81feplvre xprO1e, Kup(we Ylo T1v ene�epYoO(o Kol T1v ono8rKeuO1 Twv oeoofevwv. L� ouTo �e�olo OuvTeAeOe Kol 1 ouvoToT1To Tou vo npoYpoffoT(eeTol. rlo vo AelToupYr-Oel xpeloeeTol oUo Kup(we OTolxe(o: o) flo Oelpo ono evToAee, To npoYpa11a,

nou oo1YoUv Tov unoAoYlOTr �rfo �rfo Ylo To nWe 8o Kovel flo OuYKeKplfev1 ene�epYoO(o, Kol

�) To i&io1&va nou 8eAoufe vo ene�epYoOTe(, To ono(o fnope( vo noplOTovouv oloqopo OTolxe(o T1e Ko81feplvre foe ewre, onwe YpoffoTo, opl8foUe, Ae�ele, OUf�oAo, elKovee, rxoue.

rlo nopooelYfo, OT1v Ene�epYoO(o Kelfevou To npoYpoffo e(vol o Ene�ep-YoOTre Kelfevou Kol To npoe ene�epYoO(o oeoofevo e(vol To Ke(fevo foe, nou onoTeAoUvTol ono YpoffoTo, opl8foUe, OUf�oAo, K.o.

'nwe ovoqepofe OTo npo1YoUfevo, fe Tov unoAoYlOTr Y(veTol ene�epYoO(o oeoofevwv, nou fnope( vo oqopoUv opl8foUe, Ke(fevo, rxoue, elKovo, K.o. 0 unoAoYlOTre ofwe oloxelp(eeTol Kup(we 1AeKTplKo OrfoTo. MoAlOTo Ylo TexvlKoUe AoYoue -xof1Ao KoOToe KoToOKeure 1AeKTpovlKWv KuKAwfoTwv, ono81KeuTlKWv feOwv, K.o.- npenel To OrfoTo ouTo vo eKqpoeouv fovo oUo KoToOToOele. LTo oloqopo TfrfoTo Tou unoAoYlOTr ol oUo ouTee KoToOTo-Oele fnope( vo eKqpoeovTol ono:

• oUo oloqopeTlKee 1AeKTplKee ToOele oUo oloqopeTlKre evToO1e foYv1TlKo neo(o

Unop�1 r ovunop�(o onTlKre oeOf1e.

'TOl npoKUnTel 1 ovoYK1 To oeoofevo vo KwolKonoloUvTol Oe fopqr ovTlA1nTr ono To unoAoYlOTlKo OUOT1fo, fe T1 xprO1 fovo oUo ,OTolxe(wv».

KcCIK&C

rlo T1v nopoOToO1 Twv opl8fWv xp1OlfonoloUfe Kol oAAo OUf�oAo:

EAAIvlK� Ypaq��

o , �, Y , o, e , OT ,...

Pw1a'K� Ypaq��

I, II, III, IV, V, VI,...

rlo T1v KwolKono(1O1 Twv oeoofevwv OTov unoAoYlOTr, xp1OlfonoloUfe we fovooo ovonopoOToO1e To iuailKo �Iqfo r bit -ovofoO(o nou npoepxeTol ono T1 OUvTf1O1 Twv oYYAlKWv Ae�ewv binary digit- To ono(o fnope( vo no-pel fovo oUo Tlfee, To 0 Kol To 1. H KwilKonofIaI e(vol 1 ovTlOTo(xlO1 Ko8evoe Ouf�oAou nou 8eAoufe vo nopoOTrOoufe -n.x. To Ypoffo A, To 8oufoOTlKo ,!» r To OUf�oAo Tou opl8foU 8- fe flo oKoAou8(o ono 0 Kol 1. 'vo OUvoAo ovTlOTolx(Oewv feTo�U Ouf�o-Awv Kol oKoAou8lWv ouoolKWv l1q(wv AeYeTol K�ilKa�.

LT1v opxr ol KoToOKeuoOTee unoAoYlOTWv rTov A(Yol Kol o Ko8evoe ovenTuO-Oe Kol T1poUOe To olKo Tou KWolKo. 'fwe, fe T1v ove�opT1T1 ovonTu�1 T1e TexvoAoY(oe ono oloqopoue KoToOKeuoOTee Kol T1v nopoAA1A1 ovoYK1 oloOUvoeO1e Kol ovToAAoYre oeoofevwv feTo�U Twv unoAoYlOTlKWv OuOT1foTwv, YlvoTov oAoevo Kol nlo enlToKTlKr 1 ovoYK1 Tunono(1O1e Twv fe8oowv Kol Twv OuOT1foTwv KwolKono(1O1e, Oe ole8vee en(neoo. 'TOl ovonTUx81Kov oloqopo -e8vlKo r ole8vr- npoTuno KwolKono(1O1e Kol npoTunol KWolKee. 0l KWolKee ouTo( fnopoUv vo xwplOToUv Oe oUo feYoAee KoT1Yop(ee:

Toue K�ilK&� apl91�v Kol
Toue K�ilK&� xapaKT�pwv.

Enelor oAol ol KWolKee �oO(eovTol OTo OUf�oAo 0 Kol 1, To ono(o onoTeAoUv Kol T1 �oO1 Tou ouoolKoU opl8f1TlKoU OuOTrfoToe, 8ewpoUfe OKonlfo vo ovoqep8oUfe npWTo OTo opl8f1TlKo OuOTrfoTo, o(vovToe neplOOoTep1 efqoO1 OTo ouoolKo.

H ovoYK1 Tou ov8pWnou Ylo feTprOele oorY1Oe OT1v enlvo1O1 Twv opl8fWv, KoTonlv OT1v enlvo1O1 Ouf�oAwv Ylo T1v nopoOToOr Toue Kol TeAoe OT1 o1floupY(o Twv opl8f1TlKWv OuOT1foTwv. LT1v nope(o T1e e�eAl�1e Tou noAlTl-OfoU xp1Olfonolr81Kov oloqopo OuOTrfoTo op(8f1O1e -oeKoolKo, owoeKoolKo, enToolKo, ouoolKo, oKToolKo, oeKoe�oolKo, K.o.- Kol oloqopo OUf�oAo Ylo T1v nopoOToO1 Twv opl8fWv. To ovofo evoe OuOTrfoToe op(8f1O1e npoepxeTol ono Tov opl8fo Twv l1q(wv nou xp1Olfonole( To OUOT1fo Ylo T1v nopoOToO1 Twv opl8fWv. 0 opl8foe ouToe ovofoeeTol poaI (base) Tou OuOTrfoToe. rlo nopooelYfo:

Ovo1aafa	BoaI	lIqfa
beKoolKo	10	0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
0KToolKo	8	0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
buoolKo	2	0,1
beKoe�oolKo	16	0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F

H tVVOIa KaI T naPdOTaOT TTc n.TPOcOP{ac OTOV UnO.OyIOT

LT1v Ko81feplvr ewr enlKpoT1Oe To oeKoolKo OUOT1fo op(8f1O1e, evW Ylo T1v nopoOToO1 Twv opl8fWv OTo OUOT1fo ouTo xp1Olfonolr81Kov To opo�l-Ko l1q(o 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 9. Me To OUOT1fo ouTo ol opl8f1TlKee npo�ele Y(vovTol fe feYoA1 euxepelo ono Tov ov8pwno, enelor ouTo To OUOT1fo fo8o(vel ono flKpr 1AlK(o. 'voe opl8foe OTo oeKoolKo OUOT1fo ovoAUeTol onwe qo(veTol OTo oKoAou8o nopooelYfo:

2568₍₁₀₎= 2 X 10³+ 5 X 10²+ 6 X 10¹+ 8 X 10⁰

0l eK8eTee Tou 10 fnopoUv vo eneKTo8oUv Kol OToue opv1TlKoUe oKepo(oue, ov o opl8foe e(vol KAoOfoTlKoe. rlo nopooelYfo:

573,23₍₁₀₎= 5 X 10²+ 7 X 10¹+ 3 X 10⁰+ 2 X 10^-1+ 3 X 10^-2

To ouoolKo OUOT1fo op(8f1O1e e(vol To nlo olooeoofevo OUOT1fo OToue unoAoYlOTee. To l1q(o nou xp1OlfonoloUvTol Ylo To Ox1foTlOfo ouoolKWv opl8fWv e(vol, onwe ovoqepofe, oUo, To 0 Kol To 1. 0 Tponoe nou Ox1foT(eovTol oloooxlKo( ouoolKo( opl8fo( e(vol ovoAoYoe fe ouTov Twv oeKoolKWv, fovo nou, ovT( Ylo oeKooee, eKoTovTooee, xlAlooee K.o.K., exoufe ouooee, TeTpooee, oKTooee K.o.K.

.EKA.lKOl	.vA.lKOl
0	0
1	1
2	10
3	11
4	100
5	101
6	110
7	111
8	1000
9	1001
10	1010
11	1011

LTo OUOT1fo ouTo evoe opl8foe ovoAUeTol fe Tpono nopofolo fe ouTov nou neplYpoqeTol OTo oeKoolKo OUOT1fo, fovo nou ovT( Ylo ouvofele Tou 10 xp1OlfonoloUfe ouvofele Tou 2. rlo nopooelYfo:

10011,01₍₂₎= 1 X 2⁴+ 0 X 2³+ 0 X 2²+ 1 X 2¹+ 1 X 2⁰+ 0 X 2^-1+ 1 X 2^-2

Av 8eAofe vo nopo-OTrOoufe Toue opl8foUe OTov uno-AoYlOTr fe To oeKoolKo OUOT1fo op(8f1O1e, 8o enpene vo KoToOKeuoOoufe evo quOlKo feOo nou vo neplOTovel 10 oloqopeTlKee Ko-ToOToOele. AuTo e(vol noAU nlo oUOKo-Ao Kol oonov1po ono evo quOlKo fe-Oo nou noplOTovel oUo KoToOToOele.

0l �oOlKee npo�ele, npoO8eO1 Kol noAAonAoOloOfoe, OTo ouoolKo OUOT1fo Y(vovTol fe Tpono ovT(OTolxo fe ouTov Tou oeKoolKoU OuOTrfoToe, exovToe unol1 Tle npo�ele feTo�U Twv l1q(wv Tou ouoolKoU OuOTrfoToe.

npoa9&aI	0+0=0	0+1=1	1+0=1	1+1=10
noAAanAaalaa1o�	0x0=0	0x1=0	1x0=0	1x1=1

'nwe qo(veTol Kol OTov noponovw n(voKo, oTov npoO8eToufe 1 Kol 1 To onoTeAeOfo -oUo (2) OTo oeKoolKo- YpoqeTol OT1 ouoolKr fopqr 10, o1Aoor 1 ouooo Kol 0 fovooee.

nopooelYfo:

LTo oKToolKo OUOT1fo op(8f1O1e To l1q(o nou xp1OlfonoloUvTol Ylo T1v nopoOToO1 Twv opl8fWv e(vol oKTW (8) To 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7. H ovoAuO1 evoe opl8foU OTo oKToolKo Y(veTol onwe npo1Youfevwe. nopooelYfo:

573₍₈₎= 5 X 8²+ 7 X 8¹+ 3 X 8⁰

LTo oeKoe�oolKo OUOT1fo op(8f1O1e Ylo T1v nopoOToO1 Twv opl8fWv xp1OlfonoloUvTol To YvwOTo 10 l1q(o Tou oeKoolKoU OuOTrfoToe 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Kol To npWTo 6 KeqoAo(o YpoffoTo Tou AoTlvlKoU oAqo�rTou A, B, C, D, E, F.

.EKA.lKO	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15
.EKAE�A.lKO	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A	B	C	D	E	F

nopooelYfo: 2AC8₍₁₆₎= 2 X 16³+ 10 X 16²+ 12 X 16¹+ 8 X 16⁰

H tVVOIa KaI T naPdOTaOT TTc n.TPOcOP{ac OTOV UnO.OyIOT

0l npWTol unoAoYlOTee e(xov we �oOlKr onoOToAr T1v eKTeAeO1 opl8f1TlKWv npo�ewv. LT1 O1feplvr enoxr, nop� oAo nou ol unoAoYlOTee xp1OlfonoloUvTol Kol Ylo To xelplOfo f1 opl8f1TlKWv OTolxe(wv, 1 ovoYK1 Ylo eKTeAeO1 fe-YoAou oYKou opl8f1TlKWv npo�ewv e�oKoAou8e( vo unopxel. 0 Tponoe fe Tov ono(o ol unoAoYlOTee ono81KeUouv Toue opl8foUe Kol eKTe-AoUv Tle opl8f1TlKee npo�ele e�opToTol ono Tov TUno Tou unoAoYlOTr. 'fwe, ol �oOlKee opxee ovTlfeTWnlO1e Twv opl8fWv ono Toue KoToOKeuoOTee uAl-KoU Kol AoYlOflKoU oev oAAo�ov Kol noAU ono To �eK(v1fo Twv unoAoYlOTWv fexpl Orfepo Kol ono o,Tl qo(veTol oUTe Ylo To opoTo feAAov npo�AeneTol Konolo opofoTlKr oAAoYr. rlo T1v nopoOToO1 Twv opl8fWv OTov unoAoYlOTr -fe T1 xprO1 Twv l1q(wv 0 Kol 1- exouv npoTo8e( oloqopol K�ilK&� Kol 1&9oiol nou oleuKoAUvouv Kol T1v eKTeAeO1 Twv opl8f1TlKWv npo�ewv.

0l KWolKee nou xp1OlfonoloUvTol Ylo T1v nopoOToO1 Twv opl8fWv OTov uno-AoYlOTr AeYovTol apl91ITlKof K�ilK&� . 0l KWolKee ouTo( �oO(eovTol OTo ouoolKo OUOT1fo op(8f1O1e Kol o nlo olooeoofevoe e(vol o KWolKoe BCD (Binary Coded Decimal - buoolKr KwolKono(1O1 beKoolKWv �1q(wv). rlo T1v ovonopoOToO1 evoe l1q(ou Tou oeKoolKoU OuOTrfoToe fe Tov KWol-Ko ouTo xp1OlfonoloUvTol TeOOepo ouoolKo l1q(o. To l1q(o Tou oeKoolKoU OuOTrfoToe exouv, onwe qo(veTol Kol OTov n(voKo nou oKoAou8e(, T1v (olo nopoOToO1 fe ouTrv nou exouv Kol OTo ouoolKo OUOT1fo.

.&KailKo �Iqfo	.uailK� Tl1�	.uailK� KwilKonofIaI i&KailK�v �Iqfwv
0	0	0000
1	1	0001
2	10	0010
3	11	0011
4	100	0100
5	101	0101
6	110	0110
7	111	0111
8	1000	1000
9	1001	1001

Me Tov Tpono ouTo

o feYlOToe oKepoloe nou fnope( vo nopoOTo8e( fe n bit e(vol o +(2^n�1�1) Kol
o eAoxlOToe e(vol �(2^n�1�1).

JoYw T1e nopoOToO1e ouTre o KWolKoe BCD AeYeTol Kol K�ilKa� 8-4-2-1 (ouvofele Tou 2), ono T1v o�(o Twv TeOOopwv ouoolKWv l1q(wv nou xp1Olfonole(. rlo vo nopoOTrOoufe evo oeKoolKo opl8fo fe T1 ouoolKr KwolKono(1O1 oe-KoolKWv l1q(wv, opKe( Ko8e l1q(o Tou vo ovTlKoToOTo8e( fe T1v ovT(OTolx1 nopoOToO1 OTov KWolKo ouTo. rlo nopooelYfo o opl8foe 5479₍₁₀₎Y(veTol:

.&KailKo� apl91o�	5	4	7	9
.uailK� KwilKonofIaI i&KailK�v �Iqfwv	0101	0100	0111	1001

0 KWolKoe ouToe nopouOloeel Konolo feloveKTrfoTo onwe:

o) To feYoAo frKoe Twv KwolKonol1fevwv opl8fWv Ylo T1v nopoOToO1 Twv oeKoolKWv opl8fWv. rlo nopooelYfo o opl8foe 125₍₁₀₎noplOToveTol OTov KWolKo BCD we 0001

0010 0101, evW, ov xp1OlfonolrOoufe To ouoolKo OUOT1fo, 8o exoufe T1v nopoOToO1 1111101₍₂₎.

�) buOKoA(o OT1v eKTeAeO1 Twv opl8f1TlKWv npo�ewv. rlo vo eKTeAeOToUv npo�ele fe opl8foUe nou exouv KwolKonol18e( fe Tov KWolKo ouTo Ouvr8we:

r xp1OlfonoloUvTol elolKo 1AeKTpovlKo KuKAWfoTo, r feToTpenovTol ol opl8fo( OTo ouoolKo OUOT1fo op(8f1O1e.

rlo T1v nopoOToO1 evoe opl8foU OTov unoAoYlOTr xp1OlfonoloUvTol � ouoolKo l1q(o (bit), onou To � e(vol OTo8epo Ylo Ko8e unoAoYlOTr Kol Ouvr8we nopoOTovel To frKoe T1e Ae�1e Tou unoAoYlOTr, onwe 8o fo8oufe Kol OTo enofevo KeqoAolo. Me Tov KWolKo BCD oev e(vol eUKoAo vo nopoOTo8oUv npoO1foOfevol oKepolol opl8fo( r npoYfoTlKo(. rl� ouToUe unopxouv oAAee fe8oool nopoOToO1e, Tle KuploTepee ono Tle ono(ee ovoqepoufe OT1 Ouvexelo.

rlo vo nopoOTo8e( evoe TeToloe opl8foe, xpeloeeTol vo eKqpoOTe( ToOo 1 onoAuT1 Tlfr Tou, oOo Kol To npoO1fo Tou fe 0 r 1. rlo To npoO1fo xp1Olfonole(Tol To npWTo ono oplOTepo ouoolKo l1q(o T1e Ae�1e, evW OTo unoAolno n-1 Tono8eTe(Tol 1 onoAuT1 Tlfr Tou opl8foU Oe ouoolKr fopqr. Av o opl8foe e(vol 8eTlKoe, To npoO1fo noplOToveTol fe To 0, evW ov e(vol opv1TlKoe, fe To 1. 'TOl ov To n=6, o opl8foe +13 noplOToveTol fe To 001101, evW o opl8foe -13 fe To 101101.

H tVVOIa KaI T naPdOTaOT TTc n.TPOcOP{ac OTOV UnO.OyIOT

Av Kol ouToe o Tponoe nopoOToO1e e(vol OxeTlKo onAoe, oev e�un1peTe( OT1 Oxeo(oO1 Twv KuKAwfoTwv nou onolToUvTol Ylo Tle opl8f1TlKee npo�ele. 'TOl exouv enlvo18e( Kol oAAee fe8oool nopoOToO1e Twv oKepo(wv, onwe 1 fe8oooe Tou au1nAIp�1aTo� w� npo� 1 (1�s complement) Kol 1 fe8oooe Tou au1nAIp�1aTo� w� npo� 2 (2�s complement), OTle ono(ee 8o ovoqep8oUfe OT1 Ouvexelo. Kol OTle oUo ouTee nopoOToOele To oplOTepoTepo bit oqopo To npoO1fo, o1Aoor 0 8eTlKoe, 1 opv1TlKoe.

napoaTaaI au1nAIp�1aTo� w� npo� 1

LUfqwvo fe T1 fe8ooo ouTr, Ylo T1v nopoOToO1 evoe 8eTlKoU ouoolKoU opl8foU Tono8eTe(Tol OTo npWTo ono oplOTepo bit To 0 Kol OTo unoAolno 1 onoAuT1 Tlfr Tou ono oe�lo npoe To oplOTepo. Av o opl8foe e(vol opv1TlKoe noplOToveTol fe To OufnArpwfo we npoe 1 Tou ovT(OTolxou 8eTlKoU opl8foU. To OufnArpwfo we npoe 1 evoe ouoolKoU opl8foU �p(OKeTol ov ovTlKoToOTo8oUv oAo To 0 fe 1 Kol oAo To 1 fe 0 (OufneplAof�ovofevou Kol Tou npo-Orfou). rlo nopooelYfo, OTov enofevo n(voKo qo(veTol nWe npoKUnTel To OufnArpwfo we npoe 1 Tou opl8foU 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

'TOl 1 nopoOToO1, fe T1 fe8ooo Tou OufnA1pWfoToe we npoe 1, Tou opl8foU +11 fe 6 bit e(vol 1 enofev1

Kol Tou opl8foU -11 e(vol 1

Me T1 fe8ooo ouTr Kol fe T1 xprO1 8 bit fnopoUv vo nopoOTo8oUv opl8fo( ono To -127 ewe 127 r oAAlWe ono To -(2⁷-1) ewe 2⁷- 1. H nopoOToO1 OufnA1pWfoToe we npoe 1 8ewpe(Tol on1pxolofev1 Kol exel nAeov eYKoToAelq8e(.

Me T1 fe8ooo OufnA1pWfoToe we npoe 1 o feYlOToe oKepoloe nou fnope( vo nopoOTo8e( fe n bit e(vol o +(2n�1�1) Kol o eAoxlOToe e(vol �(2^n�1�1). MeloveKT1fo: To 0 noplOToveTol fe oUo Tponoue: Oov 00000...000 r Oov 11111...111

Me T1 fe8ooo OufnA1pWfoToe we npoe 2, o feYlOToe oKepoloe nou fnope( vo nopoOTo8e( fe n bit e(vol o +(2^n�1�1) Kol o eAoxlOToe e(vol �2^n�1.

napoaTaaI au1nAIp�1aTo� w� npo� 2

AuTr 1 fe8oooe nopoOToO1e e(vol (olo fe T1v npo1YoUfev1, fovo nou, ovT( Ylo To OufnArpwfo we npoe 1 evoe opl8foU, xp1Olfonole(Tol To OufnArpwfo we npoe 2. To OufnArpwfo we npoe 2 evoe ouoolKoU opl8foU �p(OKeTol ov �pe8e( npW-To To OufnArpwfo Tou we npoe 1 Kol Oe ouTo npoOTe8e( To 1. rlo nopooelYfo OTov enofevo n(voKo unoAoY(eeTol To OufnArpwfo we npoe 2 Tou opl8foU 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1.

'TOl 1 nopoOToO1, fe T1 fe8ooo Tou OufnA1pWfoToe we npoe 2, Tou opl8foU +27 fe 8 bit e(vol:

Kol Tou opl8foU -27 e(vol:

Me T1 fe8ooo ouTr Kol fe T1 xprO1 8 bit fnopoUv vo nopoOTo8oUv opl8fo( ono To -128 ewe 127 r oAAlWe ono To -2⁷ewe 2⁷- 1. To nAeoveKT1fo Twv fe8oowv ,OufnA1pWfoToe we npoe 1 Kol 2» e(vol oTl o unoAoYlOTre oev xpeloeeTol vo olo8eTel elolKo KuKAWfoTo Ylo T1v oqo(peO1, flo Kol Ylo vo oqolpe8e( evoe opl8foe ono evov oAAo opKe( vo npoOTe8e( OTo felwTeo To OufnArpwfo we npoe 2 r npoe 1 Tou oqolpeTeou. MoAlOTo, To KuKAWfoTo nou xp1OlfonoloUvTol Ylo T1v ovTlOTpoqr Twv ouoolKWv l1q(wv KoToOKeuoeovTol noAU nlo eUKoAo ono ouTo T1e oqo(peO1e. rlo nopooelYfo, ov 8eAoufe vo oqolpeOoufe Tov opl8fo +12 ono Tov +17 fe T1 xprO1 6 bit, exoufe:

o) Aqo(peO1

H tVVOIa KaI T naPdOTaOT TTc n.TPOcOP{ac OTOV UnO.OyIOT

�) Me8oooe OufnA1pWfoToe we npoe 2

rlo T1v nopoOToO1 Twv npoYfoTlKWv opl8fWv, eKToe ono To npoO1fo Kol T1v onoAuT1 Tlfr, xpeloeeTol vo nopoOTo8e( Kol 1 8eO1 T1e unooloOToAre.

H onAoUOTep1 nopoOToO1 npoYfoTlKWv opl8fWv e(vol ouTr T1e aTa9&p�� unoilaaToA�� (fixed point number). Le ouTrv o opl8foe onoTeAe(Tol ono OTo8epo opl8fo ouoolKWv l1q(wv Kol Ylo To oKepolo Kol Ylo To KAoOfoTlKo fepoe.

LTo npo1YoUfevo nopooelYfo xp1OlfonoloUvTol 5 bit Ylo To oKepolo fepoe Kol 3 Ylo To KAoOfoTlKo. rlo T1v nopoOToO1 Twv opl8fWv ouTWv lOxUouv YevlKo oOo exouv ovoqep8e( Kol Ylo Toue npoO1foOfevoue oKepo(oue. Kol OT1v nep(nTwO1 ouTr, To oloOT1fo opl8fWv nou fnope( vo nopoOTo8e( e(vol flKpo.

Enelor, Aolnov, 1 nopoOToO1 noAU feYoAwv r noAU flKpWv opl8fWv, OUfqwvo fe oOo exoufe ovoqepel noponovw, e(vol ooUvoT1, xp1Olfonole(Tol flo oAA1 fe8oooe nopoOToO1e, nou AeYeTol 1&9oio� KlvIT�� unoilaaToA (floating point). H fe8oooe nopoOToO1e Twv opl8fWv Klv1Tre unooloOToAre (floating point numbers) OT1p(eeTol OT1v Tunonol1fev1 fopqr Twv opl8fWv nou xp1Olfonole(Tol OTo Mo81foTlKo. LTo oeKoolKo OUOT1fo op(8f1O1e evoe oKepoloe r oeKoolKoe fnope( vo Ypoqe( fe oloqopeTlKee fopqee, onwe qo(veTol OTo no

pooelYfo nou oKoAou8e(:
2345	8945,67
234,5x101	894,567x101
23,45x102	89,4567x102
2,345x103	8,94567x103
0,2345x104	0,894567x104
0,02345x105	0,0894567x105

ApI91oi ura9&plC uToCIauroAlC

ApI91oi KIVIrlC uToCIauroAlC

8uf(eoufe oTl OT1v Tunonol1fev1 ouTr fopqr Ko8e opl8foe YpoqeTol we Ylvofevo evoe npoYfoTlKoU opl8foU feTo�U 1 Kol 10 Kol floe KoToAA1A1e oUvof1e Tou

10.

n.x.

300.000 = 3x10⁵

25600000 = 2,56x10⁷0,0000006 = 6x10^-70,0000000123=1,23x10^�9

Ano To noponovw e(vol qovepo oTl:

• unopxouv onelpee fopqee eK8eTlKre nopoOToO1e evoe opl8foU

• oTov feToKlve(Tol 1 unooloOToAr flo 8eO1 oplOTepo, ToTe ou�oveTol o eK8eT1e T1e �oO1e KoTo f(o fovooo. To ovT(8eTo Ouf�o(vel oTov 1 unooloOToAr feToKlve(Tol flo 8eO1 oe�lo.

H eK8eTlKr fopqr evoe opl8foU, onou To npWTo f1 f1oevlKo l1q(o e(vol ofe-Owe feTo T1v unooloOToAr, ovofoeeTol KavovlK� (normali�ed). LTo noponovw nopooe(YfoTo 1 KovovlKr fopqr e(vol:

0,2345 X 10⁴Kol 0,894567 X 10⁴H evvolo T1e eK8eTlKre nopoOToO1e Kol T1e KovovlKre eK8eTlKre fopqre eneKTe(veTol Kol OToue ouoolKoUe opl8foUe. rlo nopooelYfo:

110011

11001,1 x 2¹1100,11 x 2²110,011 x 2³11,0011 x 2⁴1,10011 x 2⁵0,110011 x 2⁶0,0110011 x 2⁷

rlo T1v nopoOToO1 Twv npoYfoTlKWv opl8fWv OTov unoAoYlOTr xp1Olfonole(Tol 1 KovovlKr Toue fopqr. 'TOl o opl8foe 110011 fnope( vo nopoOTo8e( fe T1 fopqr:

0 opl8foe xwp(eeTol Oe oUo fep1:

To npWTo fepoe 0110011 nou AeYeTol auvT&A&aT�� (mantissa) Kol
To oeUTepo fepoe 0110 nou AeYeTol &K9&TI� (exponent).

0l opl8fo( nou noplOTovovTol fe T1 fopqr ouTr AeYovTol apl91of KlvIT�� unoilaaToA��.

0l npo�ele OT1 fopqr ouTr Y(vovTol onwe Kol OTo Mo81foTlKo, o1Aoor:

OT1v npoO8eO1 Kol OT1v oqo(peO1 TpononoloUfe Toue opl8foUe WOTe vo exouv Tov (olo eK8eT1, onoTe, Ylo vo �poUfe To onoTeAeOfo, Kovoufe Tle npo�ele OTo KAoOfoTlKo fepoe Kol oqrvoufe Tov (olo eK8eT1
OTov noAAonAoOloOfo -r T1 olo(peO1- noAAonAoOloeoufe -r ololpoUfe-To KAoOfoTlKo fep1 Kol npoO8eToufe -r oqolpoUfe- Toue eK8eTee.

H tVVOIa KaI T naPdOTaOT TTc n.TPOcOP{ac OTOV UnO.OyIOT

H fopqr T1e Klv1Tre unooloOToAre o(vel onoTeAeOfoTo Twv oloqopwv npo�ewv fe feYoAUTep1 oKp(�elo on� o,Tl 1 fopqr OTo8epre unooloOToAre Kol xp1Olfonole(Tol Kup(we Ylo T1v ovTlfeTWnlO1 enlOT1fovlKWv npo�A1foTwv.

'Tov elOoYovTol r ono81KeUovTol xopoKTrpee OTov unoAoYlOTr, xp1OlfonoloUvTol elolKo( KWolKee Ylo T1v nopoOToOr Toue. H KwolKono(1O1 Y(veTol fe T1 xprO1 OuvouoOfWv Tou 0 Kol Tou 1, onoTe Ko8e xopoKTrpoe ovTlOTolx(eeTol fe flo fovoolKr oloqopeTlKr oKoAou8(o ouoolKWv l1q(wv. nopoAA1Ao 1 oKoAou8(o ouTr OTo ouoolKo OUOT1fo noplOTovel flo opl8f1TlKr Tlfr. H Tlfr ouTr, nou fnope( vo eKqpoOTe( eKToe ono To ouoolKo Kol OTo oKToolKo, OTo oeKoolKo r OTo oeKoe�oolKo OUOT1fo op(8f1O1e, AeYeTol Tl1� Tou KwilKou (code value). 0l KuploTepol KWolKee xopoKTrpwv nou xp1OlfonoloUvTol e(vol:

Twv 8 bit	ASCII EBCDIC
Twv 16 bit	Unicode

0 ASCll (American Standard Code for lnformation lnterchange) o1floupYr

81Ke xop1 OT1v unoOTrpl�1 Tou E8vlKoU AfeplKovlKoU

IvOTlToUTou npoTUnwv ANSI (American National Stan

dard lnstitute), Oe flo npoOno8elo vo unop�el evoe

Kolvoe KWolKoe Ylo T1v ovToAAoYr Twv oeoofe

vwv feTo�U unoAoYlOTWv Ko8We Kol Ylo T1v

ono8rKeuOr Toue. rl� ouTo To AoYo exel ulo

8eT18e( Oxeoov ono oAoue Toue KoToOKeuo-

OTee flKpounoAoYlOTWv Kol xp1Olfonole(-

Tol eupUToTo.

ApxlKo OTov KWolKo ASCII xp1OlfonoloUvTov 7 bit Ylo T1v nopoOToO1 Twv xopoKTrpwv Kol evo bit, To 8o, Ylo eAeYxo op8oT1Toe KoTo T1 feToqopo OTolxe(wv. To bit ouTo ovofoOT1Ke �Iqfo laoTl1fa� (parity bit). Me T1v KwolKono(1O1 ouTr o(veTol 1 ouvoToT1To vo nopoOTrOoufe 128 (=2⁷) oloqopeTlKoUe xopoKTrpee, we onoTeAeOfo Twv 128 oloqopeTlKWv OuvouoOfWv ono 0 Kol 1.

AtKallKI TlII	XapaKTIpac	AtKallKI TlII	XapaKTIpac	AtKallKI TlII	XapaKTIpac
32		64	@	96	,
33	!	65	A	97	a
34	"	66	B	98	b
35	#	67	C	99	c
36	$	68	D	100	d
37	%	69	E	101	e
38	&	70	F	102	f
39	,	71	G	103	9
40	(	72	H	104	h
41	)	73	l	105	i
42	*	74	J	106	j
43	+	75	K	107	k
44	,	76	L	108	l
45	-	77	M	109	m
46	.	78	N	110	�
47	/	79	O	111	o
48	0	80	P	112	P
49	1	81	Q	113	q
50	2	82	R	114	r
51	3	83	S	115	s
52	4	84	T	116	t
53	5	85	U	117	u
54	6	86	V	118	v
55	7	87	W	119	w
56	8	88	X	120	x
57	9	89	Y	121	Y
58	�	90	Z	122	z
59	;	91	[	123	{
60	<	92	\	124	I
62	=	93	1	125	}
62	>	94	^	126	~
63	?	95		127

TIrI0AYOUAKc(lK0A SCII

LTo npWTo OToolo T1e eqopfoYre Tou o KWolKoe ASCII xp1Olfonolr81Ke Ylo T1v nopoOToO1:

elolKWv xopoKTrpwv eAeYxou • oloqopwv Ouf�oAwv • opl8f1TlKWv l1q(wv
neeWv Kol KeqoAo(wv YpoffoTwv Tou AoTlvlKoU oAqo�rTou, onwe qo(veTol Kol ono T1v oKoAou81 ofooono(1O1.

H tVVOIa KaI T naPdOTaOT TTc n.TPOcOP{ac OTOV UnO.OyIOT

K�.lKOl	El.OI IvMBOJOv
0-31	XopoKTrpee eAeYxou
32-47	LUf�oAo
48-57	Apl8f1TlKo l1q(o
58-64	LUf�oAo
65-90	KeqoAo(o AoTlvlKo YpoffoTo
91-96	LUf�oAo
97-122	neeo AoTlvlKo YpoffoTo
122-127	LUf�oAo

Me T1v nopooo Tou xpovou Kol e�olT(oe T1e oleUpuvO1e T1e xprO1e Twv unoAoYlOTWv nou o1floUpY1Oe T1v ovoYK1 Ylo neplOOoTepo OUf�oAo, xp1Olfonolr81Ke Kol To 8o bit Ylo T1v nopoOToO1 xopoKTrpwv, onoTe eYlve ouvo-To vo nopoOTo8oUv 256 (=2⁸) oloqopeTlKo( xopoKTrpee. 0l oloqopol KoTo-OKeuoOTee xp1Olfono(1Oov T1 veo neploxr (128-255) Ylo T1v KwolKono(1O1 elolKWv Ouf�oAwv Kol YpoqlKWv xopoKTrpwv r Ylo T1v nopoOToO1 Ypoffo-Twv oAAwv oAqo�rTwv, oloqopeTlKWv Tou AoTlvlKoU, n.x. eAA1vlKoU, OAo�l-KoU, K.o. 0 veoe KWolKoe nou npoeKule ovofoOT1Ke &n&KT&Ta1&vo� K�il-Ka� ASCll (Extended ASCII) r ASCll - 8.

rlo To EAA1vlKo oAqo�1To exel ulo8eT18e( ono Tov EAA1vlKo 0pYovlOfo Tunono(1O1e (EJ0T) o KWolKoe EJOT 928 o ono(oe onoTeAe( eneKToO1 Tou ASCII OTo 8 bit. LTov KWolKo ouTo ol npWTol 128 xopoKTrpee e(vol Oxeoov ofolol fe Toue ovT(OTolxoue Tou ASCII, evW OToue enofevoue 128 exouv Tono8eT18e( To YpoffoTo Tou EAA1vlKoU oAqo�rTou (KeqoAo(o, neeo, TovoUfevo) Kol oAAo OUf�oAo.

'voe oAAoe olooeoofevoe KWolKoe e(vol o KWolKoe EBCDlC (Extended Binary-Coded Decimal lnterchange Code -bleupufevoe buoolKoe KWolKoe beKoolKWv Ylo T1v EnlKolvwv(o). 0 KWolKoe ouToe o1floupYr81Ke ono T1v IBM Kol xp1Olfonole(Tol OToue feYoAoue unoAoYlOTee T1e (mainframes). LTov KWolKo EBCDIC xp1OlfonoloUvTol 8 bit Ylo T1v nopoOToO1 evoe xopoKTrpo, onoTe unopxel 1 ouvoToT1To Ylo 256 oloqopeTlKoUe xopoKTrpee. Ano Toue xopoKTrpee ouToUe oOol exouv KwolKoUe ono 0-63 Kol 250-255 e(vol f1 eKTunWOlfol.

LTov n(voKo nou oKoAou8e( fnopoUfe vo ooUfe evo Tfrfo Tou KWolKo EBCDIC.

A� TlII	XapaKTIpac	A� TlII	XapaKTIpac	A� TlII	XapaKTIpac
64	bla�k	129	a	193	A
75	.	130	b	194	B
76	<	131	c	195	C
77	(	132	d	196	D
78	+	133	e	197	E
79	I	134	f	198	F
80	&	135	9	199	G
90	!	136	h	200	H
91	$	137	i	201	l
92	*	145	j	209	J
93	)	146	k	210	K
94	;	147	l	211	L
		148	m	212	M
96	-	149	�	213	N
97	/	150	o	214	O
		151	P	215	P
107	,	152	q	216	Q
108	%	153	r	217	R
109		162	s	226	S
110	>	163	t	227	T
111	?	164	u	228	U
		165	v	229	V
122	�	166	w	230	W
123	#	167	x	231	X
124	@	168	Y	232	Y
125	,	169	z	233	Z
126	=
127	"

To Ouf�oAlKo ovofo Unicode (U�icode) xp1Olfonolr81Ke Ylo vo eKqpo-Oel Tle Tpe(e �oOl-Kee loloT1Tee Tou: o) noYKoOfloe - ol-KoufevlKoe (U�iversal). LxeoloOT1Ke Ylo vo KoAUlel oAee Tle YAWOOee Tou KoOfou.

�) MovoolKoe (U�i

�ue). Ko8e xopo-KTrpoe exel oKpl-

�We f(o Tlfr. Y) 0folofopqoe evlo(oe (U�iform). Ko8e xopoKTrpoe exel OTo8epo frKoe (16 bit).

0 KWolKoe U�icode e(vol evoe ole8vre KWolKoe nou xp1Olfonole(Tol Ylo T1v nopoOToO1 Twv xopoKTrpwv OToue unoAoYlOTee. Enelor o opl8foe Twv xopoKTrpwv nou fnopoUfe vo nopoOTrOoufe fe Tov KWolKo ASCII Kol Toue oA-Aoue KWolKee Twv 8 bit e(vol neploplOfevoe -To noAU 256-, rTov enlToKTlKr 1 ovoYK1 vo o1floupY18e( evoe KWolKoe o ono(oe vo o(vel T1 ouvoToT1To Ylo T1v nopoOToO1 Twv YpoffoTwv oAwv Twv YAwOOWv. 'TOl OxeoloOT1Ke o KWolKoe Unicode, OTov ono(o xp1OlfonoloUvTol 16 bit Ylo T1v nopoOToO1 Twv xopoKTrpwv, onoTe fnopoUv vo nopoOTo8oUv 65.536 (=2¹⁶) oloqopeTlKo( xopoKTrpee. Me Tov KWolKo ouTo e(vol ouvoTov vo nopoOTo8oUv ol xopoKTrpee nou xp1OlfonoloUvTol Oe oAo To oAqo�1To Tou KoOfou -JoTlvlKo, EAA1vlKo, E�po'Ko, KuplAAlKo, Apo�lKo, K.o.-, oKof1 Kol To loeoYpoffoTo nou xp1OlfonoloUvTol OT1v KopeoTlKr, T1v KlveelKr Kol T1v IonwvlKr YAWOOo. To npoTuno Unicode neplAof�ovel oKofo oloqopo oloKplTlKo, fo81foTlKo Kol TexvlKo OUf�oAo,

�eA1, O1fe(o OT(�1e, K.o. b(vel en(O1e T1 ouvoToT1To vo nopoOTo8oUv TovoUfevo YpoffoTo.

H tVVOIa KaI T naPdOTaOT TTc n.TPOcOP{ac OTOV UnO.OyIOT

Le Ko8e xopoKTrpo Tou KWolKo Unicode ovTlOTolxe( evoe opl8foe frKoue 16 bit, o ono(oe ovofoeeTol Tlfr Tou KwolKoU (code value). H Tlfr ouTr noplOToveTol fe To npo8efo U+ oKoAou8oUfevo ono T1 oeKoe�oolKr fopqr T1e. rlo nopooelYfo:

H Tlfr U+0043 noplOTovel To xopoKTrpo ,C».

Le Ko8e TeTolo Tlfr ovTlOTolxe( Kol flo ovofoO(o Ylo To xopoKTrpo nou nopl-OTovel. rlo nopooelYfo:

LT1v Tlfr U+0043 ovTlOTolxe( Kol 1 ovofoO(o ,latin capital letter c - AoTlvl-Ko KeqoAo(o Ypoffo c»

H KwolKono(1O1 opx(eel ono T1v Tlfr U+0000 Kol TeAelWvel OT1v Tlfr U+FFFF.

0l npWTee Tlfee ovTlOTolxoUv OToue xopoKTrpee Tou KWolKo ASCII Kol oKoAou8oUv ol xopoKTrpee Tou EAA1vlKoU, Tou KuplAAlKoU, Tou E�po'KoU, Tou Apo�lKoU, Tou IvolKoU Kol oAAwv oAqo�rTwv.

0 KWolKoe Unicode exel Kol KwolKoUe ol ono(ol Ko8op(eouv T1 oleU8uvO1 Tou Kelfevou, o1Aoor:

Av To Ke(fevo YpoqeTol ono oplOTepo npoe To oe�lo, onwe n.x. To EAA1vlKo r ono oe�lo npoe To oplOTepo, onwe n.x. To Apo�lKo.

'Ao ouTo KoToAof�ovouv OTo npoTuno Unicode Oxeoov 39.000 8eOele, evW unopxouv 18.000 Kevee 8eOele Ylo feAAovTlKr eneKToO1. En(O1e unopxouv oe-Ofeufevee novw ono 6.000 8eOele ol ono(ee oloT(8evTol Ylo lolwTlKr xprO1. Mnope(, o1Aoor, onoloOornoTe vo xp1OlfonolrOel Toue KwolKoUe ouToUe Ylo vo nopoOTrOel Toue olKoUe Tou xopoKTrpee Kol To olKo Tou OUf�oAo.

0 unoAoYlOTre, eKToe ono opl8f1TlKee npo�ele, exel T1 ouvoToT1To vo eKTe-Ae( Kol OuYKp(Oele, o1Aoor vo ene�epYoeeTol AoYlKo oeoofevo. To oeoofevo ouTo fnope( vo e(vol onAee r OUv8eTee AoYlKee npoToOele.

Mlo npoToO1 AeYeTol AoYlK� , oTov fnope( vo xopoKT1plOTe( oA18re r leu-ore. 'voe TeToloe xopoKT1plOfoe floe npoToO1e AeYeTol Tl1� aA�9&la� r onAo Tl1� T1e npoToO1e. rlo nopooelYfo:

0 opl8foe 4 e(vol opTloe opl8foe - oA18re npoToO1.
T1 vUxTo Aofnel o rAloe - leuore npoToO1.
0 opl8foe 3 oev e(vol euYoe opl8foe - oA18re npoToO1.

0l nlo olooeoofevee TexvlKee Ylo T1v nopoOToO1 Twv oeoofevwv OTov uno-AoYlOTr e(vol: o) Ylo To opl8f1TlKo oeoofevo • o KWolKoe BCD

1 fe8oooe OufnA1pWfoToe we npoe 2

1 fe8oooe Klv1Tre unooloOTo-Are
�) Ylo Toue xopo-KTrpee, ol KWolKee

ASCII
EBCDIC
UNIC0DE.

LTo noponovw nopooe(YfoTo ol oUo npWTee npoToOele xopoKT1p(eovTol we anA&� AoYlKee npoToOele, YloT( evo Tfrfo Toue oev e(vol opKeTo Ylo vo oplOTe( flo veo AoYlKr npoToO1. H Tp(T1 npoToO1 xopoKT1p(eeTol OUv8eT1, YloT( ov oqolpe8e( evo Tfrfo T1e -To foplo ,oev»- npoKUnTel noAl AoYlKr npoToO1.

0 opl8foe 3 e(vol euYoe opl8foe - leuore npoToO1

Ko8e AoYlKr npoToO1 nou oev e(vol onAr xopoKT1p(eeTol we auv9&TI. nopooe(YfoTo OUv8eTwv AoYlKWv npoToOewv:

Av o KWOToe e(vol noTepoe Tou b1frTp1, ToTe o b1frTp1e e(vol Yloe Tou KWOTo.
To 6 ololpe(Tol oKpl�We ono To 3 Kol To 6 ololpe(Tol oKpl�We ono To 2.
Lrfepo 8o �pe�el r oev 8o �pe�el.

revlKo, ov feToOx1foT(Ooufe flo AoYlKr npoToO1 fe T1 xp1Olfono(1O1 T1e Ae�1e ,oev» r ov OuvoeOoufe npoToOele fe T1 xp1Olfono(1O1 Twv Ae�ewv ,Kol», ,r», ,ov ...., ToTe ....», o1floupYoUvTol veee npoToOele. AuTee ol oloolKoO(ee Ox1foTlOfoU vewv npoToOewv AeYovTol AoYlK&� npo&&l� .

0 npWToe nou oloTUnwOe Toue �oOlKoUe Kovovee fe Toue ono(oue ol AoYlKee npoToOele fnopoUv vo nopouOloOToUv fe fo81foTlKo OUf�oAo, rTov o MY-YAoe fo81foTlKoe Geor9e Boole OT1v epYoO(o Tou ,The Mathematical Analysis of Logic - H Mo81foTlKr AvoAuO1 T1e JoYlKre», To 1847. 0l Kovovee ouTo( onoTeAoUv Tfrfo T1e MAY&ppa� JoYlK�� - r MAY&ppa� Boole npoe Tlfrv Tou feYoAou ouToU fo81foTlKoU- Kol xp1OlfonoloUvTol Ylo vo enlAUoufe AoYlKo npo�ArfoTo. LT1v MAYe�po Boole unopxouv fovo oUo e(o1 npoToOewv, ouTee nou e(vol oA18e(e Kol ouTee nou e(vol leuoe(e. b1Aoor ol feTo�A1Tee nou xp1OlfonoloUvTol OT1v oAYe�po ouTr fnopoUv vo nopouv fovo oUo Tlfee. LTle Tlfee ouTee fnopoUfe vo ovTlOTolx(Ooufe Tle ouooee:

Nol (N)
'xl (0)

AA18re (A)
�euore (�)

Yes (Y)
No (N)

True (T)
False (F)

En(O1e OT1v MAYe�po Boole op(eovTol Kol ol AoYlKee OTo8epee. JoYlK� aTa9&po ovofoeeTol flo npoToO1 nou e(vol novToTe oA18re r novToTe leuore Kol oloqepel ono T1 AoYlK� 1&TapAIT� , 1 ono(o e(vol flo npoToO1 nou fnope( vo e(vol oAAoTe oA18re Kol oAAoTe leuore.

nopooe(YfoTo:

MeTo Tov IoUvlo oKoAou8e( o IoUAloe. - JoYlKr OTo8epo, oA18re, Ylo-T( lOxUel novToTe.
H npo1YoUfev1 ono T1v nopoOKeur fepo ovofoeeTol Lo��oTo. - Jo-YlKr OTo8epo, leuore, YloT( oev lOxUel.
0 fovolrqloe quOlKoe opl8foe x e(vol feYoAUTepoe ono To 6. JoYl-Kr feTo�A1Tr, YloT( oAAoTe e(vol oA18re, oTov x=7 r 8 r 9 Kol oAAo-Te leuore, oTov o x no(pvel Tle Tlfee 0,1,2,3,4,5,6.

H tVVOIa KaI T naPdOTaOT TTc n.TPOcOP{ac OTOV UnO.OyIOT

0 Boole, feTo Tle AoYlKee feTo�A1Tee Kol OTo8epee, oplOe Kol Toue Kovovee nou Ko8op(eouv Tle �oOlKee AoYlKee npo�ele. rlo vo op(Oel Tle npo�ele ouTee, xp1Olfono(1Oe n(voKee OToue ono(oue neplAof�ovovTol oAol ol ouvoTo( OuvouoOfo( Twv TlfWv nou fnopoUv vo nopouv ol AoYlKee feTo�A1Tee Ko8We Kol To onoTeAeOfoTo nou npoKUnTouv ono ouToUe Toue OuvouoOfoUe. LTo enofevo �Aenoufe Tle �oOlKee npo�ele T1e MAYe�poe Boole.

Me T1v eqopfoYr T1e opv1O1e Oe flo AoYlKr npoToO1 ovTlOTpeqeTol 1 oAr8elo Twv TlfWv T1e, o1Aoor To 1 feToTpeneTol Oe 0 Kol To 0 Oe 1. rlo nopooelYfo:

A	NOT A
Lrfepo 8o �pe�el	Lrfepo oev 8o �pe�el

nfvaKa� A	aA�9&la� N0T A
oA18re	leuore
leuore	oA18re

H npo�1 ouTr AeYeTol Kol avTlaTpoq� r au1nA�pw1a Kol Ouf�oA(eeTol fe A.

Me T1v npo�1 T1e OUeeu�1e Ouv8eToufe oUo npoToOele fe T1 Ae�1 ,Kol», onoTe Ox1foT(eeTol flo veo npoToO1, 1 ono(o e(vol oA18re fovo oTov Kol ol oUo opxlKee e(vol oA18e(e. n.x.

A	B	A AND B
To 12 ololpe(Tol ono To 6	To 4 e(vol ololpeT1e Tou 8	To 12 ololpe(Tol ono To 6 Kol To 4 e(vol ololpeT1e Tou 8

nfvaKa� aA�9&la�
A	B	A AND B
oA18re	oA18re	oA18re
oA18re	leuore	leuore
leuore	oA18re	leuore
leuore	leuore	leuore

H npo�1 ouTr AeYeTol Kol AoYlKo� noAAanAaalaa1o� Kol Ouf�oA(eeTol fe A • B.

Me T1v npo�1 T1e oloeeu�1e Ouv8eToufe oUo npoToOele fe T1 Ae�1 ,r», ono-Te Ox1foT(eeTol flo veo npoToO1, 1 ono(o e(vol oA18re oTov TouAoxlOTov 1 f(o ono Tle oUo opxlKee e(vol oA18re. n.x.

A	B	A OR B
To 12 olol-	To 12 olol-	To 12 ololpe(Tol ono To
pe(Tol ono	pe(Tol ono	6 r To 12 ololpe(Tol o-
To 6	To 5	no To 5

nfvaKa� aA�9&la�
A	B	A 0R B
oA18re	oA18re	oA18re
oA18re	leuore	oA18re
leuore	oA18re	oA18re
leuore	leuore	leuore

H npo�1 ouTr AeYeTol Kol AoYlK� npoa9&aI Kol Ouf�oA(eeTol fe A + B.

Me T1v npo�1 T1e onoKAelOTlKre oloeeu�1e Ouv8eToufe oUo npoToOele �oeovToe To oloeeuKTlKo ,e(Te» fnpoOTo Oe Ko8ef(o, onoTe Ox1foT(eeTol flo veo, 1 ono(o e(vol oA18re fovo oTov 1 f(o ono Tle opxlKee e(vol oA18re Kol 1 oAA1 leuore.

A	B	A XOR B
To 12 olol-	To 12 olol-	EfT& To 12 ololpe(Tol o
pe(Tol ono	pe(Tol ono	no To 6 &fT& To 12 olol-
To 6	To 5	pe(Tol ono To 5

nfvaKa� aA�9&la�
A	B	A X0R B
oA18re	oA18re	leuore
oA18re	leuore	oA18re
leuore	oA18re	oA18re
leuore	leuore	leuore

H npo�1 ouTr Ouf�oA(eeTol fe A B.

0l npo�ele OUeeu�1, oloeeu�1 Kol onoKAelOTlKr oloeeu�1, eqopfoeovTol Kol Ylo neplOOoTepee ono oUo AoYlKee feTo�A1Tee. 0l OuvopTrOele nou oexovTol we e(Oooo AoYlKee feTo�A1Tee Kol o(vouv we e�ooo To onoTeAeOfo AoYlKWv npo�ewv KoAoUvTol AoYlK&� auvapT�a&l� . nopooe(YfoTo AoYlKWv OuvopTrOewv:

Z=f(A,B)=A • B

Z=f(A,B)=A • B+ B • A

'nwe e(oofe, OTle npo�ele T1e MAYe�poe Boole xp1OlfonoloUvTol feTo�A1Tee nou no(pvouv oUo fovo Tlfee Kol o(vouv we onoTeAeOfo noAl o(Tlfee feTo�A1Tee. To 1938 o C. Sha��o� eoel�e oTl 1 MAYe�po Boole fnopoUOe vo eqopfoOTe( OT1v onAono(1O1 Kol OT1 Oxeo(oO1 Twv 1AeKTpovlKWv KuKAwfo-Twv, onwe, Ylo nopooelYfo OTo T1AeqwvlKo KuKAWfoTo. ApYoTepo xp1Olfonolr81Ke Ylo T1 Oxeo(oO1 Twv KuKAwfoTwv Twv unoAoYlOTWv. To 1AeKTpovlKo KuKAWfoTo nou eKTeAoUv Tle �oOlKee npo�ele T1e MAYe�poe Boole KoAoUvTol AoYlK&� nuA&� . Ko8e TeTolo nUA1 oexeTol OT1v e(Oooo T1e OrfoTo fe T1 fopqr ul1Are r xof1Are 1AeKTplKre ToO1e Kol o(vel OT1v e�ooo T1e evo fovoolKo AoYlKo onoTeAeOfo fe T1 fopqr ul1Are r xof1Are 1AeKTplKre ToO1e. LuvouoeovToe KoToAA1Ao AoYlKee nUAee o1floupYoUvTol nlo OUv8eTo KuKAWfoTo nou fnopoUv vo eKTeAoUv AoYlKee npo�ele. ApxlKo Ylo T1v uAono(1O1 Twv AoYlKWv nuAWv xp1Olfonolr81Kov oloKplTo 1AeKTpovlKo OTolxe(o. Lrfepo OTo oAoKA1pwfevo KuKAWfoTo unopxel evo feYoAo nAr8oe enlfepoue KuKAwfoTwv, To ono(o fe T1 Oelpo Toue onoTeAoUvTol ono nAr8oe AoYlKWv nuAWv.

H tVVOIa KaI T naPdOTaOT TTc n.TPOcOP{ac OTOV UnO.OyIOT

0l �oOlKee nUAee ono Tle ono(ee KoToOKeuoeovTol To AoYlKo KuKAWfoTo e(vol:

JoYlK� nuAI �OXl� - NOT

YAonole( T1 AoYlKr npo�1 ,Mpv1O1». 'xel flo e(Oooo Kol flo e�ooo. 'Tov 1 e(Ooooe e(vol 1 1 e�oooe e(vol 0, evW oTov 1 e(Ooooe e(vol 0 1 e�oooe e(vol 1, o1Aoor ovTlOTpeqel T1v o�(o T1e elOooou.

JoYlK� nuAI �KAl� - AND

YAonole( T1 AoYlKr npo�1 ,LUeeu�1». 'xel oUo elOoooue Kol flo e�ooo. H e�oooe e(vol 1, oTov oAee ol e(Ooool e(vol 1.

JoYlK� nuAI �� - OR

YAonole( T1 AoYlKr npo�1 ,bloeeu�1». 'xel oUo elOoooue Kol flo e�ooo. H e�oooe e(vol 1, oTov TouAoxlOTov flo e(-Ooooe e(vol 1.

JoYlK� nuAI �AnoKA&laTlKo �� - XOR

YAonole( T1 AoYlKr npo�1 ,AnoKAelOTlKr oloeeu�1». 'xel oUo elOoooue Kol flo e�ooo. H e�oooe e(vol 1, oTov ol Tlfee OTle elOoooue e(vol oloqopeTlKee feTo�U Toue.

MnopoUfe vo o1floupYrOoufe nlo noAUnAoKee AoYlKee nUAee

e(Te npoO8eTovToe neplOOoTepee elOoooue
e(Te OuvouoeovToe Tle onAee fe T1v nUA1 0XI (N0T).

nopoKoTw �Aenoufe To OUf�oAo Kol Tov n(voKo oAr8eloe T1e AoYlKre nUA1e KAI fe Tpele elOoooue:

bUo oKof1 nUAee nou xp1OlfonoloUvTol eupUToTo e(vol:

JoYlK� nuAI �OXl-KAl� (NAND)

AnoTeAe(Tol ono flo nUA1 AND Kol flo nUA1 N0T Kol Ouf

�oA(eeTol fe A•B. 'xel e�ooo 0, oTov oAee ol e(Ooool e(vol 1, evW Oe Ko8e oAA1 nep(nTwO1 exel e�ooo 1.

JoYlK� nuAI �OXl - � � (NOR)

AnoTeAe(Tol ono flo nUA1 0R Kol flo nUA1 N0T Kol Ouf�o

A(eeTol fe A+B. H e�oooe T1e e(vol 1, oTov Kol ol oUo e(Ooool e(vol 0, evW Oe Ko8e oAA1 nep(nTwO1 exel e�ooo 0.

'Aee ol �oOlKee nUAee fnopoUv vo uAonol18oUv fe Tle nUAee N0R r NAND. AuTo, Oe OuvouoOfo fe To YeYovoe oTl 1 xprO1 Twv nuAWv ouTWv onAonole( T1 oloolKoO(o KoToOKeure Twv oAoKA1pwfevwv KuKAwfoTwv, enlTpenel OToue KoToOKeuoOTee Toue vo o1floupYoUv KuKAWfoTo To ono(o Ouvr8we neplexouv fovo nUAee N0R r fovo NAND.

rlo nopooelYfo:

H tVVOIa KaI T naPdOTaOT TTc n.TPOcOP{ac OTOV UnO.OyIOT

To KuKAWfoTo nou o1floupYoUvTol fe T1 xprO1 noAAWv �oOlKWv nuAWv fnopoUv vo xwplOToUv Oe oUo KoT1Yop(ee:

Ta auviuaaTlKo. E(vol eKe(vo nou 1 e�oooe Toue e�opToTol fovo ono Tle Tlfee elOooou Toue. nopooelYfo:

Ta aKoAou9laKo KuKA�1aTa. E(vol eKe(vo nou 1 e�oooe Toue e(vol OuvopT1O1 Twv TlfWv elOooou oAAo Kol T1e npo1YoUfev1e KoToOToO1e Tou KuKAWfo-Toe. 'vo TeTolo OTolxelWoee KUKAwfo KoAe(Tol fliP-floP. To flip-flop Ouvoeofevo KoToAA1Ao o1floupYoUv xprOlfo oKoAou8loKo KuKAWfoTo, nou fnopoUv vo ono81KeUOouv npoOwplvo ouoolKr nA1poqop(o, o1Aoor onoTeAoUv evo e(ooe fvrf1e nou uAonole(Tol ono KuKAWfoTo. LTo enofevo Oxrfo qo(veTol To flip-flop KoT1Yop(oe Set / Reset. L� ouTo fnopoUfe vo nopoT1prOoufe oTl Ko8e nUA1 N0R exel f(o e(Oooo e�wTeplKr oA-Ao Kol f(o eOwTeplKr, 1 ono(o exel T1v Tlfr nou o1floupYr81Ke ono T1v npo1YoUfev1 KoToOToO1 Tou flip-flop.

AvaK&qaAafwaI

H nAIpoqopfa e(vol noAU O1fovTlKr Oe oAoue Oxeoov Toue Tofe(e T1e Ko81feplvre foe ewre Kol npoKUnTel ono T1v ene�epYoO(o Twv i&io1&vwv. 0 unoAoYlOTre onoTeAe( To �oOlKo epYoAe(o Ylo T1v ene�epYoO(o Kol T1v ono8rKeuO1 Twv oeoofevwv.

To oeoofevo KwolKonoloUvTol fe T1 �or8elo Twv ouoolKWv l1q(wv (bit) Kol noplOTovovTol fe oKoAou8(ee ono 0 Kol 1.

LTov unoAoYlOTr xp1OlfonoloUfe Kup(we To oKoAou8o OuOTrfoTo op(8f1O1e:

iuailKo • oKTailKo
i&Ka&&ailKo.

rlo T1v nopoOToO1 Twv opl8fWv fnopoUfe vo xp1OlfonolrOoufe:

Tov KWolKo Ylo T1 .uailK� KwilKonofIaI .&KailK�v lIqfwv (Binary Coded Decimal -BCD)
Tle fe8oooue nopoOToO1e Twv opl8fWv OTov unoAoYlOTr - fe8oool Tou au1nAIp�1aTo� 1 Kol 2, fe8oool aTa9&p�� Kol KlvIT�� unoilaaTo-

0l nlo O1fovTlKo( K�ilK&� nou xp1OlfonoloUfe Ylo T1v KwolKono(1O1 Twv xopoKTrpwv e(vol ol oKoAou8ol:

Twv 8 bit, ASCll, EBCDlC
Twv 16 bit, U�icode.

LTolxe(o T1e Mo81foTlKre JoYlKre Kol T1e MAYe�poe Boole �p(OKouv eqopfoYr OTo KuKAWfoTo Twv unoAoYlOTWv feOw Twv AoYlKWv nuAWv.

BoOlKee AoYlKee nUAee e(vol ol:

0XI (N0T)
KAI (AND)
� (0R)
AnoKAelOTlKo � (X0R)
0XI-KAI (NAND)
0XI - � (N0R)

BoOlKee KoT1Yop(ee AoYlKWv KuKAwfoTwv e(vol:

To auviuaaTlKo Kol
To aKoAou9laKo.

H tVVOIa KaI T naPdOTaOT TTc n.TPOcOP{ac OTOV UnO.OyIOT

EpwT�a&l�

Tl e(vol 1 nA1poqop(o Kol nolo e(vol 1 O1foO(o T1e OT1v Ko81feplvr ewr;
Tl e(vol oeoofevo;
noTe flAofe Ylo KUKAo nA1poqop(oe;
No ovTlOTolx(OeTe To neplexofevo T1e npWT1e OTrA1e fe ouTo T1e oeUTep1e.

120 •

To oplo ToxUT1Toe Twv • • nA1poqop(o enl�oTlKWv ouToKlvr- Twv OT1v e8vlKr ooo e(vol 120 xAf/Wpo

fnAe • • oeoofevo

1 eAA1vlKr O1fo(o exel • xpWfoTo fnAe Kol oOnpo

No ovoqepeTe feplKee onolTrOele Tou OUYxpovou ov8pWnou, nou oev fnopoUv vo ovTlfeTwnlOToUv lKovonol1TlKo fe f1 1AeKTpovlKee fe8oooue ono8rKeuO1e Kol ene�epYoO(oe.
rloT( e(vol onopo(T1T1 1 KwolKono(1O1 Twv oeoofevwv OTov unoAoYlOTr;

No ovoqepeTe nopooe(YfoTo o(Tlfwv KoToOToOewv nou fnope( vo eKqpoeovTol OTle fovooee Tou unoAoYlOTr. o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
�) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LufnA1pWOTe Tle Ae�ele nou Ae(nouv.

o) H KwolKono(1O1 e(vol flo Oufqwv(o ovTlOTo(xlO1e Ko8evoe Ouf�oAou nou 8eAoufe vo nopoOTrOoufe fe ...................................................

�) 'vo OUvoAo ovTlOTolx(Oewv feTo�U Ouf�oAwv Kol oKoAou8lWv ouoolKWv l1q(wv AeYeTol ..................................

LT1v KwolKono(1O1 we fovooo nopoOToO1e xp1OlfonoloUfe To ouoolKo l1q(o. O Nol O '0xl
H �oO1 evoe opl8f1TlKoU OuOTrfoToe oe(xvel To nAr8oe Twv l1q(wv nou xp1OlfonoloUfe Ylo T1v nopoOToO1 Twv opl8fWv Oe ouTo To OUOT1fo.

O Nol O '0xl

LTo ouoolKo OUOT1fo oUo oKTooee foe Kovouv flo TeTpooo. O Nol O '0xl
LTo oeKoe�oolKo OUOT1fo 1 �oO1 e(vol To 2. O Nol O '0xl
LTo oKToolKo OUOT1fo 1 �oO1 e(vol oUvof1 Tou 2. O Nol O '0xl
LufnA1pWOTe Tle Ae�ele nou Ae(nouv.

o) 0l KWolKee nou xp1OlfonoloUfe Ylo T1v nopoOToO1 Twv opl8fWv OTov unoAoYl-OTr AeYovTol ..........................

�) 0l KWolKee ouTo( �oO(eovTol OTo ouoolKo OUOT1fo op(8f1O1e Kol o nlo olooeoofevoe e(vol o KWolKoe ....................................... .......................

No ovoqepeTe Tle �oOlKee fe8oooue nopoOToO1e Twv opl8fWv OTov unoAoYlOTr.
No ovoqepeTe Toue �oOlKoUe KWolKee xopoKTrpwv.
0 KWolKoe Unicode Oe Ko8e xopoKTrpo ovTlOTolxe( evov opl8fo frKoue 8 bit. O Nol O '0xl

0 KWolKoe Unicode exel Kol KwolKoUe ol ono(ol Ko8op(eouv T1 oleU8uvO1 Tou Kelfevou.
O Nol O '0xl

nolo ono To nopoKoTw ovoqepovTol Oe KWolKee unoAoYlOTWv; O ASCII O o8ov1 unoAoYlOTr O bit O OUOT1fo CAD O oKoAou8(ee l1q(wv 0 Kol 1 O OUOT1fo CAE O T1AeoloOKel1

H tVVOIa KaI T naPdOTaOT TTc n.TPOcOP{ac OTOV UnO.OyIOT

20. No ovTlOTolx(OeTe To neplexofevo T1e npWT1e OTrA1e fe ouTo T1e oeUTep1e.

• KWolKoe xopoKTrpwv nou xp1Ol

BCD • fonole(Tol noAU ono Toue KoTo-OKeuoOTee flKpounoAoYlOTWv

• KWolKoe xopoKTrpwv nou o1ASCII •

floupYr81Ke ono T1v IMB EBCDIC • • KWolKoe xopoKTrpwv Twv 16 bit UNIC0DE • • KWolKoe opl8fWv

noTe flo npoToO1 AeYeTol: o) AoYlKr
�) AoYlKr feTo�A1Tr Y) AoYlKr OTo8epo.

No ovoqepeTe Tle �oOlKee AoYlKee npo�ele. o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
�) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

nolo e(vol 1 oloqopo feTo�U AoYlKWv feTo�A1TWv Kol AoYlKWv OTo8epWv;
No OufnA1pWOeTe OTo ovT(OTolxo nAo(Olo To ovofo T1e AoYlKre npo�1e nou nopl-OTovel To elKov(olo.
nolee e(vol ol �oOlKee KoT1Yop(ee AoYlKWv KuKAwfoTwv;

rAwaaoplo

AKoAou9laKo KuKAw1a MAY&ppa Boole MAY&ppa JoYlK�� Apl91ITlKof K�ilK&� Apl91o� KlvIT�� uno

ilaaToA�� BoaI .&io1&va

.uailK� KwilKonofIaI i&KailK�v �Iqfwv K�ilKa�

K�ilKa� ASCll K�ilKa� EBCDlC K�ilKa� U�icode JoYlK� 1&TapAIT� JoYlK� npoTaaI JoYlK� nuAI JoYlK� nuAI �AnoKA&l

aTlKo H� JoYlK� nuAI �H� JoYlK� nuAI �KAl� JoYlK� nuAI �OXl - H� JoYlK� nuAI �OXl -KAl� JoYlK� nuAI �OXl� JoYlK� aTa9&po

JoYlKo KUKAwfo nou 1 e�oooe Tou e(vol OuvopT1O1 Twv TlfWv elOooou, oAAo Kol T1e npo1YoUfev1e KoToOToOre Tou.

bee MAYe�po JoYlKre.

Xp1Olfonole(Tol Ylo vo nopouOloOToUv ol AoYlKee npoToOele fe fo

81foTlKo OUf�oAo. 0l KWolKee nou xp1OlfonoloUvTol Ylo T1v nopoOToO1 Twv opl8fWv OTov unoAoYlOTr.

Apl8foe nou noplOToveTol fe oUo TfrfoTo, To npWTo onoTeAe( To

oeKoolKo fepoe Kol To oeUTepo Tov eK8eT1. 0 opl8foe nou o(vel To nAr8oe Twv l1q(wv nou xp1OlfonoloUvTol Ylo T1v nopoOToO1 Twv opl8fWv Oe evo opl8f1TlKo OUOT1fo.

LTolxe(o ono T1v ene�epYoO(o Twv ono(wv e�oYovTol ol nA1poqop(

ee. Apl8f1TlKoe KWolKoe Ylo T1v nopoOToO1 Twv oeKoolKWv l1q(wv, onou Ylo Ko8evo ono ouTo xp1OlfonoloUvTol 4 ouoolKo l1q(o.

0 n(voKoe nou nopouOloeel T1v ofqlfovoOrfovT1 onelKovlO1 Ko8e

Ouf�oAou Oe f(o fovo oKoAou8(o ono 0 Kol 1. KWolKoe Twv 8 bit nou xp1Olfonole(Tol Ylo T1v nopoOToO1 xopoKTrpwv.

KWolKoe Twv 8 bit nou xp1Olfonole(Tol Ylo T1v nopoOToO1 xopoKTrpwv Kol o1floupYr81Ke ono T1v IBM. KWolKoe xopoKTrpwv Twv 16 bit.

H AoYlKr npoToO1 nou fnope( vo e(vol oAAoTe oA18re Kol oAAoTe leuore. npoToO1 nou fnope( vo xopoKT1plOTe( oA18re r leuore.

AnAo 1AeKTpovlKo OTolxe(o nou xp1Olfonole(Tol Ylo T1v npoYfoTo

no(1O1 �oOlKWv npo�ewv OTov unoAoYlOTr. JoYlKr nUA1 fe oUo elOoooue Kol flo e�ooo. H e�oooe e(vol 1, oTov ol Tlfee OTle elOoooue e(vol oloqopeTlKee feTo�U Toue.

JoYlKr nUA1 fe oUo elOoooue Kol flo e�ooo. H e�oooe e(vol 1, oTov

TouAoxlOTov flo e(Ooooe e(vol 1. JoYlKr nUA1 fe oUo elOoooue Kol flo e�ooo. H e�oooe e(vol 1, oTov oAee ol e(Ooool e(vol 1.

JoYlKr nUA1 nou onoTeAe(Tol ono flo nUA1 0R Kol flo nUA1 N0T.

JoYlKr nUA1 nou onoTeAe(Tol ono flo nUA1 AND Kol flo nUA1 N0T.

JoYlKr nUA1 fe flo e(Oooo Kol flo e�ooo, nou ovTlOTpeqel OT1v e�ooo T1v o�(o T1e elOooou. H AoYlKr npoToO1 nou e(vol novToTe oA18re r novToTe leuore.

H tVVOIa KaI T naPdOTaOT TTc n.TPOcOP{ac OTOV UnO.OyIOT�
nfvaKa� aA�9&la�	n(voKoe nou onelKov(eel Tle Tlfee oAr8eloe floe AoYlKre feTo�A1Tre.
nAIpoqopfa	To onoTeAeOfo T1e ene�epYoO(oe Twv oeoofevwv.
IuviuaaTlKo KuKAw1a	KUKAwfo nou 1 e�oooe Tou e�opToTol fovo ono Tle Tlfee elOooou
	Tou.
lIqloA&&I (BYte)	Mlo ofooo ono 8 bit.

Evilaq&poua&� Kal xp�al1&� il&u9uva&l� Tou .lailKTuou

httP�//www.u�icode.or9/

HA(lFueUVOTAYOUAOpy0VlOIOuAnOUA0OxOAF{Y0lAIFAYOVAKc(lK0Ax0p0KYrpwVAUnicode.

httP�//www.brookdale.cc.�j.us/fac/e�9tech/aa�derse�/elt242/bi�arY.html

LYTVAlOYOOFA{(0A0UYrAInOpF{YFAV0A(F{YFAnceAn0plOYoVOUIFAY0A(F(OItV0AOYOVAUnOAOylOYrAIFAYTA{OreFl0 YwVAlTc{wVAYOUA(U0(lKOuAOUOYrI0YOe.

httP�//www2.echo.lu/oii/e�/chars.html

LYTVAlOYOOFA{(0A0UYrAInOpF{YFAV0AnopFYFAnATpOcOp{FeAyl0AY0AOuVOA0Ax0p0KYrpwVAYOUAUnOAOylOYr.

httP�//www.asca.com/u�icode.html.

LYTVAlOYOOFA{(0A0UYrAInOpF{YFAV0AnopFYFAnATpOcOp{FeAyl0AYOVAKc(lK0Ax0p0KYrpwVAUnicode.

httP�//webster.ucr.edu/Pa9e asm/ArtofAssemblY/CH01/CH01-1.html

LYTVAlOYOOFA{(0A0UYrAInOpF{YFAV0A(F{YFAKFcoA0l0AYOUA{l{A{OUAIFAY{YAOA«ArtAofAAssembly"AYOUARandallAHyde's. YnopxOUVA0V0cOpteAyl0AYTVAn0poOY0OTAYwVA(F(OItVwVAOYOVAUnOAOylOYrAK0eceAK0lAyl0AY0A0pleITYlKoAOUOYrI0Y0.

httP�//www.alba�Y.edu/librarY/i�ter�et/boolea�.html

LYTVAlOYOOFA{(0A0UYrAInOpF{YFAV0A(F{YFAYleA{0OlKteAtVVOlFeAYTeAJAyF{p0eABoole.

httP�//www.txdirect.�et/users/uswatso�/codemethods.htm

llFueUVOTAIFAYOUeAyVwOYOYFpOUeAKc(lKFe.

httP�//www.bbsi�c.com/sYmbol.html

llFueUVOTAyl0AYOVAKc(lK0AASCII.

httP�//www.iscs.�us.s9/~sf100/c5ov.htm

llFueUVOTAnOUAnFpltxFlAOYOlxF{0Ayl0AAOylKoAKUKAcI0Y0.

H tVVOIa KaI T naPdOTaOT TTc n.TPOcOP{ac OTOV UnO.OyIOT

BlpAloYpaqfa

AvTWv1 BoTlKlWT1, HA&KTpovlKof unoAoYlaT&�, A8rvo

pleITYlKoAOUOYrI0Y0,ATAn0poOY0OTAYwVA0pleIcVAOYOVAUnOAOylOYr,AOlAKc(lKFeAx0p0KYrpwV,AOlAAOylKte nuAFe,AK.o.

N. KwvOTovToe, r. LfUp1e T&xvoAoYfa IA&KTpovlK�v unoAoYlaT�v, 0EbB

JAyF{p0ABoole,AAOylKteAnuAFe.A

Aqpoo(T1 nonoYlovvonoUAou, npoawnlKof unoAoYlaT&�, EKooOele Nubis

Kc(lKFeAUnOAOylOYcV.

Pat Heathcote Kevin Bond, A-LEVEL COMPUTlNG.

HAn0poOY0OTAYwVA(F(OItVwVAOYOUeAUnOAOylOYte.

I.K. Ko�oupo, OpYovwaI auaTI1oTwv &vo� xp�aTI, To1o� l, KAeloopl8foe, A8rvo 1991

HAn0poOY0OTAYwVAnATpOcOplcVAOYOVAUnOAOylOYr,A0pleITYlKoAOUOYrI0Y0.

M. n. MneKoKoe, ApxlT&KTovlK� unoAoYlaT�v Kal T&xvoAoYfa napoAAIAI� &n&&&pYaafa�, EKooOele LTofoUA1e, A8rvo 1994

nArpFeAn0VFnlOYTIl0KOAOuyyp0II0AIFAtIc0OTAOY0AAOylKoAKUKAcI0Y0AK0lAOYTVA0VonYU�rAYOUe.

M.n.MneKoKoe-A.N.KoOTovlo, lIqlaKo auaT�1aTa, EKooOele LTofoUA1e, A8rvo 1994

n0pOUOlo�FlAYleAtVVOlFeAK0lAYleA0pxteAAOylKreAOxF({0OTeAYwVAlTcl0KcVAOUOYTIoYwV

W. Stallings, ComPuter Or9a�izatio� a�d Architecture, Prantice Hall (1996)

nFplypocFlAnceAUAOnOlF{Y0lATA0pxlYFKYOVlKrAFVOeAUnOAOylOYrAItOwAYwVA(locOpwVAAOylKcVAKUKAwIoYwV.

J. Hayes, ComPuter Architecture a�d Or9a�izatio�, Edison (1990)

LYOA{(lOAnVFuI0AIFAYOAnpOTyOuIFVOAOuyyp0II0.

H. Stone, l�troductio� to ComPuter Architecture

Bl{A{OAnOUA0nFUeuVFY0lAOFA0pxoplOUeAOYTVA0pxlYFKYOVlKrAUnOAOylOYcV.

H. Stone, Hi9h Performa�ce ComPuter Architecture

Bl{A{OAUlTAOuAFnlnt(OUA(UOKOA{0eAnOUA0nFUeuVFY0lAOFAnpOxwpTItVOUeAOY0A0VY{OYOlx0AetI0Y0.

Hwang and Briggs, ComPuter Architecture a�d Parallel Processi�9

nFpltxFlAnArpTAnFplyp0crAYTeA0pxlYFKYOVlKreAFVOeAUnOAOylOYrAK0eceAK0lAYTeAn0poAATATeAFnF�Fpy0O{0e.

Dick Davies, l�formatio� Tech�olo9Y at work

Bl{A{OAnOUA(l0np0yI0YFuFY0lAK0lAetI0Y0AOnweAOlAnATpOcOp{Fe,AY0A(F(OItV0,ATAFnF�Fpy0O{0A(F(OItVwV,AK.o.

TO VAiKO TOV VnOAOriITH

3.1 H opXIT&KTovIK� Tou unoAoYIaT� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81

3.2 To K&vTpIKO I&po� Tou unoAoYIaT� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83

3.2.1 H KevTplKr Movaoo Ene�epyoo(oc (KME) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

3.2.2 H KevTplKr fvrfl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85

3.2.3 H fovaoo ElooooU / E�oooU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88

3.2.4 0 o(oUAoc enlKolvWv(oc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88

3.3 To n&pIq&p&IoKO I&po� Tou unoAoYIaT� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89

3.3.1 nAlKTpoAoylo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89

3.3.2 novT(Kl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90

3.3.3 08ovl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91

3.3.4 EKTUnWTec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93

3.3.5 neplqepeloKr fvrfl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94

3.3.6 MovTef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98

3.3.7 LopWTrc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99

3.3.8 LXeoloypaqoc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99

3.3.9 ¢WToypoq(oo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100

3.3.10 'AAec neplqepeloKec oUoKeUec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100

3.4 .Ioauvi&al unoAoYIaT�v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100

AvoK&qoAofwal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 EpwT�a&I� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 rAwaaapIo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106 EviIoq&poua&� KoI Xp�aII&� iI&ueuva&I� Tou .IoiIKTuou . . . . 107 BIPAIoYpoqfo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107

TO U.IK6 TOU UnO.OyIOT

oKonoc oUTou ToU KeqoAo(oU e(vol vo neplypalel To fepl evoc «onAou» UnoAoyloTr Kol Tov Tpono oloouvoeorc ToUc. H KoTovolol Tlc ooflolc ToU UnoAoyloTr Kol TWv XopoKTlploTlKwv Ka8e ooflKou oTolXe(oU ToU 8o foc owoel oTl oUveXelo Tl oUvoToTlTo vo ovTlAl

q8oufe Tov Tpono AelToUpy(oc Kol Tov Tpono o�lono(lolc oUTrc Tlc flXovrc.

'nWc oUfOo(vel fe oAo To noAunAoKo oUoTrfoTo, oTlv npoona8ela foc vo To KoTovorooUfe Kol vo ovTlAlq8oufe Tov Tpono oUfneplqopac ToUc KoTo qeuyoUfe oTlv nopoKaTW fe8ooo: o) bloKp(voUfe To TfrfoTo noU nopoUola�oUv flo oXeTlKr oUTovof(o. O) Enlolfo(voUfe Tov Tpono oloouvoeolc TWv TflfaTWv ToU oUoTrfoToc. y) MeAeTafe Tl oUfneplqopa ToUc, Tov Tpono oAAlAen(opoorc ToUc Kol Tl

oXeol ToUc fe To nopoyofevo TeAlKa onoTeAeofoTo. Tl fe8ooo oUTr 8o oKoAoU8rooUfe Kol oTlv nep(nTWol ToU UnoAoyloTr Kol elolKoTepo ylo Tlv e�eTool evoc OoolKou fepoUc ToU, ToU UAlKou. To uAIKO (hardware) onoTeAe(Tol ono To ouvoAo TWv lAeKTpovlKwv TflfaTWv noU oUv8eToUv To UnoAoyloTlKo ouoTlfo, olAoor ono To lAeKTpovlKa KUKAwfoTo, Tlc fovaoec o(oKWv, ToUc eKTUnWTec, Tlc o8ovec, To nAlKTpoAoylo, KAn. VAIKO, AoInOv, &fvoI oTIi�noT& &X&I IIo uAIK�uquaIK� unOaToal a& &vo unoAoYIaTIKO auaTlIo. H olaKplol TWv fepwv ToU UAlKou Kol l neplypoqr ToU TponoU oloouvoeorc ToUc onoTUnwvel Tl oofr ToU UAlKou. H feAeTl Tlc oofrc Kol Tlc oUfneplqopac ToU UAlKou onoTeAe( To ovTlKe(fevo Tlc opXIT&KTovIK�� ToU UnoAoyloTr.

To UnoAoyloTlKa oUoTrfoTo To�lvofouvTol oe yevlec ovaAoyo fe Tlv TeXvoAoy(o KoTooKeUrc TWv KUKAWfaTWv ToUc Kol Tlv opXlTeKTovlKr ToUc. Ka8e yevla XopoKTlp(�eTol en(olc ono To e(ooc Tlc ene�epyoo(oc Kol Tlc yAwooec npoypoffoTlofou noU Xplolfonolouv ol UnoAoyloTec noU ovrKoUv oe oUTrv. Efe(c 8o ovoqep8oufe oTo opXlTeKTovlKa XopoKTlploTlKa Tlc TeTopTlc ye

LxrlQA3.1A pxmr:KrOVmKrAunOAOYmarmKOUAauarrlQrOr

K&VTPIKO ftPoc uTo.oYIOTl

vlac UnoAoyloTwv Kol 8o e�eTaooUfe evov «onAo» UnoAoyloTr Wc nopaoely fo. H enlAoyr ToU oUyKeKplfevoU UnoAoyloTr y(veTol ylo eKnoloeUTlKouc Ao yoUc. bev oToXeuoUfe vo neplypaloUfe Tlv opXlTeKTovlKr ToU nAeov ouy XpovoU UnoAoyloTr, oAAa vo owooUfe Tlc ovoyKo(ec evvolec, l yvwol TWv ono(Wv 8o foc enlTpelel oe enofevo oTaolo TWv onoUowv foc vo KoTovor ooUfe Kol Tlc oUv8eToTepec opXlTeKTovlKec. LTo LXrfo 3.1 nopoUola�eTol l opXlTeKTovlKr ToU UnoAoyloTlKou foc oUoTr foToc, oTo ono(o oloKp(vovTol ouo fepl: To K&vTpIKO Kol To n&pIq&p&IoKO. Ilo vo oUv8eooUfe evov UnoAoyloTr onolTe(Tol onWoornoTe To ouvoAo ToU KevTplKou fepoUc Kol enlAeKTlKa ono To neplqepeloKo fepoc onolec neplqe peloKec oUoKeUec 8eWpoufe onopo(TlTec ylo Tlc ovayKec foc.

To K&vTpIKO I&po� onoTeAe(Tol ono: o) Tlv K&vTpIK� Movaio En&&&pYoafo� (Central Processing Unit u CPU). H

KevTplKr Movaoo Ene�epyoo(oc (KME) e(vol Uneu8Uvl ylo Tov eAeyXo Kol

To oUvTovlofo ToU KevTplKou Kol ToU neplqepeloKou fepoUc, woTe vo oU

vepya�ovTol opfovlKa ylo Tlv eKTeAeol TWv evToAwv noU e(vol KoToXWpl

ofevec oTlv KevTplKr fvrfl. H KME eKTeAe( To npoypaffoTo noU e(vol

ono8lKeUfevo oTlv Kuplo fvrfl, ovoKoAwvToc Tlc evToAec

ToUc, onoKWolKonolwvToc Tlc Kol eKTeAwvToc

Tlc Tl flo feTa Tlv aAAl. H KME ne

pleXel Kol evov opl8fo KoToXW

plTwv, ol ono(ol e(vol ToXu

ToTo lAeKTpovlKa

KUKAwfoTo fvr

flc afeolc npo

oneAoolc Kol Xpl

olfonolouvTol npoKelfevoU vo ono8l

KeuooUv oeoofevo, onoTeAeofoTo r nAlpoqop(ec eAeyXoU.

O) Tlv K&vTpIK� r KupIo Mv�Il (Main Memory). H fovaoo KevTplKrc fvrflc Xplolfeuel ylo Tlv npooWplvr ono8rKeUol npoypoffaTWv oeoofevWv Kol onoTeAeofaTWv KoTa Tl olapKelo eKTeAeolc TWv npoypoffaTWv. XopoKTlp(�eTol ono UllAec ToXuTlTec ovayvWolc Kol eyypoqrc, oAAa flKpr XWplTlKoTlTo.

TO U.IK6 TOU UnO.OyIOT

y) Tl Movaio EIaOiou / E&Oiou (Input / Output Unit I/O). H fovaoo elooooU/e�oooU Xplolfonole(Tol ylo Tlv enlKolvWv(o ToU KevTplKou fepoUc fe Tlc neplqepeloKec oUoKeUec. H fovaoo elooooU oloXeTeuel evToAec Kol oeoofevo oTl fvrfl ono Tlc neplqepeloKec oUoKeUec, evw l fovaoo e�oooU eKTeAe( oKplOwc Tlv ovT(8eTl AelToUpy(o: oloXeTeuel To nepleXofevo Tlc fvrflc oTlc neplqepeloKec oUoKeUec.

o) To .fouAo EnIKoIvwvfo� (Bus). 0 o(oUAoc enlKolvWv(oc e(vol evo ouvoAo lAeKTplKwv KUKAWfaTWv noU enlTpenoUv Tl feTaoool lAeKTplKwv olfaTWv ovafeoo oTlc olaqopec fovaoec ToU UnoAoyloTr. bloKp(veTol oe o(oUAo oeoofevWv, o(oUAo oleU8uvoeWv Kol o(oUAo eAeyXoU, noU XplolfonolouvTol ovT(oTolXo ylo Tl feToqopa oeoofevWv, oleU8uvoeWv Kol oTolXe(Wv eAeyXoU feTo�u TWv fepwv ToU UnoAoyloTr.

To neplqepeloKo fepoc onoTeAe(Tol ono evo ouvoAo neplqepeloKwv oU oKeUwv ylo: o) Tlv ono8rKeUol nAlpoqoplwv Kol O) Tlv enlKolvWv(o fe To e�WTeplKo neplOaAAov fe aAAoUc XproTec r aAAoUc

UnoAoyloTec. LTlc oUoKeUec oUTec neplAofOavovTol nAlKTpoAoylo, o8ovec, eKTUnWTec, oKAlpo( o(oKol, euKofnTol o(oKol (floppy disks), fovaoec foyvlTlKrc Tolv(oc, oUoKeUec onTlKwv o(oKWv (CD, DVD, K.a.), oUoTrfoTo nopoyWyrc rXoU, KAn. 'Ao To noponavW fepl enlKolvWvouv feTo�u ToUc Kol ovToAAaoooUv oeoofevo. To poAo ToU oUvTovloTr Ko8oolylTr o' oUTr Tl oUvepyoo(o no(�el l KevTplKr Movaoo Ene�epyoo(oc, noU onoTeAe( To «KevTpo» Ka8e UnoAoyloTlKou oUoTrfoToc.

H KevTplKr Movaoo Ene�epyoo(oc onoTeAe(Tol ono:

o) Tlv ApIeIlTIK� Kol AoYIK� Movaio. H opl8flTlKr Kol AoylKr fovaoo (Arithmetic and Logic Unit ALU) e(vol evo KuKAWfo lKovo vo eKTeAe( ypryopo opl8flTlKec Kol AoylKec npa�elc. LTlc AoylKec npa�elc neplAofOavovTol l ou�eU�l, l ola�eU�l, l apvlol Kol aAAec noU fnopouv vo 8eWpl8ouv oUvoUoofoc TWv noponavW, evw oTlc opl8flTlKec npa�elc neplAofOavovTol l npoo8eol, l oqo(peol, o noAAonAooloofoc Kol l olo(peol. 'Tov ovoqepofooTe oe ypryopl eKTeAeol npa�eWv, npoKTlKa evvooufe oTl Ka8e npa�l eKTeAe(Tol oe Xpovo flKpoTepo TWv 10⁷sec.

O) Tl Movaio EA&YXou H fovaoo eAeyXoU (Control Unit) oUyXpov(�el Kol eAeyXel Tl AelToUpy(o ToU UnoAoyloTr, ovoKoAe( ono Tlv KevTplKr fvrfl evToAec,

n&PIC&P&IaKO ftPoc uTo.oYIOTl

1 nsec = 10^-9sec 1MHz = 10⁶Hz = =10⁶sec^-1

npooolop(�el Tov Tuno ToUc Kol ovo8eTel oTlv opl8flTlKr Kol AoylKr fovaoo Tlv eKTeAeor ToUc. TeAoc, eAeyXel Tlv enlKolvWv(o ToU neplqepeloKou fepoUc fe To KevTplKo.

y) ToUc KoToXwplT&� (Registers) npoKelTol ylo elolKec ToXuToTec fvrfec noU Op(oKovTol feoo oTlv KME r oTlv KevTplKr fvrfl Kol eXoUv oKono Tlv npooWplvr ono8rKeUol oeoofevWv r evToAwv r Tlv eKTeAeol elolKwv AelToUpylwv. To nepleXofevo TWv KoToXWplTwv fnopouv vo npooneAooTouv Kol vo Tpononoll8ouv noAu ToXuTepo ono To nepleXofevo Tlc KevTplKrc fvrflc. 0l KoToXWplTec ovaAoyo fe Tov Tpono AelToUpy(oc ToUc XWp(�ovTol oe :

KoToXWplTec oleu8Uvolc fvrflc (Memory Address Register MAR). Le oUTouc nepleXovTol ol oleU8uvoelc fvrflc, onoU e(vol ono8lKeUfevo To oeoofevo noU npoKelTol vo feToqep8ouv ono Tlv KME oTlv KevTplKr fvrfl Kol ovTloTpoqWc.
KoToXWplTec oeoofevWv fvrflc (Memory Data Register MDR). Le oUTouc nepleXovTol To oeoofevo Kol ol evToAec noU feToqepovTol ono Tlv KME oTlv KevTplKr fvrfl Kol ovTloTpoqWc.
ElolKo( KoToXWplTec noU eKTeAouv oUyKeKplfevec AelToUpy(ec. 0l KUploTepol e(vol: < KoToXWplTrc EvToAwv. Le oUTov feToqepeTol Ka8e evToAr ono Tl

fvrfl, npoKelfevoU vo onoKWolKonoll8e( Kol vo eKTeAeoTe(. < Anopl8flTrc npoypaffoToc. Le oUTov nepleXeTol l oleu8Uvol Tlc enofevlc npoc eKTeAeol evToArc.

< LUooWpeUTrc. E(vol evoc KoToXWplTrc noU Xplolfonole(Tol ylo vo oUooWpeuel To evolafeoo onoTeAeofoTo oloqopWv npa�eWv noU eKTeAouvTol ono Tlv opl8flTlKr fovaoo.

< KoToXWplTrc KoTaoToolc.

0l evToAec noU ovoKoAe( ono Tlv KevTplKr fvrfl l fovaoo eAeyXoU 8o npe nel vo e(vol evToAec yvWoTec oTlv KME, olAoor vo ovrKoUv oe evo ouvoAo evToAwv Tlc ono(ec oUTr ovoyvWp(�el Kol ol ono(ec oloqepoUv ovaAoyo fe Tov Tuno Tlc KME noU Xplolfonole( evoc UnoAoyloTrc. To nAr8oc ToUc KUfo(ve Tol oUvr8Wc ono 20 eWc 300 evToAec Kol onoTeAe( To auvoAo &vToAv (instruction set) ToU oUyKeKplfevoU TunoU KME.

H fovaoo eAeyXoU eKTeAe( flo KUKAlKr oloolKoo(o l ono(o efnepleXel Tlc no poKaTW evepyelec: o) MeToqopa floc evToArc ono Tlv KevTplKr fvrfl. O) AnoKWolKono(lol oUTrc Tlc evToArc. y) EKTeAeol Tlc evToArc. o) EnovaAlll TWv noponavW evepyelwv, feXpl vo Ope8e( oUv8rKl TepfoTl

ofou Tlc eKTeAeolc.

Ilo To Xpovlofo ToU KuKAoU evepyelwv UnapXel evoWfoTWfevo oTlv KME evo KuKAWfo Xpovlofou, noU onoTeAe( To poAOI ToU UnoAoyloTr. Me oTo8epo pU8fo To poAol nopayel evov WpoAoyloKo noAfo olAoor «KTuno». H XpovlKr onooTool feTo�u ouo oloooXlKwv noAfwv feTpaTol oe nsec r oe MHz Kol oUfOoA(�el Tlv ToXuTlTo ToU poAoylou. Av evo poAol, ylo nopaoely

TO U.IK6 TOU UnO.OyIOT

fo, eXel ToXuTlTo 500 MHz, oUTo npoKTlKa olfo(vel oTl Ka8e 2 nsec nopaye Tol evoc noAfoc. 0 pU8foc oUToc noU nopayel To poAol ToU UnoAoyloTr Xpl olfonole(Tol ylo Tov oUyXpovlofo TWv oloqopWv evepyelwv TWv enlfepoUc TflfaTWv ToU UnoAoyloTr. Av evo npoypoffo, olAoor evo ouvoAo evToAwv, ylo vo eKTeAeoTe( ono flo KME, onolTe( Tlv onooXoAlor Tlc ylo A sec, Kol ov To poAol Tlc eXel ToXu

TlTo B Hz, ToTe eXoUfe:
ApIeIO� KuKAwv poAoYIou YIo To auYK&KpII&vo npOYpoIIo	C	AB�
Kol eav To npoypoffo eXel IC opl8fo evToAwv, ToTe:
KuKAoI poAoYIou ova &vToA� (Cctest esu Cstructrons CPC)	C/CC

To Kuplo XopoKTlploTlKa noU npooolop(�oUv Tlv KoTlyop(o oUvoToTrTWv Tlc KME e(vol oUvonTlKa: o) To ouvoAo evToAwv ToU ene�epyooTr. O) H ToXuTlTo ToU poAoylou. y) To I�Ko� A&&l� (word length) ToU ene�epyooTr l A&&l (word) op(�eTol Wc

evo oTo8epo nAr8oc oUoolKwv llq(Wv (bit). H KME eXel Tl oUvoToTlTo vo oloOaoel ono Tlv KevTplKr fvrfl r vo ypalel ovT(oTolXo oe oUTrv f(o fovo Ae�l oe Ka8e npooneAool.

0l TpeXoUoec TeXvoAoylKec KoTeU8uvoelc enlolwKoUv flKpo nAr8oc ylo To ouvoAo evToAwv (TeXvoAoy(o RISC), UllAec ToXuTlTec poAoylou Kol feyaAo frKoc Ae�lc. TTol oTlv nep(nTWol TWv npolyfevWv ouyXpovWv KME eXoUfe 3040 evToAec, navW ono 500 MHz, 64 bit KoT' ovTloTolX(o, XopoKTlploTlKa noU fe Tlv e�eAl�l Tlc TeXvoAoy(oc OeATlwvovTol Xpovo fe To Xpovo.

Ilo vo eKTeAeoTe( evo npoypoffo 8o npenel ol evToAec ToU vo Op(oKovTol

Kr fvrfl TWv ono(Wv vo KoToXWp(�ovTol evToAec Kol oeoofevo o vrKel oTov Von Neumann Kol yl' oUTo To Aoyo ol Uno AoyloTec noU feAeTafe Aefe oTl e(vol opXlTeKTovlKrc Von Neumann.

H KevTplKr fvrfl Xplolfonole(Tol ylo Tlv ono8rKeUol: o) npoypoffaTWv, olAoor oKoAoU8lwv evToAwv O) oeoofevWv npoc ene�epyoo(o, Kol y) onoTeAeofaTWv Tlc eKTeAeolc TWv npoypoffaTWv.

H fvrfl onoTeAe(Tol ono evov opl8fo KUTTapWv r KeAlwv. Ka8e KuTTopo eXel flo oleu8Uvol Kol evo ne pleXofevo. H iI&ueuval (address) e(vol evoc opl8foc feoW ToU ono(oU fnopoufe vo

bleU8uvoelc

Kuplo XopoKTlploTlKa Tlc KevTplKrc fvrflc:

H XWplTlKoTlTo
0 Xpovoc npooneAoolc
0 Xpovoc KuKAoU
To eupoc �wvlc

1 KB = 1024 byte =

= 8192 bit 1MB = 1024 KB 1GB = 1024 MB

eoelc

ovoqepofooTe oTo oUyKeKplfevo KuTTopo fvrflc. Eav eXoUfe N KuTTopo fvrflc ol oleU8uvoelc ToUc e(vol 0, 1, 2,..., N2, N1. Mnopoufe, eTol, vo noufe oTl Ka8e KuTTopo fvrflc onoTeAe( flo 8eol

Meoo oe Ka8e KuTTopo fvrflc fnope( vo KoToXWploTe( evoc oUoolKoc opl8foc oTo8epou frKoUc noU noploTavel e(Te flo evToAr npoypaffoToc e(Te evo oeoofevo. To frKoc oUTo e�opTaTol ono Tov UnoAoyloTr. LUvr8elc Tlfec e(vol 8, 16, 32, 64 bit.

npenel vo KavoUfe ooqr olaKplol ovafeoo oTl oleu8Uvol floc 8eolc fvrflc (evoc KUTTapoU fvrflc) Kol oTo nepleXofevo Tlc 8eolc (OAene LXrfo 3.2).

Kuplo XopoKTlploTlKa Tlc KevTplKrc fvrflc e(vol:

H XwplTIKOTlTo (storage capacity). E(vol evoc oKepoloc 8eTlKoc opl8foc noU olAwvel To feyloTo nAr8oc oUoolKwv llq(Wv noU fnope( vo ono8lKeuoel l KevTplKr fvrfl. Eav Ka8e KuTTopo fvrflc olo8eTel 8 8eoelc ylo ono8rKeUol oUoolKwv llq(Wv (bit), ToTe Ka8e KuTTopo fvrflc eXel XWplTlKoTlTo 1 byte Kol ToTe l XWplTlKoTlTo Tlc fvrflc eKqpoofevl oe KB r oe MB olAwvel ToUToXpovo Kol Tov opl8fo 8eoeWv r KUTTapWv fvrflc. 0l ouyXpovol UnoAoyloTec eXoUv KevTplKr fvrfl oeKaoWv eWc XlAlaoWv MB.

0 XpOvo� npoan&Aoal� (access time). E(vol To XpovlKo olaoTlfo noU feooAoOe( ono ToTe noU 8o onolTl8e( l ovayvWol r l eyypoqr evoc KUTTapoU fvrflc feXpl Tlv npoyfoTono(lol Tlc ovT(oTolXlc AelToUpy(oc. LToUc ouyXpovoUc UnoAoyloTec o Xpovoc npooneAoolc TWv KevTplKwv fvlfwv e(vol Tlc Ta�lc TWv 30 nsec.

0 XpOvo� KuKAou (cycle time). E(vol To eAaXloTo oUvoTo XpovlKo olaoTlfo feTo�u ouo oloooXlKwv ovoqopwv (ovayvWol r eyypoqr) oTl fvrfl. H Tlfr ToU XpovoU oUTou oUvr8Wc oev oloqepel noAu ono To Xpovo npooneAoolc, ofWc oUyKplTlKa o Xpovoc KuKAoU e(vol KoTa Tl feyoAuTepoc.

To &upo� v�vl� (memory bandwidth). 0p(�eTol Wc l feyloTl oUvoTr ToXuTlTo feToqopac oeoofevWv ono r npoc Tl fvrfl. H fovaoo feTplolc ToU eupoUc �wvlc eKqpa�eTol oe Mbit/sec.

To e(ol Tlc KevTplKrc fvrflc e(vol: Mv�Il TuXofo� npoan&Aoal� (Random Access Memory RAM). E(vol l fvrfl oTlv ono(o fnopoufe Kol vo ypaloUfe Kol vo oloOaooUfe oUoolKa llq(o (read write memory). To nepleXofevo Tlc oloTlpe(Tol ooo o UnoAoyloTrc Op(oKeTol oe AelToUpy(o. XopoKTlploTlKo oUTrc Tlc fvrflc e(vol oTl oAec ol 8eoelc Tlc onolTouv Tov (olo Xpovo npooneAoolc. 0 Xpovoc npoone

TO U.IK6 TOU UnO.OyIOT

Aoolc Kol o Xpovoc KuKAoU oev e�opTwvTol ono Tl oleu8Uvol Tlc 8eolc Tlc fvrflc.

Mv�Il MOvo YIo AvaYvwal (Read Only Memory ROM) E(vol l fvrfl noU ypaqeTol eqano� Kol oTl oUveXelo fnopoufe fovo vo oloOa�oUfe To nepleXofevo Tlc Ka8e 8eolc, XWp(c vo fnopoufe vo To TpononolrooUfe. 0l fvrfec ROM XplolfonolouvTol ylo vo ono8lKeuovTol ono Tov KoTooKeUooTr ToU UnoAoyloTr flKponpoypaffoTo noU oev Xpela�eTol vo oAAoXTouv oTl oUveXelo. TeTolo flKponpoypaffoTo e(vol oUvr8Wc evo flKpo fepoc ToU AelToUpylKou oUoTrfoToc ToU UnoAoyloTr, onopo(TlTo KoTa Tl oloolKoo(o eKK(vlolc. Evvoe(Tol oTl To nepleXofevo Tlc ROM, oe ovT(8eol fe eKe(vo Tlc RAM, oev oOrveTol ouTe oTov o UnoAoyloTrc e(vol KAeloToc. YnapXoUv, ofWc, Kanolo e(ol ROM noU enlTpenoUv Tov npoypoffoTlofo ToUc oXl fovo ono Tov KoTooKeUooTr ToU UnoAoyloTr oAAa Kol ono ToUc XproTec. AUTa e(vol:

npoypoffoTl�ofevec Mvrfec fovo ylo AvayvWol (Programmable Read Only Memories PROM). 0 XproTlc fnope( vo «ypalel» To npoypoffa ToU, olAoor ToUc KoTaAAlAoUc oUvoUoofouc 1 Kol 0, XplolfonolwvToc flo elolKr oUoKeUr, noU e(vol yvWoTr Wc npoypoffoTloTrc PROM. H PROM fnope( vo npoypoffoTloTe( fovo flo qopa.
AnoAe(llfec npoypoffoTl�ofevec Mvrfec fovo ylo AvayvWol (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memories EPROM). 0l EPROM fnopouv vo npoypoffoTloTouv noAAec qopec. npoKelfevoU vo npoypoffoTloTouv �ova eKT(8evTol oe Uneplwol oKTlvoOoA(o ylo 20 AenTa nep(noU, onoTe Kol onoAe(qovTol To nepleXofeva ToUc (y(vovTol oAo To oUoolKa ToUc llq(o 1) Kol fe Tl Oor8elo elolKrc oUoKeUrc npoypoffoT(�ovTol naAl. H Xprol Tlc EPROM e(vol eUpe(o, oloTl enlTpenel oToUc KoTooKeUooTec UnoAoyloTwv vo nelpofoTloTouv fe oUTrv Kol vo olop8wooUv onoloornoTe npoOAlfo nopoUolooTe(, nplv To npo'ov ToUc npoW8l8e( oTlv oyopa. EKToc ono oUTo Kol ol e�elolKeUfevol XproTec fnopouv vo npoypoffoT(ooUv Tl fvrfl, yeyovoc noU ToUc enlTpenel vo oAAa�oUv oplofevo oTolXe(o To ono(o oUTo( Kp(voUv onopo(TlTo. 0 npoypoffoTlofoc Tlc npoyfoTonole(Tol ono flo elolKr oUoKeUr, l ono(o e(vol yvWoTr Wc npoypoffoTloTrc EPROM.

H KevTplKr fvrfl ovaAoyo fe Tlv TeXvoAoy(o KoTooKeUrc Tlc eXel oUyKeKpl fevec loloTlTec Kol XopoKTlp(�eTol Wc: o) nTlTIK� (Volatile), oTov Xavel To nepleXofevo Tlc fe Tl oloKonr nopoXrc

lAeKTplKou peufoToc noU Tlv TpoqoooTe(. O) AnoA&flIIl (Erasable), oTov To nepleXofevo Tlc fnope( vo Tpononoll8e(. y) .uvoIIK� (Dynamic), oTov npenel To nepleXofevo Tlc vo ovovewveTol

(refreshed) neploolKa, yloT( e�oo8eve( fe To Xpovo.

o) IToTIK� (Static), oTov To nepleXofevo Tlc oloTlpe(Tol ooo UnapXel nopoXr lAeKTplKou peufoToc Kol Tpononole(Tol fovo ono AelToUpy(o eyypoqrc oTl oUyKeKplfevl 8eol fvrflc.

0l oToTlKec fvrfec XopoKTlp(�ovTol ono flKpo Xpovo npooneAoolc Kol ono feyaAl o�lonloT(o, evw ol oUvoflKec ono feyaAl XWplTlKoTlTo Kol XoflAo KooToc ono8rKeUolc ova fovaoo nAlpoqop(oc. 0l loloTlTec oUTec oev onoKAe(oUv l flo Tlv aAAl. TTol, ylo nopaoelyfo, flo fvrfl fnope( vo e(vol nTlTlKr Kol onoAe(llfl.

naP6..I.I - O&I-PIaKl f&TaCoP6

EUYXPoVI -aOUYXPoVI &TIKoIVWVia

TeAoc, onopo(TlTo oTolXe(o ToU KevTplKou fepoUc TWv ouyXpovWv UnoAoyloTwv e(vol Kol l ovofo�ofevl Aoveavouao fvrfl (cache memory). H fvrfl oUTr e(vol ToXuTepl Kol oKplOoTepl TWv KevTplKwv fvlfwv, nopefOaAAeTol feTo�u Tlc KME Kol Tlc RAM Kol oUfOaAAel oTlv ou�lol Tlc ToXuTlToc eKTeAeolc TWv npoypoffaTWv ono Tlv KME.

Tvo aAAo Tfrfo ToU KevTplKou fepoUc ToU UnoAoyloTr e(vol l fovaoo elooooU/e�oooU. H fovaoo oUTr e(vol Uneu8Uvl ylo Tlv enlKolvWv(o ToU KevTplKou fepoUc fe To ouvoAo TWv neplqepeloKwv oUoKeUwv noU onoTeAouv Kol To neplqepeloKo fepoc ToU UnoAoyloTr. LKonoc Tlc fovaooc e(vol l ypryopl Kol ooqoArc feToqopa oeoofevWv.

H enlKolvWv(o ToU KevTplKou fepoUc fe Tlc neplqepeloKec oUoKeUec fnope( vo y(vel nopaAAlAo r oelploKa. LTlv nopaAAlAl feToqopa, To k Wc npoc Tov opl8fo oUoolKa llq(o (bit) evoc oeoofevoU feToo(oovTol ToUToXpovo feoo ono k oloqopeTlKec ypoffec feToqopac. AvT(8eTo, oTl a&IpIoK� feToqopa, To bit feToo(oovTol oKoAoU8loKa, To evo feTa To aAAo, feoo ono Tlv (olo ypoffr feToqopac. H nopaAAlAl feTaoool e(vol nlo ypryopl, evw l oelploKr e(vol AlyoTepo oonovlpr.

H enlKolvWv(o ToU KevTplKou fepoUc fe Tlc neplqepeloKec oUoKeUec fnope( vo e(vol ouyXpovl r oouyXpovl. H auYXpovl enlKolvWv(o enlTUyXaveTol fe To oUyXpovlofo TWv poAoylwv TWv oUo enlKolvWvouvTWv fepwv. KoTa Tl ouyXpovl enlKolvWv(o To ouo fepl ovToAAaoooUv oUveXwc oeoofevo. AKofo Kol oTlv nep(nTWol noU oev UnapXoUv nAlpoqop(ec npoc feTaoool, ovToAAaoooUv elolKa oeoofevo ylo vo oloTlpe(Tol o oUyXpovlofoc TWv poAoylwv. LTlv oauYXpovl enlKolvWv(o oev UnapXel oUyXpovlofoc TWv ouo poAoylwv. To Ka8e fepoc oTeAvel oeoofevo fovo oTov onolTe(Tol, oloqopeTlKa l ypoffr enlKolvWv(oc nopofevel ovevepyr.

Me oeoofevl Tlv noAUfopq(o TWv neplqepeloKwv oUoKeUwv e(vol KoTovolTo oTl oev 8o fnopouoe l enlKolvWv(o ToU KevTplKou fepoUc fe Ka8e Tuno neplqepeloKrc oUoKeUrc vo y(veTol fovo ono Tl fovaoo elooooU /e�oooU. TTol ylo Ka8e neplqepeloKr oUoKeUr nopefOaAAeTol feTo�u Tlc fovaooc elooooU/ e�oooU Kol Tlc ev AoyW oUoKeUrc flo npoaopIoaTIK� Iovaio (interface unit), fe oKono Tlv e�ooqaAlol Tlc oUvepyoo(oc feTo�u TWv ouo enlKolvWvouvTWv fepwv. Tvo fepoc oUTrc Tlc npooopfooTlKrc fovaooc e(vol Kol o oilYO� auaK&u�� (device driver) olAoor evo elolKo npoypoffo noU enlTpenel Tl oUvepyoo(o Tlc oUyKeKplfevlc neplqepeloKrc oUoKeUrc fe Tl fovaoo elooooU/ e�oooU ToU UnoAoyloTr.

H enlKolvWv(o TWv oloqopWv ooflKwv fepwv evoc UnoAoyloTlKou oUoTrfo Toc, Tooo ToU KevTplKou ooo Kol ToU neplqepeloKou fepoUc, y(veTol feoW ToU

TO U.IK6 TOU UnO.OyIOT

olouAoU enlKolvWv(oc (bus). 0 o(oUAoc enlKolvWv(oc e(vol oqevoc To qUolKo feoo feToqopac TWv oeoofevWv Kol oqeTepoU evo ouvoAo KovovWv ylo To nwc vo oUvTeAe(Tol l feToqopa oUTr. LToXoc e(vol o o(oUAoc vo e�ooqoA(�el Tl feyloTl oUvoTr ToXuTlTo enlKolvWv(oc Kol vo e�UnlpeTe( ooo To oUvoTov neploooTepec oUoKeUec. Tvoc o(oUAoc enlKolvWv(oc feToqepel nevTe e(ol oeoofevWv: o) oeoofevo npoc ene�epyoo(o O) oleU8uvoelc fvrflc y) orfoTo eAeyXoU o) orfoTo onoKplolc, oXeTlKa fe Tlv KoTaoTool floc fovaooc, n.X. l oU

oKeUr e(vol onooXoAlfevl, Kol e) orfoTo Xpovlofou, olAoor orfoTo ylo To oUyXpovlofo AelToUpy(oc TWv

fovaoWv. LUvr8Wc, evoc o(oUAoc enlKolvWv(oc oUvT(8eTol ono ToUc ovT(oTolXoUc UnoolouAoUc (OAene LXrfo 3.1).

H feToqopa oeoofevWv oTo o(oUAo y(veTol fe Oaol evo ouvoAo KovovWv enlKolvWv(oc noU KoAe(Tol npwTOKoAAo iIouAou (bus protocol).

Tvo olfovTlKo XopoKTlploTlKo ToU olouAoU e(vol To &upo� ToU, noU olAwvel Tov opl8fo TWv olo8eolfWv ypoffwv feToqopac, evw evo aAAo en(olc olfovTlKo XopoKTlploTlKo noU oUvopTaTol fe To npwTo e(vol l ToXuTlTo I&Toqou pa� , l ono(o olAwvel nooo bit feToqepovTol ono To o(oUAo ova oeUTepoAenTo. H fovaoo feTplolc Tlc ToXuTlToc e(vol Mbit/sec.

Mnope( To KevTplKo fepoc ToU UnoAoyloTr vo e(vol To olfovTlKoTepo ono TeXvoAoylKr anoll, oeoofevoU oTl XWp(c oUTo oev UnapXel UnoAoyloTrc, To neplqepeloKo ofWc fepoc e(vol To olfovTlKoTepo ono AelToUpylKr anoll. 0 Aoyoc e(vol onAoc. H TeXvoAoy(o TWv UnoAoyloTwv eXel evo Kol fovo Aoyo unop�lc, vo oleUKoAuvel Tov av8pWno oTlv eKTeAeol Tlc epyoo(oc ToU. H enlKolvWv(o ofWc ToU ov8pwnoU XproTl fe Tov UnoAoyloTr y(veTol feoW TWv neplqepeloKwv oUoKeUwv. MeXpl Twpo ovoqep8rKofe oTov Tpono ouvoeolc TWv oloqopWv neplqepeloKwv oUoKeUwv fe To KevTplKo fepoc feoW Tlc npooopfooTlKrc fovaooc, ToU oolyou oUoKeUrc Kol Tlc fovaooc elooooU/e�oooU. LTl oUveXelo 8o nopoUolaooUfe feplKec neplqepeloKec oUoKeUec eUpe(oc Xprolc Kol 8o nopo8eooUfe To olfovTlKoTepo XopoKTlploTlKa Ka8e oUoKeUrc noU foc enlTpenoUv vo oloKp(voUfe Tlv TeXvoAoylKr Tlc o�(o.

To nAlKTpoAOYIo e(vol flo oUoKeUr elooooU noU olo8eTel evo ouvoAo nArKTpWv ylo Tlv elooyWyr oAqopl8flTlKwv oeoofevWv oAAa Kol TUnonollfevWv evToAwv. LUvr8Wc UnapXoUv ol nopoKaTW ofaoec nArKTpWv:

nArKTpo AelToUpylwv (F1, F2, ...), ylo Tlv evepyono(lol TUnonollfevWv AelToUpylwv
nArKTpo eAeyXoU ToU opofeo r floc enlAoyrc

< nArKTpo fe OeAl ylo Tl feToK(vlol ToU opofeo r floc enlAoyrc KoTa f(o 8eol npoc Tl oleu8Uvol noU oe(XvoUv (+, -, �, �) < To nArKTpo HOME, END, PGUP, PGDN, TAB ylo ToXuTepl feToK(vlol ToU opofeo r Tlc enlAoyrc

evo nArKTpo eAeyXoU (ConTRoL /CTRL)
evo nArKTpo oloqUyrc (ESCape /ESC) ono flo AelToUpy(o
evo nArKTpo «evoAAoyrc» (ALTeration /ALT) noU oUvoUa�eTol fe aAAo nArKTpo ylo oUyKeKplfevec AelToUpy(ec
To nArKTpo olop8Wolc (INS, DEL, BACKSPACE )
To Ool8lTlKa nArKTpo (SHIFT, CAPS LOCK, RETURN) ylo oUyKeKplfevec AelToUpy(ec
To nArKTpo elooyWyrc KelfevoU (oAqoOlTlKwv Kol opl8flTlKwv XopoKTrpWv, olfe(Wv oT(�lc, oUfOoAWv npa�eWv Kol aAAWv oUfOoAWv).

Me To naTlfo evoc nArKTpoU r To naTlfo oUvoUoofou nArKTpWv To nAlKTpoAoylo nopayel flo oKoAoU8(o oUoolKwv llq(Wv oUvr8Wc evo byte (8 bit) l ono(o feoW Tlc fovaooc I/O Kol ToU olouAoU enlKolvWv(oc feToqepeTol oTl RAM ylo nepolTepW ene�epyoo(o. Me oUTov Tov Tpono fnopoufe vo nAlKTpoAoyrooUfe evo Ke(fevo Kol eTol vo feToqep8e( oTlv KevTplKr fvrfl flo oKoAoU8(o oUoolKwv llq(Wv noU noploTavel To Ke(fevo foc, r vo nAlKTpoAoyrooUfe evo opl8flTlKo llq(o ToU oeKoolKou oUoTrfoToc Kol vo fe

vo enlAe�el flo AelToUpy(o noU onelKov(�eTol oTlv o8ovl. To novT(Kl oupeTol navW oTlv enlqavelo ToU ypo qe(oU. H K(vlol oUTr npoKoAe( Tlv ovT(oTolXl K(vlol evoc oe(KTl noU efqo v(�eTol oTlv o8ovl. EnlnAeov To novT(Kl olo8eTel evov opl8fo (ouo r Tplwv) nArKTpWv To ono(o XplolfeuoUv, oe oUvoUoofo fe Tlv K(vlol, oTlv eKTeAe ol KanolWv AelToUpylwv, npooqepovToc olfovTlKa nAeoveKTrfoTo eUXploT( oc ToU UnoAoyloTr.

TO U.IK6 TOU UnO.OyIOT

H oeOvl e(vol flo oUoKeUr e�oooU noU fnope( vo Xplolfonoll8e( ylo Tlv nopoUo(ool TWv onoTeAeofaTWv floc ene�epyoo(oc. H eAaXloTl noooTlTo onTlKrc nAlpoqop(oc noU fnopoufe vo oe(�oU

fe oTlv o8ovl foc e(vol evo &IKovou aToIX&fo r eoBse (picture element). H noloTlTo Tlc elKovoc noU nopayel l o8ovl e(vol ovaAoyl ToU

opl8fou TWv elKovooTolXe(Wv Tlc o8ovlc ova fovaoo frKoUc. 0 opl8foc oUToc e(vol yvWoToc fe Tov opo ovaAual (resolution)

o8ovlc. H ovaAUol floc o8ovlc eKqpa�eTol fe ouo oKepoloUc opl8fouc. TTol l o8ovl ovaAUolc 1024x768 olAwvel oTl XWp(�oUfe Tlv o8ovl oe 1024 fepl KoTa Tlv opl

�ovTlo oleu8Uvol Kol oe 768 KoTa Tlv KoToKopUql Kol Ka8e KUleAl ToU oXlfoTl�ofevoU n(voKo e(vol Kol evo elKovooTolXe(o. BeOolo o opl8foc TWv elKovooTolXe(Wv floc o8ovlc e(vol oUvapTlol Tlc noloTlToc Tlc o8ovlc, oAAa enlnAeov e(vol oUvapTlol Kol Tlc KapToc ypoqlKwv ToU UnoAoyloTr. Me Tov opo KapTo YpoqIK�v evvooufe flo ofaoo KUKAWfaTWv noU Ko8oolyouv To KUKAwfoTo Tlc o8ovlc, woTe vo oXlfoT(ooUv Tlv elKovo noU 8eAoUfe vo oe(�oUfe o' oUTr.

H nAeov olooeoofevl TeXvoAoy(o o8ovwv e(vol eKe(vl ToU KoeoiIKou awA� u vo (Cathode Ray Tube u CRT). H o8ovl olo8eTel flo enlqavelo Tlc ono(oc l eoWTeplKr nAeUpa KoAunTeTol ono Tp(o oloqopeTlKa e(ol qWoqopoU. 'Tov flo oeofl lAeKTpov(Wv XTUnroel navW oTo qwoqopo, oUToc oKTlvoOoAe( ovaAoyo fe Tlv evTool ToU peufoToc lAeKTpov(Wv. To evo e(ooc qWoqopoU oKTlvoOoAe( KoKKlvo, To oeuTepo npaolvo Kol To Tp(To fnAe. Le Ka8e olfe(o Tlc enlqaveloc qWoqopoU KoTeU8uvovTol Tpelc oeofec lAeKTpov(Wv, ol ono(ec ovaAoyo fe Tlv evToor ToUc nopayoUv To XpWfoTlofo noU 8eAoUfe Wc oUvoUoofo TWv Tplwv XpWfaTWv. Me oUTov Tov Tpono nopoUola�eTol oTlv o8ovl To oXrfo Kol To Xpwfo noU enl8Ufoufe.

Mlo aAAl KoTlyop(o o8ovwv l ono(o Kepo(�el oAo Kol neploooTepo eooqoc, e(vol oUTr TWv uYp�v KpuaTaAAwv (Liquid Crystal Display LCD). 0l o8ovec oUTec oTlv opXr rTov flKpec Kol fovoXpWfec Kol npWToefqov(oTlKov oe flKpec qoplTec oUoKeUec, onWc e(vol To lAeKTpovlKa poAoylo Kol ol opl8foflXovec Toenlc. LTl oUveXelo l Xprol ToUc eneKTa8lKe neploooTepo Kol OprKov eqopfoyr oe feyoAuTepec oUoKeUec, onWc e(vol ol qoplTo( UnoAoyloTec. LTlc fepec foc UnapXoUv o8ovec Uypwv KpUoTaAAWv 14'', 15'' oKofl Kol 21'' ol ono(ec eXoUv Tl oUvoToTlTo vo onelKov(�oUv eKoToffuplo XpwfoTo fe noAu KoAr eUKp(velo. H AelToUpy(o ToUc Ooo(�eTol oe evo nAeyfo Uypwv KpUoTaAAWv opyovWfevWv oe ypoffec Kol oTrAec noU eAeyXovTol ono Tpov�(oTop. 0l KpuoToAAol oTpeqovTol ovaAoyo fe Tlv evTool ToU peufoToc noU oloXeTeueTol oTo Tpov

09OVI Ka9oiIKoU OW.lVa

09OVI uYPwV KPuOT6..WV

�(oTop. To nAeyfo oUTo Tono8eTe(Tol ovafeoo oe ouo q(ATpo opl�ovTloc Kol KoToKopUqlc noAWolc ovT(oTolXo, evw To oAo ouoTlfo Op(oKeTol fnpooTa ono flo q8oplouXo nAaKo noU oKTlvoOoAe( qWc. To nAey

fo TWv KpUoTaAAWv oUTwv Ko8op(�el Tlv noooTlTo ToU qWToc noU 8o qTaoel oTlv enlqavelo Tlc o8ovlc. YnapXoUv ouo OoolKec TeXvlKec olfloUpy(oc XpwfoToc oTlc o8ovec Uypwv KpUoTaAAWv, oUTr Tlc noelTIK�� I�Tpo� (passive matrix) Kol oUTr Tlc &v&pY�� I�Tpo� (active matrix). Ano oUTec l npwTl eXel flKpoTepo KooToc nopoyWyrc oAAa l oeuTepl eXel KoAuTepl eUKp(velo, flo Kol Ka8e KuTTopo eAeyXeTol ono evo �eXWploTo Tpov�(oTop, npayfo noU oev y(veTol oTlv npwTl KoTlyop(o. 0l o8ovec evepyrc frTpoc AeyovTol Kol o8ovec T�T (Thin �ilm Transistor).

H elooyWyr oeoofevWv Kol o Xelplofoc TWv nAlpoqoplwv noU efqov(�ovTol oTlv o8ovl y(veTol oUvr8Wc fe Tl Xprol ToU nAlKTpoAoy(oU, ToU novTlKlou r fe Tl qWToypoq(oo (light pen). To TeAeUTo(o Xpovlo ofWc, eXoUv KoTooKeUooTe( o8ovec eUo(o8lTec oTlv oqr, noU ovofa�ovTol oeOv&� oq�� (touch screens), Kol enlTpenoUv oTo XproTl vo KoTooelKvuel fe To ayylyfo ToU ooKTuAoU Tlc nAlpoqop(ec noU onelKov(�oUv. npoKelTol olAoor ylo evo oUvoUoofo o8ovlc Kol nAlKTpoAoy(oU/novTlKlou. Ilo Tlc o8ovec oUTec XplolfonolouvTol ouo elowv TeXvoAoy(ec. LufqWvo fe To npwTo e(ooc, l o8ovl oloTpeXeTol ono opl�ovTlec Kol Ka8eTec oloooUc qWToc (qWTooloooUc). MoAlc o XproTlc oyy(�el Tlv o8ovl oloKonTovTol oTo oUyKeKplfevo olfe(o ol oKT(vec qWToc Kol eTol evTon(�eTol To olfe(o noU enlAeX8lKe Kol To ono(o onelKov(�el flo oUyKeKplfevl evToAr. To aAAo e(ooc o8ovlc onoTeAe(Tol ono flo elolKr oloqovr enaAelll, l ono(o e(vol oyWyoc lAeKTplKou peufoToc. 'Tov o XproTlc oyy(�el Tlv o8ovl fe To oaXTUAo ToU, onoppoqa flo flKpr noooTlTo lAeKTplofou. Me Tl Oor8elo TWv lAeKTpoo(Wv noU UnapXoUv oTlc aKpec Tlc o8ovlc, ovlXveueTol To olfe(o enoqrc, olAoor To olfe(o onoU onoppoqaTol To peufo, Kol eTol eKTeAe(Tol l ovT(oTolXl evToAr. 0l o8ovec oUTec XplolfonolouvTol KUp(Wc ylo Tlv nopoUo(ool nAlpoqoplwv, oAAa oe Kanolec neplnTwoelc enlTpenoUv Kol Tlv elooyWyr oeoofevWv ono To XproTl, fe To fopKaplofo floc enlAoyrc ono flo A(oTo enlAoywv (n.X. enlAoyr evoc XplfoTlKou nooou ylo ovaAlll XplfaTWv, ovafeoo oe flo A(oTo noowv, ono Tlv o8ovl floc AUTofoTlc TofeloAoyloTlKrc MlXovrc). TeTolec o8ovec XplolfonolouvTol Kol oTo n&pfnT&po nAlpoqopI�v (information kiosks) noU UnapXoUv KUp(Wc oe feyaAoUc eK8eoloKouc XwpoUc, oe blfooloUc 0pyovlofouc Kol feyaAo �evoooXe(o, npoKelfevoU ol noA(Tec vo ovTAouv onopo(TlTec nAlpoqop(ec ylo Tlc oUvoAAoyec ToUc fe ToUc olaqopoUc qope(c. Me To oUoTrfoTo oUTa opyovwvovTol euKoAo olaqopo fevou nAlpoqoplwv, l enlAoyr TWv ono(Wv oolye( oTl feTaOool oe aAAo noU nepleXoUv nlo elolKec nAlpoqop(ec.

0l o8ovec oqrc eXoUv ofWc Kol Kanolec lololTepoTlTec / feloveKTrfoTo. MeplKec qopec e(vol ouoKoAo vo oyy(�el o XproTlc fe To oaXTUAo ToU To oKplOec olfe(o noU Tov evoloqepel, fe onoTeAeofo vo flv no(pvel Tlc nAlpoqop(ec noU ovo�lTa. EnlnAeov, l oUXvr Xprol fnope( vo npoKoAeoel KonWol oTo Xepl ToU XproTl, evw l o8ovl e(vol noAu eUo(o8lTl Kol AepwveTol noAu euKoAo.

0l &KTunwT&� e(vol oUoKeUec e�oooU noU o(voUv Tl oUvoToTlTo eKTunWolc, oUvr8Wc oe XopT(, oloqopWv nAlpoqoplwv. YnapXoUv noAAec TeXvoAoy(ec eKTUnWTwv. 0l nAeov olooeoofevec e(vol ol eKTUnWTec oK(oWv, ol eKTUnWTec eyXUolc feAavlc Kol ol eKTUnWTec laser.

0l &KTunwT&� oKfiwv (dot matrix) olo8eToUv ouo KUA(vopoUc feTo�u TWv ono(Wv Klve(Tol fnpoc n(oW To XopT(. Tvo aAAo e�apTlfo, l KeqoAr ToU

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eKTUnWTr, l ono(o nepleXel flo frTpo oK(oWv oloTeToyfevWv oe f(o r ouo oelpec, fnope( Kol Klve(Tol KoTa nAaToc ToU XopTlou. KoTa Tlv K( vlol Tlc KeqoArc evoc oUvoUoofoc oK(oWv npoOaAAel ono Tlv KeqoAr Kol KTUna flo fe AovoTolv(o, To onoTunWfo Tlc ono(oc TUnwve Tol oTo XopT(. Ka8e XopoKTrpoc r oXeolo olfloUpye(Tol ono To oUvoUoofo oloooXlKwv onoTUnWfaTWv oe npoKo8oplofevec 8eoelc noU ovTloTolXouv oTo XopoKTrpo r oTo oXeolo oUTo. 'oo nlo noAAa onoTUnwfoTo Xplolfonolou vTol ylo evo XopoKTrpo r oXeolo Tooo KoAuTepl e(vol l noloTlTo eKTunWolc oTo XopT(.

To OoolKa noloTlKa XopoKTlploTlKa TWv eKTUnWTwv oK(oWv e(vol o opl8foc TWv oK(oWv Tlc KeqoArc (UnapXoUv KeqoAec fe 9, 18 r 24 oK(oec) Kol l ToXu TlTo eKTunWolc. 0l eKTUnWTec oUTo( nopoUola�oUv To nAeove KTlfo Tlc olfloUpy(oc noAAonAwv ovTlypaqWv fe f(o eKTunWol (Xprolfo ylo nopaoelyfo oTlv eKTunWol TlfoAoy(Wv) oAAa Kol oUy XpovWc To feloveKTlfo ToU UllAou enlneooU 8opuOoU noU nopayeTol.

0l &KTunwT&� &YXual� I&Aavl� (ink�et) eXoUv ovaAoyl AelToUpy(o fe ToUc

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8eToUv qUo(yylo (oWAlvaKlo), ono To ono(o e KTo�eueTol feAavl oTo XopT(. 0l eKTUnWTec oK(oWv Kol ol eKTUnWTec ey XUolc feAavlc onoKoAouvTol eKTUnWTec ypoffrc, yloT( l eKTunWol npoyfoTo nole(Tol ypoffrypoffr, fe Tl oUfnAr pWor Tlc ono XopoKTrpec.

To OoolKa noloTlKa XopoKTlploTlKa oUTrc Tlc TeXvoAoy(oc e(vol l ovaAUol (dots eer onch deo) Kol l ToXuTlTo eKTunWolc oeA(oWv ova AenTo (eages eer minuteeem).

0 eKTUnWTrc eatsu AelToUpye( onWc evo qWToTUnlKo flXavlfo. Evw oTlv ne

EKTuTWTtc laser

p(nTWol TWv eKTUnWTwv ypoffrc o UnoAoyloTrc oTeAvel KWolKouc XopoKTr pWv oTlv nep(nTWol ToU laser oTeAvel flKpa npoypaffoTo. To npo ypaffoTo oUTa nepleXoUv nAlpoqop(ec ylo Tlv oKplOr el Kovo oAoKAlplc Tlc oeA(ooc Kol eKTeAouvTol ono Tov ene

�epyooTr ToU eKTUnWTr. LufqWvo fe Tlv elKovo Tlc oeA(ooc oTl fvrfl ToU eKTUnWTr nopayeTol flo oeofl laser, l ono(o npoon(nTel navW oe evo qWToeUo(o8lTo Tufnovo. To olfe(o onoU npoon(nTel l oeofl qopT(�ovTol fe 8eTlKo oToTlKo lAeKTplofo Kol

eTol olfloUpye(Tol To «opvlTlKo» Tlc oeA(ooc navW oTo Tufnovo. KoTonlv To Tufnovo neploTpeqeTol yupW ono evo ooXe(o To ono(o nepleXel KoKKoUc ypoq(Tl (toner). KoKKol ToU ypoq(Tl npooKoAAwvTol oTo 8eTlKwc qopTlofevo olfe(o ToU TU

fnavoU Kol eTol olfloUpye(Tol oTlv enlqavela ToU l elKovo Tlc oeA(ooc. Tvoc flXovlofoc npoW8roeWc qepvel oe afeol enoqr fe To Tufnovo flo AeUKr oeA(oo, onoTe ol KoKKol ToU ypoq(Tl npooKoAAwvTol navW oe oUTrv. TTol To XopT( fe oXlfoTlofevl Tl oeA(oo npoW8e(Tol npoc evo ouoTlfo KUA(vopWv To ono(o nle�el Kol �lpo(vel To ypoq(Tl fe Tlv eqopfoyr UllArc 8epfoKpoo(oc. 0l eKTUnWTec laser, enelor eKTUnwvoUv oTov yef(oel flo oAoKAlpl oeA(oo, AeyovTol eKTUnWTec oeA(ooc. XplolfonolouvTol onoU UnapXel ovayKl ylo feyaAo oyKo eKTUnwoeWv Kol UllAr noloTlTo oTlv eKTunWol. To OoolKa noloTlKa XopoKTlploTlKa Kol oUTrc Tlc TeXvoAoy(oc e(vol l ovaAUol Kol l ToXuTlTo eKTunWolc oeA(oWv ova AenTo.

Mlo ono Tlc nlo olfovTlKec Kol onopo(TlTec AelToUpy(ec ToU UnoAoyloTr e(vol l loloTlTa ToU vo «8UfaTol», olAoor vo ono8lKeuel Kol vo ovoKoAe( nAlpoqop(ec. npooplofevec ylo Tl ooUAela oUTr e(oofe feXpl Twpo Tlv KevTplKr Kol Tlv KpUqr fvrfl, noU onoTeAouv ovonoonooTo KoffaTl ToU KevTplKou fepoUc ToU UnoAoyloTr. AUTec ol fvrfec e(vol ypryopec, oAAa l XWplTlKoTlTa ToUc 8eWpe(Tol ofeAlTeo oe oXeol fe Tov oyKo nAlpoqoplwv noU Xpelo�ofooTe vo ene�epyooToufe r vo ono8lKeuooUfe. EnlnAeov ol fvrfec oUTec, e�olpoUfevlc Tlc ROM, XavoUv To nepleXofevo ToUc fe Tlv oAoKArpWol floc ene�epyoo(oc r fe To KAe(olfo ToU UnoAoyloTr. AUTec Tlc ooUvof(ec epXeTol vo KoAulel l neplqepeloKr fvrfl, olAoor To feoo ono8rKeUolc, onWc e(vol ol o(oKol, ol Tolv(ec, ol oloKeTec, KAn. Kuplo XopoKTlploTlKa Tlc neplqepeloKrc fvrflc e(vol l noAu feyaAl XWplTlKoTlTa Tlc, l euKoAl oUvoToTlTo eneKToorc Tlc, To oXeTlKa XoflAo Tlc KooToc, l oXeTlKa flKpoTepl ToXuTlTo Kol OeOolo oTl To nepleXofevo Tlc oev oAAolwveTol nopa fovo fe olKr foc evepyelo.

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0l &uKoInToI ifaKoI (floppy disks) r onAa oloKeTec e(vol o(oKol ono euKofnTo UAlKo, olofeTpoU 5,25'' r 3,5'', To ono(o e(vol enlKoAUffevo fe foyvlTlKr en(oTpWol. H opyavWor ToUc e(vol ofolo fe eKe(vl TWv o(oKWv (OAene LXrfo 3.3) Kol y(veTol KoTa Tl qaol Tlc olofopqWolc (formatting). H qaol oUTr e(vol onopo(TlTl nplv ono Tlv npwTl Xprol Tlc oloKeToc. H olofopqWol oUv(oToTol oTlv opyavWol Tlc oloKeToc oe ofoKevTpoUc KuKAoUc, To fXvl (tracks), Kol oe ToI&f� (sectors) Kol oTlv op(8flol TWv lXvwv Kol TWv TofeWv, eTol woTe vo evTon(�eTol ono Tov eAeyKTr Tlc oUoKeUrc oloKeToc euKoAo l enl8UflTr neploXr. navW oTl oloKeTo op(�eTol flo elolKr neploXr, onoU To AelToUpylKo ouoTlfo olfloUpye( evov n(voKo fe oTolXe(o TWv opXe(Wv noU e(vol ono8lKeUfevo o' oUTrv (ovofoo(o, feye8oc, Tofe(c noU Xplolfonolr8lKov ylo Tlv ono8rKeUor ToUc, K.a.). Tlv neploXr oUTr TWv nepleXofevWv evlfepwvel o eAeyKTrc Tlc oUoKeUrc nplv ono Ka8e evepyelo eyypoqrc r oloypoqrc.

H nAeov olooeoofevl oUoKeUr neplqepeloKrc fvrflc e(vol o aKAlpO� ifu aKo� (hard disk). npoKelTol ylo flo oUoTolX(o qUolKwv o(oKWv noU e(vol To no8eTlfevol oe flo KoToKopUql oelpa Kol e(vol fovlfo oUvoeoefevol fe evo Kolvo a�ovo neploTpoqrc, onWc qo(veTol oTo LXrfo 3.4. Ka8e o( oKoc eXel ouo enlqavelec noU qe poUv foyvlTlKo UAlKo ylo Tlv Ko Toypoqr oeoofevWv. Ka8e enlqa velo nepleXel evov opl8fo ono ofo KevTpoUc KuKAoUc noU ovofa�o vTol (Xvl (tracks), KoTa frKoc TWv ono(Wv KoToypaqovTol To oeoofe vo. To (Xvl XWp(�ovTol oe evo oTo8e po opl8fo ono Tofe(c (sectors), onWc qo(veTol oTo LXrfo 3.3. Ka 8e (Xvoc e(vol ololpefevo oe loofe ye8elc Tofe(c. Me Tlv oUveXr nepl oTpoqr TWv o(oKWv Kol Tl feToK(vlol TWv KeqoAwv npoc To efnpoc r npoc To n(oW e(vol oUvoTr l npooneAool Ka8e olfe(oU Tlc foyvlTlKrc enlqa

rate). 'Aec ol noponavW AelToUpy(ec Ko8oolyouvTol ono Tov &A&YKT� (controller) ToU o(oKoU.

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LKAlpo( Kol euKofnTol o(oKol Xplolfonolouv nopofolo TeXvoAoy(o. 0l oloqopec ToUc Op(oKovTol oTl XWplTlKoTlTo, oTlv ToXuTlTo eyypoqrc / ovayvWolc Kol oTl oUvoToTlTo feToqopac / feToK(vlolc.

LTlc fovaoec IoYvlTIK�v ToIvI�v ol nAlpoqop(ec KoToypaqovTol oe flo euKofnTl nAooTlKr Tolv(o, oTlv enlqavelo Tlc ono(oc UnapXel foyvlTlKo UAlKo. 0l nAlpoqop(ec ono8lKeuovTol KoTa frKoc Tlc Tolv(oc oe 9 oloooXlKa fXvl (tracks) (OAene LXrfo 3.6).

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To 8 ono oUTa XplolfonolouvTol ylo Tlv ono8rKeUol TWv 8 bit oeoofevWv Kol To 9o ylo eAeyXo looTlf(oc (parity check), fe oKono Tlv ov(XveUol TUXo(Wv Ao8wv. H Tolv(o �eTUA(yeTol ono evo KuAlvopo Kol TUA(yeTol oe aAAov, woTe vo e(vol oUvoTr l npooOool oe Ka8e olfe(o Tlc enlqavelac Tlc fe oelploKo (oKoAoU8loKo) Tpono. 0l nAlpoqop(ec e(vol opyovWfevec oe &vOTlT&� (blocks) feTo�u TWv ono(Wv nopefOaAAeTol evo K&vO (gap). To Kevo oUTo e(vol onopo(TlTo ylo AoyoUc noU oXeT(�ovTol fe �lTrfoTo oUyXpovlofou Tlc KeqoArc eyypoqrc / ovayvWolc Kol ToU flXovlofou neploTpoqrc TWv KUA(vopWv noU qepoUv Tlv Tolv(o.

TO U.IK6 TOU UnO.OyIOT

H fovaoo onTlKou o(oKoU e(vol flo oUoKeUr noU Xplolfonole( oKT(vo laser ylo Tlv eyypoqr Kol ovayvWol nAlpoqoplwv oe flKpouc nAooTlKouc aKofnToUc o(oKoUc (Compact Disk CD) fe olafeTpo 12 cm Kol naXoc 1,2 mm. LTo CD o flXovlofoc ovayvWolc onoTeAe(Tol ono flo o(ooo noU eKnefnel oKT(vo laser na vW oTlv enlqavelo ToU o(oKoU. H oKT(vo oU Tr ovTovoKAaTol oTo UAlKo ToU o(oKoU Kol o vlXveueTol ono evo qoKo noU Op(oKeTol na vW oTlv KeqoAr ovayvWolc. TTol olfloUp ye(Tol flo oKoAoU8(o oo8evwv Kol loXUpwv qWTelvwv oeofwv, l ono(o oolye(Tol oe flo el olKr olaTo�l noU feToTpenel Tlc oloKUfavoelc ToU qWToc oe lAeKTplKr Taol. blAoor o flXovlofoc ovayvWolc enloTpeqel (ovaAoyo fe Tlv ovaKAool) To llq(o 1 r 0. YnapXoUv olaqopo e(ol onTlKwv o(oKWv Wc npoc Tl ouv8eol TWv UAlKwv noU To onoTeAouv, ylo Ko8evo ono To ono(o Xplolfonole(Tol oloqopeTlKr TeXvo Aoy(o ylo Tlv eyypoqr Kol ylo Tlv ovayvWol.

To KUploTepo e(ol CD e(vol:

CDuROM (Compact Disk u Read Only Msmnuc). npoKelTol ylo To CD navW oTo ono(o TUnwveTol oUyKeKplfevo nepleXofevo (oTo o(oKo olfloUpyouvTol KoIAai&� (pits) Kol vlafi&� (lands), onoU ol vlo(oec ovoKAouv Tl oeofl, evw ol KolAaoec Tl olooKopn(�oUv). To CD oUTo oTl oUveXelo Xplolfonole(Tol fovo ylo ovayvWol fe Tl fe8ooo noU npoovoqepofe. H XWplTlKoTlTa ToU e(vol 640 MB.
CDuR (Compact Disk Recordable). npoKelTol ylo To CD noU ypaqovTol (enlpea�eTol To UAlKo floc enloTpWfevlc fe KoTaAAlAl Ooqr enlqaveloc) flo qopa, oAAa oloOa�ovTol noAAec. Eow l oeofl laser ovoKAaTol oTlv elolKr en(oTpWol noU UnapXel oTov o(oKo.
CDuR�. npoKelTol ylo CD enoveyypallfo (rewritable), olAoor fno pouv vo ypoqouv noAAec qopec. H enlqavela ToUc e(vol KoTooKeUoofe vl ono 8epfoeUo(o8lTo UAlKo, To ono(o oev Ko(yeTol KoTa Tlv eyypoqr, oTov l oeofl laser neoel enavW ToU, oAAa fe Tl 8epfoKpoo(o oAAolw veTol npooWplva l KpUoToAAlKr oofr ToU, fe onoTeAeofo vo oloXeeTol To qWc noU npoon(nTel. AUTr l olaXUol feToqpa�eTol oe ovaKAool qWTelvrc oeoflc flKpoTeplc loXuoc Kol eTol o flXovlofoc ovayvWolc enloTpeqel To llq(o 0. 'Tov 8eAoUfe vo oloypaloUfe To oeoofe vo ono To o(oKo nopayeTol flo oeofl laser oloqopeTlKrc loXuoc Kol oloqopeTlKrc 8epfoKpoo(oc noU enovoqepel Tlv KpUoToAAlKr oofr Tlc 8epfoeUo(o8lTlc enlqaveloc oTlv opXlKr KoTaoTool.
DND u (Digital Nersatile Disk). To Kuplo XopoKTlploTlKo oU Twv TWv onTlKwv o(oKWv e(vol l feyaAl XWplTlKoTlTo, l ono(o e(vol ono 4,7 feXpl 17 GB. Tvo aAAo olfovTlKo XopoKTlploTlKo ToUc e(vol l oUfOoToTlTo. 0 (oloc o(oKoc fnope( vo Xplolfonoll 8e( oTov oolyo DVD ToU UnoAoyloTr foc Ko8wc Kol oTl oUoKeUr DVD ToU onlTlou foc ylo ovonopoyWyr OlvTeoTolvlwv r foUolKrc.

LTo LXrfo 3.7 qo(veTol l oXeol Tlc ToXuTlToc fe To KooToc ova byte ylo To olaqopo e(ol fvrflc. BAenoUfe oTl ol neplqepeloKec fvrfec nAeoveKTouv oe XWplTlKoTlTo ToU KooToUc, evw feloveKTouv oe 8efoTo ToXuTlToc.

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To IOvT&I (Mndsm Mndulator Dsmodulator) e(vol flo neplqepeloKr

fovaoo noU foc o(vel Tl oUvoToTlTo vo oUvoeooUfe ouo r neploooTe

poUc UnoAoyloTec feTo�u ToUc feoW ToU Kolvou TlAeqWvl

Kou olKTuoU. Me Tl oUvoToTlTo oUTr o UnoAoyloTrc Ko8(

oToTol lKovoc vo ovToAAa�el oeoofevo fe aAAoUc ono

foKpUofevoUc UnoAoyloTec, vo ovTAroel nAl

poqop(ec ono Oaoelc oeoofevWv r vo owoel

evToAec npoc onofoKpUofevec oUoKeUec vo

eKTeAeooUv Kanolo epyoo(o.

To fovTef feToqpa�oUv To llqloKa orfoTo noU o(vel oTlv e�ooo ToU evoc UnoAoyloTrc AoylKec KoTooTaoelc 0 Kol 1 oe ovoAoylKa orfoTo noU fnopouv vo feToqep8ouv feoW Tlc TlAeqWvlKrc ypoffrc. LTlv nAeUpa ToU oeKTl eKTeAouv Tlv ovT(oTpoql oloolKoo(o, feToTpenovToc To ovoAoylKa orfoTo oe llqloKa.

Tvo olfovTlKo XopoKTlploTlKo TWv fovTef e(vol l ToXuTlTo feTaooolc oeoofevWv noU enlTUyXavoUv Kol l ono(o feTpleTol oe bit ova oeUTepoAenTo (bit eer tecondbet). Tvo aAAo XopoKTlploTlKo TWv fovTef e(vol To npWToKoAAo olop8Wolc Ao8wv Kol oUfn(eolc oeoofevWv noU olo8eToUv. npoKelTol ylo npoypaffoTo noU e(vol evoWfoTWfevo oTo fovTef Kol oqevoc eAeyXoUv Tlv unop�l nl8ovwv Ao8wv noU olfloUpyr8lKov KoTa Tl feTaoool feoW ToU TlAeqWvlKou olKTuoU, oqeTepoU Xplolfonolouv KoTaAAlAec TeXvlKec oUfn(eolc, woTe vo OeATlwveTol l ToXuTlTo feToqopac TWv oeoofevWv.

Lrfepo, l ble8vrc TvWol TlAenlKolvWvlwv (ITU) eXel oUvTa�el npoTUnec npooloypoqec ylo To TeXvlKa XopoKTlploTlKa TWv fovTef. Tvo npooqoTo TeTolo npoTUno e(vol To

V.90. To V.90 e�ooqoA(�el Arll oeoofevWv oTo 56 Kbps. Kol feToqopa oeoofevWv oTo 33,6 Kbps. H feToqopa TWv oeoofevWv oKoAoU8e( Tlv (olo oofr fe Tov npoKaToXo ToU V.90, To V.34+.

TO U.IK6 TOU UnO.OyIOT

0 aopwT�� (scanner) e(vol flo oUoKeUr l ono(o o(vel Tl oUvoToTlTo olfloUpy(oc llqloKrc ovonopaoToolc Tlc oeA(ooc evoc eyypaqoU, l ono(o fnope( vo nepleXel Ke(fevo, el

Kovec, oXeolo, K.a. H oUoKeUr oUTr oopwvel Tlv enlqavelo Tlc oeA(ooc fe Tl Oor8elo floc oeoflc qWToc Kol fe Tl Xprol eUo(o8lTWv qWToKuTTopWv olfloUpyouvTol lAeKTplKa orfoTo To ono(o feToqepoUv nAlpoqop(ec ylo Tl qWTelvoTlTo Kol To Xpwfo flKpwv TflfaTWv Tlc enlqaveloc (aTIYI&� u dnrt). To or

foTo oUTa, fe Tl Oor8elo KoTaAAlAoU AoyloflKou, ono8lKeuovTol oTov UnoAoyloTr Wc flo oKoAoU8(o oUoolKwv llq(Wv. TTol o oopWTrc llqlonole( Tlv enlqavelo noU oopwvel. 0 opl8foc TWv oTlyfwv oTlc ono(ec fnope( vo Tlv XWp(oel o oopWTrc Ko8op(

�el Tl oloKplTlKr lKovoTlTa ToU. 0 oopWTrc oev oloXWp(�el To Ke(fevo ono Tlc elKovec oAAa To ovonoploTa oAo oov llqlonollfevl elKovo. TTol oev e(vol oUvoTr l afeol ene�epyoo(o ToU KelfevoU noU oopw8lKe. Ilo To oKono oUTo UnapXoUv elolKa npoypaffoTo To ono(o feToTpenoUv Tlc «elKovec TWv XopoKTrpWv» oe XopoKTrpec

(n.X. ASCII). To npoypaffoTo oUTa ovofa�ovTol npoypaffoTo OnTIK�� Avou Yv�pIal� �opoKT�pwv (Optical Character Recognition OCR). 0l nlo olooeoofevol Tunol oopWTwv e(vol ol oopWTec oeA(ooc r en(neool (flatbed) Kol ol oopWTec Xelpoc (handheld).

0 aX&iIoYpaqo� (plotter) e(vol flo oUoKeUr e�oooU ylo Tlv eKTunWol nep( nAoKWv Kol fe noAAec AenTofepelec oXeo(Wv, onWc XapTec Kol oXeolo opXl TeKTovWv r aAAWv flXovlKwv, To ono(o e(vol noAu feyaAo ylo evo oUvl8lofevo eKTUnWTr. YnapXoUv oXeoloypaqol fe ne vaKlo (oTUAo) Kol oXeoloypaqol eyXUolc feAavlc (ink�et). bloKp(vovTol en(olc oe en(neooUc oXeoloypaqoUc, oToUc ono(oUc l oXeo(ool y(veTol fe oTo8epo To XopT( Kol Klvoufe vec Tlc ypoq(oec, Kol oe oXeoloypaqoUc fe Klvoufevo XopT(. To KUploTepo XopoKTlploTlKa evoc oXeoloypaqoU e(vol: o) To feye8oc ToU XopTlou O) l ToXuTlTo oXeo(oolc y) l ovaAUol (eAaXloTl K(vlol Tlc ypoq(ooc) Kol o) l XWplTlKoTlTo Tlc fvrflc ToU.

H qwToYpoqfio (light pen) Xplolfonole(Tol ylo Tov npoooloplofo

floc 8eolc (evoc olfe(oU) Tlc o8ovlc. H 8eol oTlv ono(o oe(Xvel l qWToypoq(oo Op(oKeTol fe Tov UnoAoylofo ToU XpovoU noU onolTe(Tol ylo vo qTaoel l oeofl lAeKTpov(Wv ToU Ko8oolKou oWArvo ono Tlv opXr ToU KuKAoU Tlc oapWolc feXpl To olfe(o Tlc ypoq(ooc Kol Tlv ovoyWyr oTl oUveXelo ToU XpovoU oe XWplKec nopofeTpoUc Tlc o8ovlc. H qWToypoq(oo Xplolfonole(Tol Wc oUoKeUr noU oUvoUa�el AelToUpy(ec ToU novTlKlou Kol ToU nAlKTpoAoy(oU.

H ovanTU�l TWv noAUfeoWv, TWv olKTuWv Kol TWv eqopfoywv TlAeolaoKellc

IvWp(oofe rol Tov Tpono enlKolvWv(oc TWv neplqepeloKwv oUoKeUwv fe To KevTplKo fepoc ToU UnoAoyloTr feoW Tlc fovaooc elooooU /e�oooU. Tvo evoloqepov epwTlfo 8o fnopouoe vo npoOaAel. Mnope( flo neplqepeloKr oUoKeUr ToU vo e(vol l fovaoo elooooU/e�oooU evoc aAAoU UnoAoyloTr� H onavTlol e(vol 8eTlKr. ToTe eXoUfe oUo iIoauvi&i&I&vou� UnoAoyloTec. MaAloTo ol UnoAoyloTec oUTo( fnope( vo e(vol Kol oe onofoKpUofevo feTo

�u ToUc olfe(o Kol vo olooUvoeovTol feoW ToU TlAeqWvlKou olKTuoU (OAene LXrfo 3.8).

TO U.IK6 TOU UnO.OyIOT

Av faAloTo o Tponoc oloouvoeorc ToUc e(vol floc elolKrc TeXvoAoy(oc, ToTe ol ouo UnoAoyloTec fnope( vo e(vol oUvoeoefevol oe ifKTuo. Me oUTov Tov Tpono eXoUfe To o(KTUo TWv UnoAoyloTwv, noU e(vol nAeov To feyaAo en( TeUyfo Tlc nAlpoqoplKrc TeXvoAoy(oc fe ofeTplTec eqopfoyec Kol ovop(8 flTo onoTeAeofoTo, Tooo 8eTlKa ooo Kol opvlTlKa. Me Tl Xprol TWv olKTu Wv, ylo nopaoelyfo, e(vol eql KTr l Xprol evoc

MovTef MovTef

LxrlQA3.�A!mQaUVo:aTAunOAOYmarwV

eKTUnWTr ono neploooTepoUc ToU evoc UnoAoyloTec, e(vol oUvoTr l onofoKpUofevl ovaKTlol nAlpoqoplwv, l onooToAr Kol Arll flvUfaTWv, KTA. 0l Tponol fe ToUc ono(oUc fnopouv vo olooUvoe8ouv neploooTepo ToU evoc UnoAoyloTlKa oUoTrfoTo feTo�u ToUc nolK(AAoUv. Le oUvTof(o, flo Kol onoTeAe( ovTlKe(fevo enofevoU KeqoAo(oU, ol olfovTlKoTepol e(vol ol oKoAoU8ol:

.fKTuo opTlpfo�

LTo o(KTUo oUTa Xplolfonole(Tol f(o ypoffr enlKolvWv(oc ylo Tl oloouvoeol oloqopWv UnoAoyloTwv.

.fKTuo oaT&po

0l olaqopol UnoAoyloTec enlKolvWvouv feTo�u ToUc feoW KanoloU KevTplKou UnoAoyloTr, o ono(oc e(vol Uneu8Uvoc ylo Tl oWoTr AelToUpy(o ToU olKTuoU.

• b(KTUo ooKTUA(oU E(vol To o(KTUo onoU Ka8e UnoAoyloTrc oUvoeeTol fe ouo yelTovlKouc ToU, eTol woTe oAol ol UnoAoyloTec vo oXlfoT(�oUv OpoXo.

BeOolo, ouo o(KTUo fnopouv vo olooUvoe8ouv feTo�u ToUc Kol vo owooUv evo oloo(KTUo, oUTo fe Tl oelpa ToU fe aAAo o(KTUo Kol vo npoKulel evo fe yoAuTepo oloo(KTUo, feXpl vo qTla�oUfe evo noyKooflo o(KTUo, onWc e(vol To .IoifKTuo (isrsussr). neploooTepo ylo To o(KTUo 8o ooufe oe enofevo KeqaAolo.

TO U.IK6 TOU UnO.OyIOT

AvoK&qoAofwal

Le evo UnoAoyloTlKo ouoTlfo To UAlKo oloKp(veTol oe:

• UAlKo ToU KevTplKou fepoUc Kol • oe eKe(vo ToU neplqepeloKou fepoUc.

To KevTplKo fepoc onoTeAe(Tol ono:

Tlv KevTplKr Movaoo Ene�epyoo(oc
Tlv KevTplKr Mvrfl
Tl Movaoo ElooooU / E�oooU Kol
To b(oUAo EnlKolvWv(oc.

To neplqepeloKo fepoc onoTeAe(Tol ono evo ouvoAo neplqepeloKwv oUoKeUwv, onWc e(vol:

• ol o8ovec

• To nAlKTpoAoylo • ol neplqepeloKec fvrfec (oKAlpo( o(oKol, Tolv(ec, CD, euKofnTol o(oKol) • ol eKTUnWTec.

0l KUploTepol Tponol oloouvoeolc TWv UnoAoyloTwv e(vol:

b(KTUo opTlp(oc
b(KTUo ooTepo
b(KTUo ooKTUA(oU.

EpwT�a&I�

Tl ovTlAofOaveoTe fe Tov opo UAlKo�
Ano nolo oTolXe(o onoTeAe(Tol To KevTplKo fepoc evoc UnoAoyloTr Kol nolo l AelToUpy(o Ko8evoc�
nolo e(vol l OoolKr loeo Tlc opXlTeKTovlKrc Von Neumann�
noloc o poAoc Tlc fovaooc eAeyXoU� . noloc o poAoc ToU poAoylou oTl AelToUpy(o Tlc KME�

nolo KUKAlKr oloolKoo(o eKTeAe( l fovaoo eAeyXoU�
nolo To e(ol fvrflc Kol nolec ol oloqopec ToUc�
Tl ovofa�oUfe Xpovo npooneAoolc fvrflc�
Tl ovofa�oUfe Xpovo KuKAoU fvrflc�
Tl ovofa�oUfe XWplTlKoTlTo fvrflc�
Tl ovofa�oUfe eupoc �wvlc fvrflc�
nolo e(vol l nTlTlKr, l oUvoflKr Kol nolo l oToTlKr fvrfl�
0l fvrfec ................ e(vol fvrfec ol ono(ec fnopouv vo enovonpoypoffoTloTouv.
noloc o poAoc Tlc fovaooc elooooU Kol noloc Tlc fovaooc e�oooU�

1�. nolo e(ol oeoofevWv feToqepel o o(oUAoc enlKolvWv(oc�

Tl e(vol l Aov8avoUoo fvrfl�
nolo Tfrfo Tlc KME eKTeAe( fo8lfoTlKec Kol AoylKec npa�elc�
Tl e(vol To npWToKoAAo olouAoU�
nolec e(vol ol ofoloTlTec Kol nolec ol oloqopec nAlKTpoAoy(oU Kol novTlKlou�
No neplypoqe( o Tponoc AelToUpy(oc Tlc o8ovlc Ko8oolKou oWArvo.
YnapXoUv ouo TeXvlKec olfloUpy(oc XpwfoToc oTlc o8ovec Uypwv KpUoTaAAWv: o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
nolo To feloveKTrfoTo TWv o8ovwv oqrc�
nolo e(ol eKTUnWTwv yvWp(�eTe� nwc AelToUpyouv�
nolo e(vol KoTa Tl yvwfl ooc To nAeoveKTrfoTo Kol nolo To feloveKTrfoTo TWv eKTUnWTwv laser evovTl TWv eKTUnWTwv oK(oWv (dot matrix)�

2 . nooo (Xvl eXel flo foyvlTlKr Tolv(o� nolo ono oUTa XplolfonolouvTol ylo Tlv ono8rKeUol oeoofevWv Kol noloc o poAoc ylo To UnoAolno (Xvl�

IloT( l qaol Tlc olofopqWolc e(vol olfovTlKr ylo flo oloKeTo�
nwc AelToUpyouv To fovTef�
nwc AelToUpye( o oopWTrc�
No oUvoeoeTe To nepleXofevo Tlc npwTlc oTrAlc fe oUTa Tlc oeuTeplc.

RAM �

� fvrfl novT(Kl �

LopWTrc �

� neplqepeloKr oUoKeUr EPROM �

LTlc foyvlTlKec Tolv(ec ol nAlpoqop(ec ono8lKeuovTol oe oloooXlKa ................. To 8 ono oUTa XplolfonolouvTol ylo Tlv ono8rKeUol TWv ................................ Kol To 9o ylo ................................ (parity check), fe oKono Tlv ov(XveUol TUXo(Wv Ao8wv.
nolol e(vol ol olfovTlKoTepol Tponol oloouvoeolc TWv UnoAoyloTwv�
AvoqepoTe e(ol enlKolvWv(oc ToU KevTplKou fepoUc fe Tlc neplqepeloKec oUoKeUec.
LTov nopoKaTW n(voKo olfelwoTe fe «Y» oUTa noU ovrKoUv oTo UAlKo Kol fe «M» oTo AoyloflKo.
EnlAe�Te oTov nopoKaTW n(voKo Tlc oUoKeUec elooooU Kol Tlc oUoKeUec e�oooU.

TO U.IK6 TOU UnO.OyIOT

08ovl
Ene�epyooTrc KelfevoU
EKTUnWTrc
novT(Kl
MovTef
noKeTo flo8oooo(oc
nAlKTpoAoylo
LKAlpoc o(oKoc

IuaK&u�	IuaK&u� EIaOiou	IuaK&u� E&Oiou
nAlKTpoAoylo
MlKpoqWvo
MeyaqWvo
novT(Kl
LopWTrc
EKTUnWTrc

3� . nolec ono Tlc nopoKaTW npoTaoelc e(vol oWoTec�

�: To fovTef e(vol AoyloflKo oUoTrfoToc
�: Tvoc ene�epyooTrc e(vol evoc feyaAoc UnoAoyloTrc
�: H KevTplKr Movaoo Ene�epyoo(oc e(vol evoc npooWnlKoc UnoAoyloTrc
�: H KevTplKr Movaoo Ene�epyoo(oc e(vol evo oTolXe(o ToU KevTplKou fepoUc evoc UnoAoyloTr
�: 0 eKTUnWTrc e(vol flo oUoKeUr e�oooU
�: H KevTplKr fvrfl ToU UnoAoyloTr Xplolfonole(Tol ylo Tlv ono8rKeUol oeoofevWv oKofo Kol oTov o UnoAoyloTrc e(vol KAeloToc

36. EnlAe�Te Tlc oWoTec eKqpaoelc.

�: H foyvlTlKr Tolv(o onoTeAe( neplqepeloKr oUoKeUr
�: H KevTplKr fvrfl Xplolfeuel oTlv ono8rKeUol npoypoffaTWv
�: LToTlKr ovofa�eTol l fvrfl Tlc ono(oc To nepleXofevo oev oAAa�el noTe
�: To OoolKa noloTlKa XopoKTlploTlKa TWv eKTUnWTwv laser e(vol o opl8foc TWv oK(oWv Tlc KeqoArc Kol l ToXuTlTo eKTunWolc
�: To fovTef feToTpenel llqloKa orfoTo oe ovoAoylKa Kol To ovT(oTpoqo

rAwaaapIo

AnoA&flIIl Iv�Il AnoA&flIIl npoYpoIu IoTIvOI&vl Mv�Il Avau Yvwal� (EPROM) ApIeIlTIK� KoI AoYIK� Iovaio .uvoIIK� Iv�Il

EKTunwT��

Eupo� v�vl� Iv�Il�

KoToXwplT&� KuKAwIo XpovIaIou MoYvlTIK� ToIvfo

Movaio EA&YXou

OeOvl novTfKI nTlTIK� Iv�Il

IKAlpO� ifaKo� IToTIK� Iv�Il

IX&iIoYpaqo�

�pOvo: � KuKAou
�pOvo: � npoan&Aoal�

Mvrfl noU To nepleXofevo Tlc fnope( vo Tpononoll8e(.

E(ooc fvrflc l ono(o fnope( vo enovonpoypoffoTloTe( neploooTepec ono flo qopec.

KuKAWfo lKovo vo eKTeAe( ypryopo opl8flTlKec Kol AoylKec npa�elc.

Mvrfl noU To nepleXofevo Tlc npenel vo ovovewveTol ToKTlKa, oloTl e�oo8eve( fe To Xpovo.

neplqepeloKr oUoKeUr noU eKTUnwvel oe XopT( r oloqavelo olaqopec nAlpoqop(ec.

H feyloTl oUvoTr ToXuTlTo feToqopac oeoofevWv ono r npoc Tl fvrfl.

KUKAwfoTo To ono(o eXoUv Wc oKono Tlv npooWplvr ono8rKeUol oeoofevWv r evToAwv.

KuKAWfo ylo To oUyXpovlofo TWv epyoolwv Tlc KME.

KoTlyop(o neplqepeloKrc fvrflc.

Tfrfo Tlc KME noU oUyXpov(�el Kol eAeyXel Tl AelToUpy(o ToU UnoAoyloTr, ovoKoAe( ono Tlv KevTplKr fvrfl evToAec, npooolop(�el Tov Tuno ToUc Kol ovo8eTel oTlv opl8flTlKr Kol AoylKr fovaoo Tlv eKTeAeor ToUc. TeAoc, eAeyXel Tlv enlKolvWv(o ToU neplqepeloKou fepoUc fe To KevTplKo.

neplqepeloKr oUoKeUr noU Xplolfonole(Tol ylo Tlv nopoUo(ool TWv onoTeAeofaTWv floc ene�epyoo(oc.

neplqepeloKr oUoKeUr noU eXel Wc oKono vo oleUKoAuvel To XproTl vo oe(�el r vo enlAe�el flo AelToUpy(o l ono(o onelKov(�eTol oTlv o8ovl.

H fvrfl noU Xavel To nepleXofevo Tlc fe Tl oloKonr ToU lAeKTplKou peufoToc noU Tlv TpoqoooTe(.

KoTlyop(o neplqepeloKrc fvrflc.

Mvrfl Tlc ono(oc To nepleXofevo oloTlpe(Tol ooo UnapXel nopoXr lAeKTplKou peufoToc Kol Tpononole(Tol fovo ono AelToUpy(o eyypoqrc oTl oUyKeKplfevl 8eol fvrflc.

neplqepeloKr oUoKeUr e�oooU ylo Tlv eKTunWol noAunAoKWv oXeo(Wv fe noAAec AenTofepelec.

To eAaXloTo oUvoTo XpovlKo olaoTlfo feTo�u oUo oloooXlKwv ovoqopwv oTl fvrfl.

To XpovlKo olaoTlfo noU feooAoOe( ono ToTe noU 8o onolTl8e( l ovayvWol r l eyypoqr evoc KUTTapoU fvrflc feXpl Tlv npoyfoTono(lol Tlc ovT(oTolXlc AelToUpy(oc.

TO U.IK6 TOU UnO.OyIOT�

EviIoq&poua&� KoI Xp�aII&� iI&ueuva&I� Tou .IoiIKTuou

hrre //www.tttots.wmos.at.ck/~tsamasg/NHDL/msmnuc.hrme

larOa:A{oQAQnoArOAnQV:nmarrlmOArOuAWestminsterAl:Axpraml:rAnATpOcOp{:rAYmQAROM,ARAM,ACPU,AKrA.

hrre //www.crsBat.sdc/wnued/estrcus

nAOUamOrAKQr6AOYOrAnQpOuam6a:wVAYmQAlmQAnATewpQAe:l6rwV.

hrre //www.zdssr.tnm/

nAOUamQAe:lQrOAOY{QAYmQAuAmKoA(hardware)AKQmAoxmAloVO.

hrre //www.orc.th

HAmarOa:A{oQArOuAom:eVOUrAOpYQVmalOUAnpOrunOnO{TaTr.

hrre //www.ssrwnukmagazoss.tnm

�OAYVwaroAn:pmOomKoArwVAr:xVOAOYmwVArwVAomKrUwVAarOA!mQo{KruO.

hrre //www.wharot.tnm/seunm.hrm

MmQAn:pm:KrmKrAQV6AuaTArwVAlVTlwVAEPROM.

BIPAIoYpoqfo

I. nAnAKONTLANTIN0Y n.TLANAKAL I.¢PAIKAKHL, ApXIT&KTovIK� VnoAoYIaT�v, EKoooelc LYMMETPIA A HNA, 1987

nQV:nmarTlmQKoAaUYYpQllQAYmQArTVAQpxmr:KrOVmKrArwVAunOAOYmarwV.

I.KAB0YPAL, IuaT�IoTo VnoAoYIaT�v, EKoooelc KMEIbAPI M0L, A HNA, 1991

nArp:rAnQV:nmarTlmQKoAaUYYpQllQ,ArOAOnO{OAn:pmAQl{6V:mAoAQAoaQAeQAnptn:mAVQAYVwp{�:mAK6nOmOr YmQArOAuAmKoA:VorAunOAOYmarr.

Peter Norton, Cstods rhs PC. EKoooelc SAMS, INDIANAPOLIS, 1995

nArpTrAOoTYorAYmQArmrAr:xVOAOY{:rAnOuAauVetrOuVArOAuAmKoA:VorAunOAOYmarr.

Peter Norton, EIaoYwY� aTou� VnoAoYIaT&�, EKoooelc A.TZI0MA A.E, ELLAM0NIKH, 1995

Bm{A{OAYmQArOurAunOAOYmartrAnOuAQn:ueUV:rQmAa:AQpx6pmOur.

Larry Long, Nancy Long, Csrundctrons rn Cnmecrsut asd Csfnumarons Sctrsmt, EKoooelc Prentice Hall, NEW JERSEY, 1997

Xpraml:rAnATpOcOp{:rAYmQAQpx6pmOur,Al:AK6AulTAl:Y6AOuA:UpOurAe:l6rwV.

n�� iouA&uouv oI VnoAoYIaT&�, EKoooelc KAeloapl8foc, A8rvo, 1994

EUxpTarO,AnArp:rAKQmAKQrQVOTroA{m{A{O,ArOAOnO{OAn:pmYp6c:mAQVQAurmK6AoAQArQAarOmx:{QAnOuAauVetrOuVAtVQVAunOAOYmarr.

107

JOrlIMlKO IYITHMATOI

4.1 JOYIaIIKO aUaT�IOTO� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111

4.2 J&ITOUPYIKO auaTrIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112

4.2.1 LTo8fo( OTlv e�eAl�l TWv AelToupYlKwv OuOTlfOTWv . . . . . . 113

4.2.2 EpYoO(ec AelToupYlKwv OuOTlfOTWv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114

4.3 M&Pr A&ITOUPYIKOu aUaT�IOTO� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114

4.3.1 bloxe(plOl KME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115

4.3.2 bloxe(plOl KevTplKrc fvrflc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117

4.3.3 bloxe(plOl OuOTrfoToc opxe(Wv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118

4.3.4 bloxe(plOl neplqepeloKwv fovOOWv fvrflc . . . . . . . . . . . . .121

4.4 EIiIKO A&ITOUPYIKO aUaT�IOTO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122

4.4.1 LuOTrfoTo npoYfoTlKoU xpovou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122

4.4.2 LuOTrfoTo on line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122

4.5 rvwaTO A&ITOUPYIKO aUaT�IOTO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122

4.5.1 Unix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123

4.5.2 DOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124

4.5.3 Windows Kol Windows NT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124

4.5.4 AAAo AelToupYlKO OuOTrfoTo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125

AvOK&qOAOfwar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126 EPwT�a&I� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 rAwaaOPIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129 EviIOq&POUa&� KOI xP�aII&� iI&Ueuva&I� TOU .IOiIKTuOU . . . . . 130 BIPAIOYPOqfO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131

IOyIOlIKO OuOT�laTOc

To npolYoUfevo KeqOAolo YvWp(Oofe To uAlKo Tou unoAoYlOTr. 'fWc flo OAAl AoOlKr OuvlOTwOo e(vol To AelToupYlKo Tou OUOTlfo. LTo KeqOAolo ouTo, Aolnov, 8o enlxelprOoufe vo KoTovorOoufe Tlc KuploTepec evvolec TWv AelToupYlKwv OuOTlfOTWv, vo ovoAUOoufe

To poAo Kol Tl OlfoO(o Touc Kol vo nopouOlOOoufe To fepl ono To ono(o onoTeAe(Tol evo AelToupYlKo OUOTlfo. TeAoc, 8o ovoqep8oUfe Oe AelToupYl KO OuOTrfoTo nou xopoKTlp(�ovTol ono Tl feYOAl Touc OlOOoOl Kol xprOl.

Ilo vo AelToupYrOel evo unoAoYlOTlKo OUOTlfo, eKToc ono To UAIKO Tou, e(vol onopo(TlTo Kol To AOYIaIIKO, To OUvoAo OlAoOr TWv npoYpoffOTWv nou OuvTov(�ouv Tlc AelToupY(ec Tou uAlKoU Kol o�lonoloUv Tlc OuvoToTlTec Tou Ylo Tl xprOl Tou unoAoYlOTr Wc epYoAe(ou.

To AoYlOflKo xWp(�eTol Oe OUo feYOAec KoTlYop(ec: o) OTo AoYlOflKo OuOTrfoToc A) OTo AoYlOflKo eqopfoYwv.

LTo AOYIaIIKO &qOPIOYwv (application software), To ono(o 8o e�eTOOoufe Oe enofevo KeqOAolo, OuYKoToAeYovTol To OlOqopo npoYpOffoTo nou exouv ovonTux8e( Ylo Tlv ovTlfeTwnlOl e�elOlKeufevWv npoAAlfOTWv TWv xplOTwv. 'nWc Ylo nopOOelYfo o ene�epYoOTrc Kelfevou, elOlKo AoYlOflKo Ylo Tlv eK OoOl Tlc flO8oOoO(oc TWv unoAArAWv floc enlxe(plOlc. H enlAoYr Tou Ko TOAAlAou AoYlOflKoU eqopfoYwv Y(veTol ono Tov (Olo To xprOTl Kol e�opTO Tol ono Tlc ovOYKec nou 8eAel vo KoAUlel fe Tl xprOl Tou unoAoYlOTr. Ilo vo xplOlfonoll8e(, ofWc, o unoAoYlOTrc Wc epYoAe(o, e(vol onopo(TlTo vo Olo8eTel rOl To AoYlOflKo OuOTrfoToc, To ono(o e�opTOTol ono To e(Ooc Tou OuYKeKplfevou uAlKoU.

LTo AOYIaIIKO aUaT�IOTO� (system software), OuYKoToAeYovTol oAo To npo YpOffoTo nou exouv OxeOl fe To OuvTovlOfo Tlc AelToupY(oc Tou OuOTrfo Toc Kol fe Tl Oloxe(plOl TWv fovOOWv Tou. To npoYpOffoTo ouTO xWp(�ovTol Oe OUo feYOAec KoTlYop(ec: o) To elOlKO epYoAe(o A) To AelToupYlKo OUOTlfo.

To &IiIKO &PYOA&fO xplOlfonoloUvTol Ylo Tlv ovOnTu�l AoYlOflKoU eqopfo Ywv Kol Tlv eKTeAeOl Aol8lTlKwv epYoOlwv. To A&ITOUPYIKO auaTrIO (operating system) e(vol evo npoYpoffo noAAwv xl AlOOWv evToAwv nou AelToupYe( Wc evOlOfeOoc ovOfeOo OTo xprOTl Kol To uAlKo Kol oOxoAe(Tol fe Tov eAeYxo Kol To OuvTovlOfo Tou uAlKoU, wOTe vo eKTeAoUvTol OWOTO To OlOqopo npoYpOffoTo eqopfoYwv.

To uAlKo Tou unoAoYlOTlKoU OuOTrfoToc onoTeAe(Tol, onWc rOl YvWp(�oufe, ono fovOOec fvrflc, fovOOec eKTeAeOlc opl8flTlKwv Kol AoYlKwv npO�eWv, fovOOec enlKolvWv(oc, fovOOec eKTUnWOlc, fovOOec elOoOou Kol fovOOec e�oOou. AuTec ol enlfepouc fovOOec Tou uAlKoU onoTeAoUv Kol Touc nOPOU (resources) OlAoOr Tov nAoUTo Tou unoAoYlOTlKoU OuOTrfoToc. Ano Tlv OA Al nAeupO Tou unoAoYlOTlKoU OuOTrfoToc Ap(OKovTol ol xprOTec, onWc qo( veTol OTo Lxrfo 4.1, ol ono(ol OloTunwvouv olTrfoTo npoc To unoAoYlOTlKo OUOTlfo Kol ovofevouv Tlv lKovono(lOr Touc. To olTrfoTo ouTO onolToUv Tl xprOl TWv nopWv Ylo vo lKovonoll8oUv. YnOpxel Aolnov l ovOYKl evoc Ko AoU KKuAepvrTl», nou 8o OexeTol To olTrfoTo Tou xprOTl r TWv xplOTwv, 8o eKTlfO Tl Olo8eOlfoTlTo Kol Tlc OuvoToTlTec TWv nopWv Kol 8o Touc Oloxel p(�eTol fe OToxo Tlv lKovono(lOl TWv olTlfOTWv TWv xplOTwv. To AelToupYl Ko OUOTlfo no(�el To poAo Tou KKuAepvrTl», o ono(oc: o) AofAOvel To olTrfoTo TWv xplOTwv A) To ovoAUel Oe enlfepouc AelToupY(ec Y) OxeOlO�el fe nolo Tpono 8o KOvel Tl AeATlOTl xprOl Tou uAlKoU Ylo Tlv

lKovono(lOl ouTwv TWv olTlfOTWv O) nopoKoAou8e( Tlv eKTeAeOl TWv onopo(TlTWv AelToupYlwv Kol e) Ouv8eTel Tlc onovTrOelc Kol Tlc npoW8e( OTov xprOTl.

LXrIQ 4.1: To AtlToUPYlKO aUaTTIQ

To AelToupYlKo OUOTlfo oOKe( To poAo Tou fe OToxo:

vo e�oOqoA(�el Tl feYlOTl OuvoTr euKoA(o OTo xprOTl, eTOl ouToc fe Tlv eAOxlOTl OuvoTr npoOnO8elo vo AofAOvel To enl8uflTO onoTeAeOfoTo,
vo enlTuYxOvel Tl feYlOTl OuvoTr o�lono(lOl TWv nopWv Tou OuOTrfo

Toc. LTlv nep(nTWOl nou ol noponOvW OToxol oAAlAoOuYKpoUovTol, Ouvr8Wc uneplOxUel o npwToc.

'nWc OuveAl fe To uAlKo, eTOl Kol OTlv e�eAl�l TWv AelToupYlKwv OuOTlfOTWv fnopoUfe vo OloKp(voufe Yevlec. 0l npwTol unoAoYlOTec Tlc OeKoeT(oc Tou 1940 Oev Ole8eTov AelToupYlKo OUOTlfo. 0 xprOTlc eOlve evToAec OTo unoAoYlOTlKo OUOTlfo xplOlfonolwvToc Tl YAwOOo flxovrc. vTOl, nopO To o�UfWpo Oxrfo, ovoqepofoOTe OTo AelToupYlKO Iri&vIK�� Y&vIO� .

To AelToupYlKO OuOTrfoTo (J.L.) OpxlOov vo ovonTUOOovTol Tl OeKoeT(o Tou 1950, onoTe OuvovTOfe To JL nPwTr� Y&vIO� evw OTlv enoxr foc xplOlfonoloUfe JL T&TOPTr� Y&vIO�. To OlfovTlKO OTOOlo OTlv e�eAl�l TWv JL ono Tlv npwTl fexpl Tlv TeTopTl YevlO e(vol:

o) H OIOiIK� &n&&&PYOafO (batch processing), KoTO Tl OeKoeT(o Tou 1950. 0 xprOTlc O(vel OTov unoAoYlOTr flo ofOOo olTlfOTWv Kol o unoAoYlOTrc To ene�epYO�eTol Kol To eKTeAe( To evo feTO To OAAo. Ilo vo OloTunwOel o xprOTlc ovoAuTlKoTepec onolTrOelc, xplOlfonole( flo elOlKr YAwOOo, Tl YAwaaO &A&YxOU &PYOaIwv (job control language).

A) 0 nOAUnPOYPOIIOTIaIO� (multiprogramming), KoTO Tl OeKoeT(o Tou 1960. vvoc r noAAo( xprOTec, OloTunwvouv TouToxpovo noAAO olTrfoTo. To J.L. enlAeYel Tl OelpO eKTeAeOlc, eTOl wOTe vo o�lonole(Tol onoOoTlKO To OUOTlfo Kol OloqopeTlKo( xprOTec vo xplOlfonoloUv OloqopeTlKec OuOKeuec Tou unoAoYlOTr KTouToxpovo». 0 noAunpoYpoffoTlOfoc e(vol flo npoOnO8elo vo ou�l8e( l xprOl Tlc KME, fe OToxo vo unOpxel nOvTo KOnolo epYoO(o npoc eKTeAeOl.

Y) 0 KOTOI&PIaIO� xPOvOU (time sharing), KoTO Tl OeKoeT(o Tou 1970. LTlv nep(nTWOl nou noAAo( xprOTec npenel vo e�unlpeTl8oUv TouToxpovo, o unoAoYlOTrc KoTofep(�el To xpovo ovO xprOTl Ouvr8Wc 10 msec ovO xprOTl Kol eTOl lKovonole( oAouc Touc xprOTec KOuYxpovWc». To OuOTrfoTo ouTO KoAoUvTol OuOTrfoTo KoTofeplOfoU xpovou.

O) H KOTOv&IrI&vr &n&&&PYOafO (distributed processing), KoTO Tl OeKoeT(o Tou 1990. Me Tlv ovOnTu�l OuOTlfOTWv nou Olo8eTouv noAAoUc ene�epYoOTec Kol Tlv ovOnTu�l TWv OlKTUWv, npoeKule l ovOYKl Tlc KoToveflfevlc ene�epYoO(oc. vvo o(Tlfo r flo ofOOo olTlfOTWv ovoAUeTol Oe evo OUvoAo &n&&&PYOaIwv (process), eK TWv ono(Wv KO8e enlfepouc ene�epYoO(o e(vol OuvoTov vo eKTeAe(Tol Oe OloqopeTlKoUc unoAoYlOTec r Kol Oe OloqopeTlKoUc ene�epYoOTec Tou (Olou unoAoYlOTr nou enlKolvWvoUv Kol OuvepYO�ovTol feTo�U Touc.

IOyIOlIKO OuOT�laTOc

JL ofoOlKrc ene�epYoO(oc
JL noAunpoYpoffoTlOfoU
JL KoTofeplOfoU xpovou
JL KoToveflfevlc ene�epYoO(oc

nuplvac

To AelToupYlKo OUOTlfo e�oOqoA(�el evo neplAOAAov Ylo Tlv eKTeAeOl npoYpoffOTWv. LTo neplAOAAov ouTo fnopoUfe vo OloKp(voufe Tlc nopoKOTW ofOOec epYoOlwv nou enlTeAe( To AelToupYlKo OUOTlfo:

o) EKT&A&ar nPOYPOIIOTwv. 0 xprOTlc KOloTunwvel» OTo AelToupYlKo OUOTlfo Tlv enl8uf(o Tou vo eKTeAeOTe( evo OuYKeKplfevo npoYpoffo. LTl Ouvexelo To AelToupYlKo OUOTlfo ovoAofAOvel oAec Tlc onopo(TlTec epYoO(ec, wOTe To npoYpoffo ono Tlv neplqepeloKr fvrfl vo qopTW8e( OTlv KevTplKr fvrfl, vo eKTeAeOTe( KO8e evToAr ono Tlv KME Kol vo q8OOouv To onoTeAeOfoTo OTo xprOTl.

A) J&ITOUPYf&� &IaOiOU&&&OiOU. vvo npoYpoffo nou eKTeAe(Tol e(vol OuvoTov vo npoAOAel ono(TlOl enlKolvWv(oc fe KOnolec neplqepeloKec OuOKeuec elOoOou r Kol e�oOou. 0l ovoYKo(ec evepYelec Ylo Tlv uAono(lOl ouTrc Tlc enlKolvWv(oc Y(vovTol ono To AelToupYlKo OUOTlfo, n.x. enlKolvWv(o fe novT(Kl, eUpeOl Tlc opxrc evoc opxe(ou Oe flo OuOKeur foYvlTlKrc Tolv(oc, onelKovlOl YpoqlKwv OTlv o8ovl, KAn.

Y) .IOx&fPIar TOU aUaT�IOTO� OPx&fwv. MeYOAlc OlfoO(oc epYoO(ec, Ylo Tlc ono(ec uneU8uvo e(vol To AelToupYlKo OUOTlfo, e(vol ouTec nou oqopoUv �lTrfoTo Oloxe(plOlc opxe(Wv. TeTolec AelToupY(ec e(vol l OlfloupY(o, l OloYpoqr, l Tponono(lOl, l feTovofoO(o, l feToqopO evoc OuYKeKplfevou opxe(ou, KAn.

O) Avfxv&Uar AOewv. To AelToupYlKo OUOTlfo npenel vo evTon(�el Oe KO8e AO8oc nl8ovec olT(ec Kol vo feToqepel OTo xprOTl To OWOTo frvufo.

e) KOTOvOI� nOPwv. To AelToupYlKo OUOTlfo 8o npenel vo o�loAoYe( KO8e xpovlKr OTlYfr To OloTunWfevo ono Touc xprOTec olTrfoTo Kol vo KoTovefel Touc Olo8eOlfouc nopouc KoTOAAlAo.

OT) AnOAOYIaTIKO aTOIx&fO. To AelToupYlKo OUOTlfo 8o npenel KO8e qopO vo OloTlpe( OTolxe(o ono To ono(o vo npoKUnTel l xprOl TWv nopWv ovO xprOTl Kol l e�oYWYr xprOlfWv OToTlOTlKwv Ylo Tl AeAT(WOl TWv enlOoOeWv Tou OuOTrfoToc.

�) nPOaTOafO - AaqOA&IO. To AelToupYlKo OUOTlfo 8o npenel vo npoOqepel OTo xprOTl npoOToO(o, wOTe vo e(vol oOUvoTo OAAoc xprOTlc r To (Olo To AelToupYlKo (Oe nep(nTWOl AAOAlc) vo oAAolwOel To npoOWnlKO Tou OeOofevo r npoYpOffoTo.

To JL e(vol evo npoYpoffo Ypoffevo OuxvO Oe OlOqopec YAwOOec npoYpoffoTlOfoU. nOvTo ofWc evo fepoc Tou (Ouvr8Wc flKpo) e(vol Ypoffevo OTl YAwOOo flxovrc nou KoTovoe( l KME Tou unoAoYlOTr OTov ono(o 8o eYKoToOTo8e( To AelToupYlKo ouTo OUOTlfo.

EOv To AelToupYlKo OUOTlfo e(vol evoc evOlOfeOoc feTo�U Tou xprOTl Kol Tou uAlKoU, o nUP�vO� (Kernel) e(vol To fepoc eKe(vo nou Ap(OKeTol nAlOleOTepo OTo uAlKo. EnlTeAe( OlAoOr Tov poAo Tou evOlOfeOou KKp(Kou» feTo�U Tou

IOyIOlIKO OuOT�laTOc

uAlKoU Kol Tou unoAolnou AelToupYlKoU OuOTrfoToc. EnelOr e�opTOTol ono To uAlKo, evo fepoc Tou exel Ypoqe( OTl YAwOOo flxovrc nou KoTovoe( l KME Tou unoAoYlOTr. E(vol To npoYpoffo nou qopTwveTol npwTo, oTov �eKlvOel l AelToupY(o Tou unoAoYlOTlKoU OuOTrfoToc. En(Olc, fe elOlKoUc flxovlOfoUc (OlfoToqope(c, oupec flvufOTWv) nou Oev e(vol OKonlfo vo ovoAu8oUv OTo nopov KeqOAolo pu8f(�el Tlv enlKolvWv(o Kol To OuYxpovlOfo feTo�U TWv OlepYoOlwv, Tlc ono(ec Kol Olovefel OTov r OTouc KoTOAAlAouc ene�epYoOTec. AAAWOTe o nuprvoc ovofO�eTol Kol KeAeYKTrc Tlc KuKAoqop(oc». Ilo nopOOelYfo, ov OUo OlepYoO(ec npenel vo xplOlfonolrOouv Tov (Olo nopo n.x. vo OloAOOouv evo Kolvo opxe(o 8o npenel vo OuvTov(Oouv Tlv eKTeAeOr Touc Ylo vo onoTpone( efnAoKr Tou OuOTrfoToc. H Oloxe(plOl Kol enlKolvWv(o TWv OlepYoOlwv e(vol onopo(TlTl, wOTe oAo To npoYpOffoTo vo eKTeAoUvTol Kol vo Tpexouv KO(Kolo». E(vol ovenl8UflTo To npoYpoffo evoc xprOTl vo eKTeAe(Tol fe Tpono nou vo nopofeAoUvTol To npoYpOffoTo TWv OAAWv xplOTwv, ol ono(ol 8o npenel vo neplfevouv. AvT(8eTo, KOnolo npoYpOffoTo onWc n.x. o eAeYxoc enlKolvWvlwv OlKTUou onolTe(Tol vo eKTeAoUvTol OuxvoTepo r KoTO npoTepoloTlTo ono OAAo. To �lTrfoTo ouTO To ovTlfeTWn(�el o nuprvoc Tou AelToupYlKoU.

LTo Olfe(o ouTo o�(�el vo ovoqep8e( oTl l iI&PYOafO (task) evoc OuOTrfoToc Kol l &n&&&PYOafO (process) e(vol evvolec nopofolec. Kol ol OUo evvolec unoOlAwvouv flo oKoAou8(o ono evepYelec, nou npenel vo eKTeAeOToUv npoKelfevou vo oAoKAlpW8e( flo AelToupY(o. 'fWc l OlepYoO(o e(vol eupUTepl, Ko8wc oqopO evepYelec Tou OuOTrfoToc nou efnAeKouv OTolxe(o onWc neplAOAAov eKTeAeOlc, enlKolvWv(o Kol OAAec Ouv8eToTepec nopofeTpouc, evw fe Tlv ene�epYoO(o ovoqepofoOTe Kup(Wc Oe TfrfoTo npoYpOffoToc. Mlo OlepYoO(o fnope( vo e(vol eTolfl Ylo eKTeAeOl, vo Ap(OKeTol Oe qOOl eKTeAeOlc r vo exel nopoKWAu8e( l eKTeAeOr Tlc.

KoTO Tlv eKTeAeOl TWv OloqopWv ene�epYoOlwv To AelToupYlKo OUOTlfo 8o npenel vo feplfvO Ouvexwc wOTe vo flv KlvOuveUel flo ene�epYoO(o vo oAAolwOel Tl AelToupY(o r To OeOofevo floc OAAlc. Il' ouTo To OKono evo fepoc Tou AelToupYlKoU OuOTrfoToc oOxoAe(Tol fe Tlv npoOToO(o Kol oOqOAelo TWv ene�epYoOlwv. npoKelTol Ylo evo flxovlOfo eAeYxou Tlc npoOAoOlc npoYpoffOTWv, ene�epYoOlwv Kol xplOTwv OTouc nopouc Tou OuOTrfoToc. Ilo Tlv uAono(lOl ouToU Tou flxovlOfoU eAeYxou unOpxouv noAAec noAlTlKec. KO8e AelToupYlKo OUOTlfo ulo8eTe( flo OuYKeKplfevl noAlTlKr, Tlv ono(o uAonoloUv ol flxovlOfo( npoOToO(oc oOqOAeloc nou Olo8eTel. To JelToupYlKo LUOTlfo ovOAoYo fe To poAo nou enlTeAe( KO8e Tfrfo Tou OloKp(veTol OTo nopoKOTW fepl.

vvo OlfovTlKo xopoKTlplOTlKo TWv OUYxpovWv AelToupYlKwv OuOTlfOTWv e(vol l evvolo Tou nOAUnPOYPOIIOTIaIOu. 0 noAunpoYpoffoTlOfoc Ouv(OToTol OTlv lKovoTlTo Tou AelToupYlKoU OuOTrfoToc, Tlv (Olo xpovlKr OTlYfr nou unOpxouv noAAO npoYpOffoTo KqopTWfevo» OTlv KevTplKr fvrfl, vo Ko8oOlYe( Tlv KME vo To eKTeAeOel oAo fo�(. eeAolo, npoAOAAel eUAoYo To epwTlfo nwc e(vol OuvoTov flo KME vo eKTeAeOel noAAO npoYpOffoTo TouToxpovo;

npoomaoia AocaJ&la

H lOeo e(vol onAr: oTov l KME eKTeAe( evo npoYpoffo, unOpxouv xpovlKO OloOTrfoTo KoTO To ono(o 8o npenel vo fevel ovevepYr, ovofevovToc Tlv oAoKArpWOl KOnoloc ene�epYoO(oc nou Oev onolTe( OpoOTlploTlTo ono Tlv (Olo n.x. e(vol OuvoTov vo ovofevel enlKolvWv(o fe flo neplqepeloKr OuOKeur feOW Tlc fovOOoc elOoOou�e�oOou, onWc e(vol l fovOOo Tou OKAlpoU O(OKou. KoTO Tl OlOpKelo, Aolnov, ouTwv TWv OloOTlfOTWv, nou Ylo Touc xpovlKoUc pu8foUc Tlc KME e(vol KOeKoeT(ec», e(vol OuvoTr l o�lono(lOr Tlc OTlv eKTeAeOl KOnolou OAAou npoYpOffoToc nou Ap(OKeTol OTlv KevTplKr fvrfl Kol onolTe( Ylo Tlv eKTeAeOr Tou Tlv TpexouOo xpovlKr OTlYfr Tl OpoOTlplono(lOl Tlc KME.

H uAono(lOl ouTrc Tlc lOeoc e(vol o noAunpoYpoffoTlOfoc, fe Tov ono(o enlTeUx8lKov OlfovTlKO oqeAl onWc: o) feYoAUTepl o�lono(lOl TWv OuvoToTrTWv Tlc KME Kol A) neplOOoTepec epYoO(ec OTl fovOOo Tou xpovou.

AnoOoqlv(�ovToc To OeUTepo en(TeuYfo, 8o OKeqToUfe, AeAolo, oTl Oe KO8e xpovlKr OTlYfr l KME eKTeAe( evo fovo npoYpoffo, oAAO OTl fovOOo Tou xpovou n.x. Oe 1 sec l KME eKTeAe( OuvoAlKO noAAO npoYpOffoTo.

H uAono(lOl Tlc evvoloc Tou noAunpoYpoffoTlOfoU enlTeAe(Tol ono To JL feOW Tlc iIOx&fPIar� Tr� KME r Tou xpovonpoYpoffoTlOfoU Tlc. H eKTeAeOl evoc npoYpOffoToc neplAofAOvel Ouvr8Wc noAAec enlfepouc ene�epYoO(ec, nou OuvlOToUv To OUvoAo TWv ene�epYoOlwv Tou. Apo, oTov exoufe, Ylo nopOOelYfo, OUo npoYpOffoTo KqopTWfevo» OTlv KevTplKr fvrfl, exoufe OUo OUvoAo ono ene�epYoO(ec.

LUfqWvo fe Tlv lOeo Tou noAunpoYpoffoTlOfoU, 8o rTov ouOloOTlKo Ylo AoYouc olKovof(oc xpovou Kol nopWv vo flv eKTeAeOToUv To OUo npoYpOffoTo oKoAou8loKO, OlAoOr npwTo ol ene�epYoO(ec Tou evoc Kol enelTo Tou OAAou, oAAO vo enlAeYe( Ylo eKTeAeOl flo OelpO ene�epYoOlwv Kol ono To OUo npoYpOffoTo, ovOAoYo fe To lOlo(Tepo xopoKTlplOTlKO Ko8eflOc (n.x. ovOAoYo fe To Ao8fo OlfovTlKoTlToc). vTOl, feOW Tou xpovonpoYpoffoTlOfoU Tlc KME, To JL fe Tlv eqopfoYr KoTOAAlAWv oAYopl8fWv enlTpenel OTlv KME vo ovTlAlq8e( nolo ene�epYoO(o T(voc npoYpOffoToc 8o eKTeAeOel ouTr Oe KO8e xpovlKr OTlYfr, fe OKono vo enlTeux8oUv To 8eTlKO onoTeAeOfoTo Tou noAunpoYpoffoTlOfoU (Lxrfo 4.2). H neplYpoqr ouTwv TWv oAYopl8fWv Oev efn(nTel OTouc OToxouc ouToU Tou AlAA(ou.

LTo Olfe(o ouTo 8o rTov OKonlfo vo ovoqep8oUfe OTlv evvolo Tlc oupOc ovofovrc. YnOpxel OuxvO To evOexofevo neplOOoTepec ono flo ene�epYoO(ec vo �lToUv TouToxpovo Tlv uAono(lOr Touc ono Tlv KME. Ilo nopOOelYfo, fnope( Oe evo OUOTlfo noAAwv xplOTwv neplOOoTepol ono evoc xprOTec vo enl8ufoUv TouToxpovo Tlv eKTUnWOl KOnolou Kelfevou. 'fWc, enelOr l KME Oev fnope( vo eKTeAeOel Tlc ene�epYoO(ec ouTec Tl OuYKeKplfevl xpovlKr OTlYfr enelOr rOl e�unlpeTe(Tol flo ovT(OTolxl epYoO(o KOnolou OAAou xprOTl, ouTec Tono8eToUvTol OTlv oupO ovofovrc Tou unoAoYlOTr. 'Tov, feTO Tlv nOpoOo KOnolou xpovlKoU OloOTrfoToc, l KME oAoKAlpwOel Tlc npolYoUfevec ene�epYoO(ec, ToTe enlAeYovTol ono Tlv oupO ovofovrc (fe AOOl elOlKO KplTrplo, onWc xpovo nopofovrc Oe ouTrv r npoTepoloTlTec) ol enofevec ene�epYoO(ec Ylo uAono(lOl.

IOyIOlIKO OuOT�laTOc

EOTW A1...A4 ene�epYoO(ec npoYpOffoToc A Kol e1,...e5 ene�epYoO(ec npoYpOffoToc e Kol oTl To OUo npoYpOffoTo npenel vo eKTeAeOToUv ono Tlv KME.

	�POvO�
	0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
AKOAOUeIOK� EKT&A&ar	A1 = A2 = A3 = A4 = e1 = e2 = e3 = e4 = e5
KOTOvOI� xPOvOU	A1 = B1 = A2 = B2 = A3 = B3 = A4 = B4 = B5
nOAUnPOYPOIIOTIaIO� onou l OelpO eKTeAeOlc enlAex8lKe fe KoTOAAlAouc oAYopl8fouc	A1 = A2 = e1 = A3 = e2 = e3 = A4 = e4 = e5

LXrIQ 4.2: !Uo aXTIQTlKtr tKQoXtr TTr XPoVlKrr t�tAl�Tr TTr tKTtAtaTr QUo nPoYPQIIQTWV

AnoTeAeOfo Tou xpovonpoYpoffoTlOfoU Tlc KME e(vol l oU�lOl Tlc ToxUTlToc Kol TWv enlOoOeWv TWv unoAoYlOTwv. 'fWc o xPOvOnPOYPOIIOTIaIO� Tlc KME npoLno8eTel oTl OTlv KevTplKr fvrfl unOpxouv TouToxpovo qopTWfevo neplOOoTepo Tou evoc npoYpOffoTo. EnofevWc, l fvrfl 8o npenel vo folpO�eTol feTo�U OloqopeTlKwv npoYpoffOTWv. Ilo To OKono ouTo evo fepoc Tou AelToupYlKoU OuOTrfoToc oOxoAe(Tol fe To fo(poOfo Kol Tlv onoTeAeOfoTlKr Oloxe(plOl Tlc KevTplKrc fvrflc.

H iIOx&fPIar Iv�Ir� (memory management) 8o npenel vo Y(veTol fe Tpono nou vo e�unlpeToUvTol ol Ouvexwc TpononoloUfevec ovOYKec TWv ene�epYo

AvmaJJaYl

ElKovlKl fvlfl

Olwv nou eKTeAoUvTol Ylo KO8e npoYpoffo. Ilo To AoYo ouTo l fvrfl Olofol pO�eTol Oe TfrfoTo r OeA(Oec, To feYe8oc TWv ono(Wv e(vol OuvoTov vo op(

�eTol OToTlKO, OlAoOr Oe npoKo8oplOfevo OTo8epO TfrfoTo, r OuvoflKO, Ol AoOr Oe TfrfoTo ovOAoYo fe Tlc ovOYKec Tlc KO8e OTlYfrc. Me To OUOTlfo Oloxe(plOlc fvrflc To JL enlTuYxOvel Tlv unoOTrpl�l Tou noAunpoYpoffo TlOfoU Kol Yl' ouTo To AoYo 8eWpe(Tol OlfovTlKo fepoc Tou. KO8e AelToupYl Ko OUOTlfo Olo8eTel Touc OlKoUc Tou oAYopl8fouc Oloxe(plOlc fvrflc.

noAAec qopec o opl8foc TWv iI&PYOaIwv nou e�unlpeToUvTol e(vol feYOAoc Kol Oev enopKe( l KevTplKr fvrfl Ylo Tl qlAo�ev(o Touc. ToTe ono To AelToup YlKo OUOTlfo fnope( vo KpoTe(Tol Tfrfo Tlc OeuTepeUouOoc fvrflc, onou vo ono8lKeUovTol npoOWplvO To npoYpOffoTo Kol To OeOofevo KOnolWv OlepYoOlwv. AuTO qopTwvovTol OTlv KevTplKr fvrfl oTov q8OOel l OelpO Tlc ovT(OTolxlc OlepYoO(oc Ylo eKTeAeOl, evw KOnolo OAAo feToqepovTol ono Tlv KevTplKr fvrfl OTo O(OKo. H OloOlKoO(o ouTr ovofO�eTol OvTOAAOY (swapping). blfloupYe( OoAopec Ko8uOTeprOelc ono Tlv efnAoKr OTlv oAl OloOlKoO(o Tlc OeuTepeUouOoc fvrflc, l ono(o e(vol noAU nlo opYr ono Tlv KevTplKr fvrfl.

'nWc YvWp(�oufe l KevTplKr fvrfl e(vol opYovWfevl Oe Ae�elc OlAoOr Oe ofOOec byte nou Ko8eflO exel Tl OlKr Tlc OleU8uvOl. To OUvoAo ouTwv TWv Oleu8UvOeWv (Ylo N Ae�elc, ol OuvoTec Oleu8UvOelc 8o e(vol 0,1,2,...N1) ovofO�eTol xwPO� qUaIKwv iI&Ueuva&wv (physical address space) r xwPO� OnOAUTwv iI&Ueuva&wv. To OlOqopo npoYpOffoTo xplOlfonoloUv eAeU8epo Oleu8UvOelc Ylo vo ovo qepovTol OTo OeOofevo Touc. Ilo vo flv unOpxel ovoqopO OTlv (Olo OleU8uv Ol ono Ouo OloqopeTlKO npoYpOffoTo oTov eKTeAoUvTol, xplOlfonole(Tol l TexvlKr TWv &IKOvIKwv iI&Ueuva&wv virtual addresses (o xwpoc ouToc KoAe( Tol &IKOvIK� Iv�Ir). Me Tlv TexvlKr ouTr evo npoYpoffo feToqpO�eTol Oe YAwOOo flxovrc 8eWpwvToc oTl exel OTl OlO8eOr Tou oAoKAlpl Tl fvrfl. blAoOr xplOlfonole( elKovlKec Oleu8UvOelc. 'Tov qopTwveTol OTlv fvrfl Ylo vo eKTeAeOTe(, To JL ovTlOTolx(�el Tlc elKovlKec ouTec Oleu8UvOelc fe npoYfo TlKec, nou eKe(vl Tlv xpovlKr OTlYfr e(vol eAeU8epec, evw KoTO Tlv eKTeAeOl Y(veTol flo Ouvexrc ovTlOTo(xlOl TWv elKovlKwv Oleu8UvOeWv fe quOlKec. Au To Y(veTol fe noAAec fe8oOouc, ono To Tfrfo Oloxe(plOlc Tlc elKovlKrc fvr flc (n.x. fe OeAlOono(lOl). noAAec qopec o xwPO� Twv &IKOvIKwv iI&Ueuva&wv e(vol feYoAUTepoc Tou xwpou TWv quOlKwv Oleu8UvOeWv, onoTe Ael ToupYe( l AoYlKr Tlc xprOlc Tlc Aol8lTlKrc fvrflc Ylo npoOWplvr ono8r KeuOl Kol ovToAAoYr OeOofevWv Kol npoYpoffOTWv.

To fepoc eKe(vo Tou AelToupYlKoU OuOTrfoToc nou Y(veTol neplOOoTepo ovTlAlnTo ono To xprOTl e(vol eKe(vo nou Oloxelp(�eTol To auaTrIO OPx&fwv (file system).

E(vol YvWOTo oTl To OeOofevo Kol ol nAlpoqop(ec fnopoUv vo ono8lKeu8oUv Oe OlOqopo feOo ono8rKeuOlc Ko8evo ono To ono(o exel Tlc lOlolTepoTlTec Tou Kol To OlKo Tou Tpono quOlKrc opYOvWOlc. To AelToupYlKo OUOTlfo e�oOqoA(�el evov ofolofopqo Tpono Ylo vo ovTlAofAovofoOTe Tlv ono8rKeuOl Tlc nAlpoqop(oc, fe Tl xprOl Tlc evvoloc Kopxe(o». APx&fO (file) e(vol flo volTr fovOOo ono8rKeuOlc OeOofevWv Kol npoYpoffOTWv. IevlKO, To OPx&fO e(vol flo OelpO ono bit, To volfo TWv ono(Wv op(�eTol ono ouTov nou To OlfloupYe(, evw Ylo Tlv ono8rKeuOr Touc Oe flo OuOKeur neplqepeloKrc fvrflc feplfvO To AelToupYlKo OUOTlfo. KO8e OPx&fO exel Ouvr8Wc:

• ovofo

TUno
xpovo OlfloupY(oc r�Kol xpovo Tponono(lOlc r�Kol xpovo TeAeuTo(oc ovOYvWOlc
feYe8oc
OlfloupYo
OlKolwfoTo npoOAoOlc.

To AelToupYlKo OUOTlfo foc e�oOqoA(�el Tl OuvoToTlTo vo eKTeAoUfe flo

OelpO ono npO�elc Oe KO8e opxe(o. 0l npO�elc ouTec e(vol ol e�rc:

o) OlfloupY(o opxe(ou fe npoOOloplOfo ovofoToc Kol TUnou

A) OloYpoqr opxe(ou

Y) Tponono(lOl neplexofevou opxe(ou (edit)

O) ovTlYpoqr Tou neplexofevou evoc opxe(ou Oe flo OAAl neplqepeloKr Ou

OKeur (n.x. efqOvlOl OTlv o8ovl, eKTUnWOl Oe eKTunWTr) e) ovTlYpoqr opxe(ou Oe OAAo opxe(o OT) oAAoYr ovofoToc opxe(ou �) ovTlYpoqr r feToK(vlOl opxe(ou Oe OAAl neplqepeloKr OuOKeur l) ovTlYpoqr r feToK(vlOl opxe(ou ono f(o ofOOo Oe OAAl ofOOo opxe(Wv OTlv (Olo neplqepeloKr OuOKeur.

'Ao To opxe(o nou ono8lKeUovTol Oe flo neplqepeloKr OuOKeur Ko8wc Kol l opYOvWOr Touc onoTeAoUv evo auaTrIO OPx&fwv. nAlpoqop(ec OxeTlKec fe To OUOTlfo opxe(Wv KoToxWp(�ovTol Oe evov elOlKo xwpo Tou feOou ono8rKeuOlc Kol neplAofAOvouv To ovofo KO8e opxe(ou, Tov TUno Tou, To feYe8oc Tou Kol Tlc 8eOelc nou xplOlfonolr8lKov Ylo Tlv ono8rKeuOr Tou nOvW OTl OuOKeur.

To opxe(o opYovwvovTol Oe ofOOec. KO8e ofOOo onoTeAe( evo KOTOAOYO (directory) r qOK&AO (folder). KO8e KoTOAoYoc exel ovofo Kol onoTeAe(Tol ono opxe(o Kol (OWc KOnolouc unoKoToAoYouc (subdirectories) r unoqoKeAouc. To OUOTlfo opxe(Wv enofevWc e(vol opYovWfevo fe evo i&viPO&Ii� TPOnO (tree), nou qo(veTol OTo Oxrfo 4.3. YnOpxel nOvTo evoc opxlKoc KoTOAoYoc nou ovofO�eTol PIoIKO� KOTOAOYO� (root directory) Kol Ouvr8Wc OufAoA(�eTol fe K�» r K�», ovOAoYo fe To AelToupYlKo OUOTlfo. 0 KoTOAoYoc ouToc neplAofAOvel opxe(o Kol unoKoToAoYouc.

LTo nopOOelYfO foc ol unoKoTOAoYol e(vol o KoTOAoYoc A Kol o KoTOAoYoc

e. 0l veol KoTOAoYol fnopoUv vo neplexouv Kol ouTo( opxe(o Kol unoKoToAoYouc. LTo nopOOelYfO foc o KoTOAoYoc A exel unoKoToAoYouc Touc I, b, E. Me ouTov Tov Tpono opYovwveTol KO8e OUOTlfo opxe(Wv, fe Tl 8eOl Tou op

IOyIOlIKO OuOT�laTOc

xe(ou vo Ko8op(�eTol ono Tl iIOiPOI� Tou (path). vTOl, Ylo nopOOelYfo, To opxe(o Tou KoToAoYou b exouv OloOpofec: �A�b��1 �A�b��2 evw Tou KoToAoYou e exouv OloOpofec: �e��1 �e��3 �e��4. LTov (Olo unoKoTOAoYo To ovofo KO8e opxe(ou e(vol fovoOlKo.

'Tov Oloxelpl�ofoOTe evo OUOTlfo

opxe(Wv, KO8e xpovlKr OTlYfr AplOKofoOTe Oe evov KoTOAoYo Tou OuOTrfoToc opxe(Wv. 0 KoTOAoYoc ouToc ovofO�eTol TP&xwv KOTOAOYO� (current directory). To AelToupYlKo OUOTlfo foc nopexel Tlv OuvoToTlTo vo KlvoUfoOTe nOvW OTo OevOplKo OUOTlfo nou Ouv8eTouv oAol ol KoTOAoYol Tou OuOTrfoToc

opxe(Wv, onWc en(Olc Kol vo OlfloupYoUfe r vo OloYpOqoufe KoToAoYouc.

IOyIOlIKO OuOT�laTOc

EKToc ono Tlv KevTplKr fvrfl exoufe Kol Tlv neplqepeloKr fvrfl, l OlfoO(o Tlc ono(oc e(vol feYOAl. KO8e npoYpoffo, nplv qopTW8e( OTlv KevTplKr fvrfl Ylo vo eKTeAeO8e(, Ap(OKeTol OTlv neplqepeloKr fvrfl, evw oTov eKTeAe(Tol 8o npenel vo OloAOOel OeOofevo ono Tlv neplqepeloKr fvrfl r vo YpOlel OeOofevo Oe ouTrv. eeAolo, fe oOo e(nofe noponOvW, e(vol nl8ovov Oe xpovlKec OTlYfec nou onexouv eAOxlOTo feTo�U Touc vo npenel OUo OloqopeTlKO npoYpOffoTo vo exouv npoOAoOl OTlv (Olo OuOKeur neplqepeloKrc fvrflc, n.x. OTo O(OKo. YnOpxel Aolnov l ovOYKl evoc unoOuOTrfoToc, fepouc Tou AelToupYlKoU, nou 8o Oloxelp(�eTol To O(OKo, 8o onoqoO(�el nolo o(Tlfo eYYpoqrc r ovOYvWOlc 8o lKovonolrOel, 8o Ko8oOlYe( Tlv neplqepeloKr OuOKeur Ylo vo Apel To quOlKo xwpo nOvW OTo O(OKo onou 8o eYYpOlel r 8o ovo�lTrOel To OTolxe(o nou enl8ufe( To o(Tlfo, 8o O(vel evToAec Ylo Tl feToK(vlOl TWv KeqoAwv eYYpoqrc Kol ovOYvWOlc, fe Ouo AoYlo 8o Oloxelp(�eTol onoOoTlKO To O(OKo.

EKToc Tlc Oloxe(plOlc TWv O(OKWv, To AelToupYlKo OUOTlfo Olo8eTel Oloxelpl OTec Ylo KO8e neplqepeloKr OuOKeur. bloKp(voufe Tpelc fe8oOouc Ylo Tlv uAono(lOl Tlc Oloxe(plOlc TWv neplqepeloKwv OuOKeuwv. o) H npwTl ovofO�eTol I&eOiO� OnOKA&IaTIKwv aUaK&Uwv (dedicated

devices). H neplqepeloKr OuOKeur eKTeAe( flo oplOfevl ene�epYoO(o fexpl ouTr vo oAoKAlpW8e(, n.x. o eKTunWTrc.

A) H OeUTepl fe8oOoc ovofO�eTol I&eOiO� iIOIOIPOoOI&vwv aUaK&Uwv (shared devices). H OuOKeur fnope( vo xplOlfonole(Tol TouToxpovo Oe neplOOoTepec ono f(o ene�epYoO(ec, n.x. o O(OKoc.

Y) H Tp(Tl fe8oOoc ovofO�eTol I&eOiO� Twv &IKOvIKwv aUaK&Uwv (virtual devices). Mlo OuOKeur e�ofolwveTol fe flo OAAl, eTOl wOTe vo fl OloTopOOOeTol l ofoAr AelToup

Y(o eKTeAeOlc TWv OloqopWv ene�epYoOlwv. Ilo nopOOelYfo, oTov flo ene�epYoO(o enlxelpe( vo eKTunwOel evo onoTeAeOfo Kol o eKTunWTrc e(vol rOl onoOxoAlfevoc ono flo OAAl ene�epYoO(o, ToTe evo elOlKo npoYpoffo, nou ovofO

�eTol iIOx&IPIaT�� nOPOx&T&Uar� (spooler), OTeAvel To onoTeAeOfo Tlc eKTUnWOlc OTo O(OKo, ono onou OTl Ouvexelo Tlv KoTOAAlAl xpovlKr OTlYfr 8o onoOToAe( OTov eKTunWTr.

Mteo(ol uJoToilolc mlc (lax&iplolc mWv T&plc&p&laKWv ouoK&uWv

LuxvO Y(veTol AoYoc Ylo aUaT�IOTO nPOYIOTIKOu xPOvOU (real time). E(vol OuOTrfoTo Ylo To ono(o l op8oTlTo TWv unoAoYlOfwv Oev e�opTOTol fovo ono Tlv AoYlKr op8oTlTO Touc, oAAO en(Olc Kol ono To xpovo OTov ono(o nopOYeTol To onoTeAeOfo. Av ol xpovlKo( neploplOfo( Oev TlpoUvTol, nl8ovov vo exoufe KoTOppeuOl Tou OuOTrfoToc.

Ilo vo Y(vel ouTo nlo KoTovolTo, oc uno8eOoufe oTl exoufe npoYpoffoT(Oel evo pofnoT vo nopoAOAel evo ovTlKe(fevo nou 8o efqovlOTe( oplOfevl xpovlKr OTlYfr Oe KOnolo OuYKeKplfevo Olfe(o. Av To pofnoT nOel Ylo Tlv nopoAoAr vWp(Tepo r opYoTepo 8o exoufe Kol OTlc OUo neplnTwOelc onoTux(o, Ko8wc To ovTlKe(fevo 8o onouOlO�el. vTOl nopoAo nou l AoYlKr Tlc K(vlOlc Tou pofnoT e(vol OWOTr To onoTeAeOfoTo e(vol opvlTlKO.

'Oov oqopO To AelToupYlKO OuOTrfoTo, evo AelToupYlKo OUOTlfo 8eWpe(Tol real time oTov e(vol lKovo vo nopexel evo onolToUfevo en(neOo e�unlpeTlOlc Oe evo npoKo8oplOfevo xpovo onoKplOlc.

E(vol OuOTrfoTo OuvexoUc enlKolvWv(oc, To ono(o ovO nOOo xpovlKr OTlYfr nopexouv OuvoToTlTo OUvOeOlc Kol enlKolvWv(oc feTo�U Touc, nopO To YeYovoc oTl e(vol Oe onoOToOl, Ylo onoOoTlKoTepl enlTeAeOl Tou epYou Touc. To nlo YvWOTo nopOOelYfo e(vol To on line OuOTrfoTo OuvoAAoYwv. vvo on line OUOTlfo Oev e(vol KoT' ovOYKl Kol real time, evw evo real time OUOTlfo e(vol onopo(TlTo on line.

KO8e AelToupYlKo OUOTlfo OToxeUel vo KoToOTrOel Tov unoAoYlOTr evo o�lonlOTo, lOxupo, onoTeAeOfoTlKo Kol eUxplOTo epYoAe(o. To TeAeuTo(o OopOvTo xpovlo nou YpOqeTol l lOTop(o TWv AelToupYlKwv OuOTlfOTWv exouv ovonTux8e( noAAO AelToupYlKO OuOTrfoTo. MeplKO ono ouTO exouv KuplopxrOel e(Te TexvoAoYlKO e(Te efnoplKO r Kol OTouc OUo Tofe(c. vvo AelToupYlKo fe Aofnpr nope(o e(vol eKe(vo fe Tlv ovofoO(o Unix. AAAo fe en(Olc OlfovTlKr nope(o e(vol:

To DOS
To Windows Tlc Microsoft
To Windows NT Tlc Microsoft
To OS�2 Tlc IBM
To MacOS Tlc Apple.

IOyIOlIKO OuOT�laTOc

To Unix ovonTUx8lKe OTo epYoOTrplo Bell Labs Tlc AT&T To 1969. Ano ToTe fexpl Orfepo Ouvexwc e�eA(OOeTol. blo8eTel flo OelpO ono xopoKTlplOTlKO nou Tou e�oOqoA(�ouv �exWplOTr 8eOl feTo�U TWv AelToupYlKwv OuOTlfOTWv, fe KuploTepo To e�rc:

To Unix ovonTUx8lKe OTo feYoAUTepo fepoc Tou Oe YAwOOo ullAoU enlneOou (Tl YAwOOo C).
Ano TexvoAoYlKr Onoll Olo8eTel Oe oAo To fepl Tou npolYfevo TexvoAoYlKO xopoKTlplOTlKO, nou To Ko8lOToUv o�lonlOTo Kol onoOoTlKo.
To Unix OloT(8eTol Oe nlYo(o KwOlKo Kol Oev ovrKel Oe flo fovo eTolpe(o. 0 xprOTlc Tlc TexvoAoY(oc Unix Oev e(vol unoxpeWfevoc vo npofl8euTe( uAlKo (hardware) ono evo OuYKeKplfevo KoToOKeuoOTr. YAlKo OloqopeTlKwv KoToOKeuoOTwv OuvepYO�eTol fe To Unix.

LTo Unix OloKp(voufe OUo en(neOo:

o) Tov nUP�vO (kernel), nou oAAlAenlOpO oneu8e(oc fe To uAlKo Tou unoAoYlOTr. E(vol evo npoYpoffo ono nep(nou 13.000 Ypoffec KwOlKo YAwOOoc C Kol 1.000 Ypoffec KwOlKo Oe YAwOOo assembly Tou ene�epYoOTr (KME) Tou unoAoYlOTr OTov ono(o e(vol eYKoTeOTlfevo. AvTlKe(fevo Tou nuprvo e(vol l xpovoOpofoAoYlOl TWv OlepYoOlwv Kol l Oloxe(plOl TWv opxe(Wv, Tlc fvrflc Kol Tou uAlKoU.

A) To K&AUqO� (shell), To ono(o nopefAOAAeTol feTo�U Tou xprOTl Kol Tou nuprvo Kol oOxoAe(Tol fe Tlv ofq(Opofl enlKolvWv(o xprOTl-unoAoYlOTr. En(Olc Olo8eTel flo OlKr Tou YAwOOo npoYpoffoTlOfoU Ylo Tov eAeYxo Tlc

AelToupY(oc Tou unoAoYlOTr.

To AelToupYlKo OUOTlfo DOS ovonTUx8lKe ono Tlv eTolpe(o Microsoft Ylo Ao YoploOfo Tlc eTolpe(oc IBM, OTlc opxec Tlc OeKoeT(oc Tou 1980. Ano ToTe, e(xe flo Aofnpr nope(o OlOOoOlc Kol onoOoxrc. EKoToffUplo Ov8pWnol no YKoOf(Wc To exouv xplOlfonolrOel Kol e�oKoAou8oUv vo To xplOlfonoloUv Oe evo Ao8fo Kol Orfepo. Ano Onoll Oofrc OTo DOS OloKp(voufe Tp(o en(neOo: o) Tov &n&&&PYOaT� &vTOAwv, nou ovoYvWp(�el Kol eKTeAe( Tlc evToAec Tou

xprOTl. A) Tov nUP�vO (kernel), Ylo Tov xelplOfo opxe(Wv Kol neplqepeloKwv Tou unoAoYlOTr. Y) To BIOS, nou Olo8eTel To npoYpOffoTo Ylo Tov xelplOfo TWv neplqepeloKwv nou xplOlfonole( o nuprvoc.

oeOVT QnO To MS-DOS TWV Windows 98. 'Xtl �TTTet{ aTo cQKtAo windows T A{aTQ It QPXt{Q r KQTQAOYoUr noU To OVoIQ ToUr QPX{�tl It C KQl tXoUV tntKTQaT exe

Me Tlv nOpoOo Tou xpovou ovonTUx8lKov YPOqIKO n&PIPOAAOvTO iI&nOq�� (GUIGraphical User Interface) Tou xprOTl fe To AelToupYlKo OUOTlfo, fe OToxo vo OleuKoAUvouv Tlv enlKolvWv(o Tou xprOTl fe Tov unoAoYlOTr. EnelOr To DOS e(xe feYOAo opl8fo xplOTwv, ovonTUx8lKe ono Tl Microsoft To nopo8uplKo neplAOAAov Windows (fexpl Tlv eKOoOr Tou 3.11), To ono(o e�oOqoA(�el Ylo AoYoploOfo Tou DOS YpoqlKo neplAOAAov Olenoqrc fe To xprOTl, xWp(c ofWc vo onoTeAe( AelToupYlKo OUOTlfo Kol xWp(c vo ovTlKo8lOTO To DOS. En(Olc l (Olo eTolpe(o exel ovonTU�el OAAo AelToupYlKO OuOTrfoTo fe YpoqlKo neplAOAAov, fe Tlv ovofoO(o W dow 95&9� W dow e W dow NT W dow 2000.

IOyIOlIKO OuOT�laTOc

oeOVT QnO TTV tnlcQVtlQ tPYQa{Qr TWV Windows 98

AAAo AelToupYlKO OuOTrfoTo fe OlfovTlKr nopouO(o OTlv oYopO Tlc nAlpo qoplKrc e(vol: o) To AelToupYlKo OS&2 Tlc eTolpe(oc IBM. A) To AelToupYlKo VeS Tlc eTolpe(oc Digital. Y) To AelToupYlKo eVS Tlc eTolpe(oc IBM. O) To AelToupYlKo e c Tlc

eTolpe(oc Apple. To nlo OlfovTlKo Kol To nlo YvWOTo fovTeAo unoAo YlOTr nou KoToOKeUoOe l eTolpe(o ouTr e(vol To Macintosh, fe AoOlKo Tou xopoKTlplOTlKo oTl rTov To npwTo nou xplOlfonoloUOe Ypoql Ko neplAOAAov xprOlc. H Olenoqr TWv Win dows exel noAAO KolvO xopoKTlplOTlKO fe To GUI nou xplOlfonoloUOe o unoAo YlOTrc Macintosh. To AelToupYlKo OUOTlfo OTo ono(o OTlp(�eTol ouToc o unoAoYlOTrc ovofO�eTol Mac OS (Macintosh Operating System).

AvOK&qOAOfwar

eoOlKr Kol ouOTlpO ovoYKo(o OuvlOTwOo KO8e unoAoYlOTlKoU OuOTrfoToc e(vol To AelToupYlKo Tou OUOTlfo.

To JL e(vol evo feYOAo npoYpoffo nou enlKolvWve( fe To xprOTl, OexeTol To olTrfoTO Tou Kol OTl Ouvexelo eAeYxel Kol OuvTov(�el To uAlKo Tou unoAoYlOTr, fe OToxo Tlv lKovono(lOl ouTwv TWv olTlfOTWv.

Ilo To OKono ouTo To AelToupYlKo eKTeAe( npoYpOffoTo, OleKnepolwvel AelToupY(ec ElOoOou � E�oOou, Oloxelp(�eTol OuOTrfoTo opxe(Wv, ovlxveUel AO8l, KoTovefel Touc nopouc Tou uAlKoU, OloTlpe( onoAoYlOTlKO OTolxe(o Kol feplfvO Ylo Tlv oOqOAelo Kol npoOToO(o TWv OeOofevWv Kol npoYpoffOTWv KO8e xprOTl.

To JL e(vol uneU8uvo Ylo Tl Oloxe(plOl:

Tlc KME
Tlc KevTplKrc fvrflc
Tou OuOTrfoToc opxe(Wv
TWv neplqepeloKwv fovOOWv fvrflc, evw Olo8eTel flxovlOfoUc Ylo Tlv npoOToO(o Kol oOqOAelo TWv npoYpoffOTWv Kol OeOofevWv.

To nAeov OloOeOofevo Oe xprOl AelToupYlKO OuOTrfoTo e(vol To Unix, To DOS, To Windows 9x, To Windows Me, To Windows NT,To Windows 2000, To Mac Kol To OS�2.

IOyIOlIKO OuOT�laTOc

EPwT�a&I�

No ovoqepeTe OuvonTlKO Tlc KoTlYop(ec OTlc ono(ec OloKp(veTol To AoYlOflKo OuOTrfoToc. Le nolo eupUTepl KoTlYop(o evTOOOeTol ouTo;
nolo poAo enlTeAe( To JelToupYlKo LUOTlfo Oe evov unoAoYlOTr;
nolo e(vol To OlfovTlKoTepo ArfoTo OTlv e�eAl�l TWv JL ono Tlv npwTl YevlO fexpl Orfepo;
AvoYpOlTe Tlv OWOTr xpovoAoYlKr OelpO TWv OTo8fwv Tlc e�eAl�lc TWv JelToupYlKwv LuOTlfOTWv:

�: noAunpoYpoffoTlOfoc
�: KoToveflfevl ene�epYoO(o
�: 0foOlKr ene�epYoO(o
�: KoTofeplOfoc xpovou

No ovoqepeTe Tlc ofOOec epYoOlwv Tlc ono(ec enlTeAe( evo JL.
nolec ono Tlc nopoKOTW epYoO(ec onoTeAoUv epYoO(ec Tou AelToupYlKoU OuOTrfoToc;

�: 0p8oYpoqlKr Olop8WOl Kelfevou
�: Mopqono(lOl nopoYpOqou
�: blofopqWOl OlOKeToc
�: YnoOTrpl�l eKTeAeOlc noAAwv OlepYoOlwv TouToxpovo
�: bloxe(plOl nopWv OuOTrfoToc

7. No ovoqepeTe ovofoOTlKO To KuploTepo fepl evoc JL. �. nolo ono To nopoKOTW onoTeAoUv fepl evoc JL;

�: EKTunWTrc
�: LUOTlfo opxe(Wv
�: nAlKTpoAoYlo
�: bloxe(plOl fvrflc
�: 08ovl
�: bloxe(plOl KME

Tl YvWp(�eTe Ylo Tov nuprvo Kol To poAo Tou Oe evo JL;
Tl YvWp(�eTe Ylo Tlv evvolo opxe(o (file) Kol nolec npO�elc fnopoUfe vo eKTeAeOoufe

11.

Oe ouTo; Tl KoAoUfe OUOTlfo opxe(Wv; nwc opYovwvovTol To opxe(o Oe evo JL;

nolec ono Tlc nopoKOTW epYoO(ec oqopoUv To OUOTlfo opxe(Wv Tou JelToupYlKoU LuOTrfoToc;

�: EKTUnWOl opxe(ou
�: Mopqono(lOl neplexofevou opxe(ou Kelfevou
�: AAAoYr ovofoToc opxe(ou
�: AAAoYr xopoKTrpWv (fonts) neplexofevou opxe(ou
�: AvTlYpoqr opxe(ou ono To O(OKo OTl OlOKeTo
�: To JoYlOflKo xWp(�eTol OTo JoYlOflKo LuOTrfoToc Kol OTo JoYlOflKo EqopfoYwv
�: To JelToupYlKo LUOTlfo oOKe( evo OloKoOflTlKo poAo OeuTepeUouOoc OlfoO(oc OTo unoAoYlOTlKo foc OUOTlfo
�: vvo JelToupYlKo LUOTlfo oOlYe( OTlv OnoTOAl TWv nopWv Tou OuOTrfoToc
�: To opxe(o e(vol flo volTr fovOOo ono8rKeuOlc OeOofevWv
�: 0 nuprvoc pu8f(�el Tlv enlKolvWv(o TWv OlepYoOlwv
�: 'Tov OUo ene�epYoO(ec �lToUv TouToxpovo Tlv uAono(lOr Touc ono Tlv KME ToTe KoToppeel To OUOTlfo
�: To JelToupYlKo OUOTlfo Oev AofAOvel feplfvo Ylo npoOToO(o Kol oOqOAelo
�: Me Tlv Oloxe(plOl Tlc fvrflc To JL feToqepel oAoKAlpl Tl fvrfl ono Tl f(o ene�epYoO(o OTlv OAAl
�: LTo OuOTrfoTo npoYfoTlKoU xpovou e(vol neplTTo vo TlpoUvTol ol xpovlKo( neploplOfo(

IOyIOlIKO OuOT�laTOc

rAwaaOPIO

APx&fO				NolTr fovOOo ono8rKeuOlc OeOofevWv Kol nAlpoqoplwv.
				To fepoc Tou JL nou oOxoAe(Tol fe To fo(poOfo Tlc fvrflc Oe Olo
.IOx&fPIar Iv�Ir�				qopeTlKO npoYpOffoTo Tlv (Olo xpovlKr OTlYfr Kol Tl Oloxe(plOr
				Tlc.
AvTOAAOY�		w pp		H OloOlKoO(o feToK(vlOlc npoYpoffOTWv Kol OeOofevWv floc OlepYoO(oc, feTo�U KevTplKrc Kol Aol8lTlKrc fvrflc
.IOIOIPOoOI&v&�				LuOKeuec OTlc ono(ec fnopoUv vo exouv TouToxpovo npoOAoOl ne
aUaK&U&�				plOOoTepol ono evoc xprOTec, n.x. o O(OKoc.
EIKOvIK&� aUaK&U&�				ElOlKO npoYpOffoTo nou npoOofolwvouv Tl AelToupY(o quOlKwv OuOKeuwv.
EIaOiOU&&&OiOU aUaK&U&�				LuOKeuec nou enlTuYxOvouv Tlv e(OoOo r e�oOo OeOofevWv ono Kol npoc To KevTplKo fepoc Tou unoAoYlOTr, n.x. To nAlKTpoAoYlo, l o8ovl.
KOTOAOYO�				NolToc xwpoc ono8rKeuOlc opxe(Wv.
				� OuvoToTlTo xprOlc TWv unoAoYlOTlKwv nopWv ono neplOOoTe
KOTOI&PIaIO� xPOvOU				pouc Tou evoc xprOTec feOW ovOAoYlc opYOvWOlc Tou xpovou ono
				To OUOTlfo.
KOTOv&IrI&vr &n&&&PYOafO				� KoTovofr Tou qopTou ene�epYoO(oc evoc npoYpOffoToc r eqopfoYrc Oe neplOOoTepo ono evo OuvepYo�ofevo unoAoYlOTlKO OuOTrfoTo.
J&ITOUPYIKO IuaTrIO JI				� Olenoqr feTo�U Tou xprOTl Kol Tou uAlKoU.
OUPO OvOIOv��				npoOWplvoc xwpoc, onou Tono8eToUvTol ol ene�epYoO(ec nou nepl
&n&&&PYOaIwv				fevouv Tl OelpO Touc Ylo vo eKTeAeOToUv.
n&PIq&P&IOK�				�wpoc ono8rKeuOlc TWv fl KTpexouOwv» nAlpoqoplwv fe OxeOov
POrerTIK� Iv�Ir				oneploplOTl xWplTlKoTlTo.
nOAUnPOYPOIIOTIaIO�				� lKovoTlTo eKTeAeOlc TflfOTWv noAAwv npoYpoffOTWv KO8e qopO Ylo e�olKovoflOl xpovou Kol nopWv.
nOAUxPraTIKO auaTrIO				nAlpoqoploKo LUOTlfo nou unoOTlp(�el OUo r neplOOoTepouc xprOTec TouToxpovo.
nPOYIOTIKOu xPOvOU				LUOTlfo OTo ono(o feYOAo poAo no(�el Kol l xpovlKr Ouvenelo Tlc
auaTrIO	�		o T	e�unlpeTlOlc.
nPOYPOIIO				vvo OUvoAo evToAwv fe OKono Tlv eKTeAeOl OuYKeKplfevWv epYoOlwv ono Tov unoAoYlOTr.
nUP�vO�				O evOlOfeOoc Kp(Koc feTo�U Tou uAlKoU Kol Tou unoAolnou AelToupYlKoU OuOTrfoToc.

�POvOnPOYPOIIOTI-O npoYpoffoTlOfoc fe KoTOAAlAouc oAYopl8fouc Tlc KME, wOTe aIO� K&vTPIK�� MOvO-ouTr vo YvWp(�el eK TWv npoTepWv nolo TfrfoTo T(voc npoYpOffoiO� En&&&PYOafO� Toc 8o eKTeAeOel Oe KO8e xpovlKr OTlYfr.

EviIOq&POUa&� KOI xP�aII&� iI&Ueuva&I� TOU .IOiIKTuOU

p:&&qu u .b k o y. du&o b &u x-f. o

nATPocoP{tr YlQ To aUaTTIQ unix.

p:&&www.c . c. z& c&o 100

ElaQYWYr aTTV tVVolQ ToU AtlToUPYlKoU aUaTrIQTor.

p:&&www. yo .co &o . o

nATPocoP{tr KQl aUVQtaIol (links) YlQ KQet UnQPXoV IL.

p:&&www.co pu c o. .co & op c &o &qu o . p

AnQVTratlr at KQ{PlQ �TTrIQTQ YUPW QnO TQ IL.

p:&&www.co pu		o.	.co & op c &o & oo		y.	p
oPoAoY{Q IL.
p:&&www.c .wvu. du&~jd &co			&c 25�&o c	&c	oo .	o
KQTTYoPlono{TaT IL.
p:&&www.c .wvu. du&~jd &co			&c 25�&o b b&b bo o.			o
Bl{AloYPQc{Q YUPW QnO TQ IL.
p:&&www.o	ooy.co &c	oo &ou	x4
EKIQeTaT UNIX.

130

IOyIOlIKO OuOT�laTOc

BIPAIOYPOqfO

I. nAnAKONLTANTIN0Y, n. TLANAKAL, I. <PAIKAKHL, J&ITOUPYIKO IUaT�IOTO EKOoOelc LYMMETPIA, A0HNA, (1986)

nArPtr nQVtnlaTTIlQKO aUYYPQIIQ, tUQVQYVWaTo KQl KQAQ tVTItPWItVo.

A.S Tanenbaum, IuYxPOvO A&ITOUPYIKO aUaT�IOTO ISBN: 9607510054, vKOoOl: 1994

AVQAUaT TWV IoVTtPVWV AtlToUPYlKWV aUaTTIQTWV It tIcQaT aTQ KQTQVtITItVQ AtlToUPYlKQ aUaTr-IQTQ.

Stallings William, Op Sy ISBN: 0024154938, vKOoOl: 0KTwAploc 1994

'IcQaT at ITXQVlaIoUr KAtlQlQ TWV IoVTtPVWV IL KQl aToV aXtQlQaIO ToUr.

nATELT0Y, J&ITOUPYIKO IUaT�IOTO a& n&PIPOAAOvTO oo W dow ISBN 9604055321

TQ AtlToUPYlKQ aUaTrIQTQ at aXtaT It TQ QUo QTIoclAtaTtPQ ntPl{QAAoVTQ.

Silberschatz Abraham, Op Sy Co c p ISBN: 0201591138, vKOoOl: Anp(Aloc 1998

nPoactPtl aTtPtQ etWPTTlKr UnoQoIr YlQ KQTQVOTaT TWV IL. nQPoUalQ�tl tVVoltr KAtlQlQ KQl nQPQ-Qt{YIQTQ tcQPIOalIQ at QlQcoPQ IL.

nAnAKONLTANTIN0Y, J&ITOUPYIKO aUaT�IOTO I&P.1: APx&� A&ITOUPYfO�

BQalKtr QPXtr AtlToUPY{Qr TWV AtlToUPYlKWV aUaTTIQTWV.

I. KAe0YPAL, J&ITOUPYIKO IUaT�IOTO EKOoOelc KJEIbAPI0M0L, A0HNA, 1991

nArPtr nQVtnlaTTIlQKO aUYYPQIIQ, tUQVQYVWaTo KQl KQAQ tVTItPWItVo.

KATHrOPlEI VnOJOrlITlKnN IVITHMATnN

5.1XOpOKT'pIaTIKo yvwpfalOTO unoAoyIaT�v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135

5.2KOT'yopf&� l&yoAwv auaT'loTwv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136

5.2.1 blaqopeTlKr TeXvoAoYla - AvTlOTolXl ApXlTeKTovlKr . . . . . . . 137

5.2.2 neOla eqapfoYwv Kal e�eAl�l TWv feY6AWv unoAoYlOTlKwv OuOTlf6TWv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137

5.3 KOT'yopf&� lIKpounoAoyIaT�v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139

5.3.1 neOla eqapfoYwv TWv flKpounoAoYlOTwv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140

5.3.2 Tunol flKpounoAoYlOTwv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140

5.3.3 LTa8fol epYaOlac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141

AvOK&qOAOfwa' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142 EpwT�a&I� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143 rAwaaopIo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145 EviIOq&poua&� KOI xp�aIl&� iI&ueuva&I� Tou .IOiIKTuou . . . . . . 146 BIPAIoypOqfO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147

KaTTyOP{ec UnO.OyIOTIKWV OUOTTldTWV

To Keq6Aalo auTo avaAuovTal ol KaTlYoplec OTlc onolec KaTaT6OOovTal Ta unoAoYlOTlK6 OuOTrfaTa av6AoYa fe Tlc OuvaToTlTec Kal Ta neOla eqapfoYwv Touc. Ol lIKpounoAoyIaT&� eXouv anoKTrOel no-Au feY6Aec OuvaToTlTec Kal e�unlpeTouv 6plOTa Tlc Ka8lfeplvec av6YKec Tou feOou XprOTl. bev enapKouv, ofWc, Yla Tlv e�unlpeTlOl TWv avaYKwv feY6AWv opYavlOfwv, onWc elval ol Tp6neOec, Ta flXavoYpaqlK6 KevTpa TWv unoupYelWv, Ta epeuvlTlK6 KevTpa, K.6.

Ila Tlv ene�epYaOla feY6Aou oYKou OeOofevWv, Kal f6AlOTa ano noAAouc XprOTec, XplOlfonolouvTal 6AAa OuOTrfaTa, noAu nlo lOXup6, nou XapaKTlplOovTal Wc l&yoAO auaT�lOTO. Ta OuOTrfaTa auT6 eXouv elOlKec npoOla-Ypaqec Wc npoc Tlv KaTaOKeur Tou uAlKou Touc Kal Tlv napaYWYr Tou Ao-YlOflKou nou Ta unoOTlplOel, aAA6 Kal elOlKec analTrOelc Yla Tlv eYKaT6OTaOl Kal Tl AelToupYla Touc.

Ta unoAoYlOTlK6 OuOTrfaTa OlaKplvovTal Oe KaTlYoplec av6AoYa fe Tlc OuvaToTlTec Kal Tlc OlaOT6Oelc Touc, XapaKTlplOTlK6 nou enlpe6Oouv quOlK6 Kal To KoOToc Touc. Ol OuvaToTlTec evoc unoAoYlOTlKou OuOTrfaToc Ka8oplOovTal ano Tlv TOxu-T'TO &n&�&pyOafO� , ano Tl xwp'TIKoT'TO T'� lv�l'� Kal ano To nA�eo� TWv lovoiwv &Iaoiou-&�oiou.

H TaXuTlTa ene�epYaOlac (processing speed) e�apT6Tal KuplWc ano:

Tlv TaXuTlTa Tou poAoYlou Kal To frKoc Ae�lc Tlc MEE
Tlv TaXuTlTa Tlc Kuplac fvrflc (Xpovo npoOneAaOlc OeOofevWv)
To eupoc Kal Tlv TaXuTlTa Tou OlauAou enlKolvWvlac. H TaXuTlTa Tlc fvrflc OTouc lOXupouc OuYXpovouc flKpounoAoYlOTec Kal Oe feYaAuTepa OuOTrfaTa feTpleTal Oe nsec, evw OTa noAu feY6Aa OuOTrfaTa elval Tlc T6�eWc TWv psec (picosecond = 10^-12OeuTepoAenTa).

H Kupla fvrfl evoc OuYXpovou flKpounoAoYlOTr avepXeTal Oe feplKec eKaTovT6Oec megabyte, evw Yla eva feY6Ao OuOTlfa analTelTal fvrfl Tlc T6�eWc TWv gigabyte. H unap�l Kal l XWplTlKoTlTa Aav86vouOac fvrflc (cacee memory) elval 6AAoc evac OlfavTlKoc nap6YovTac Yla Tlv au�lOl Tlc TaXu-TlTac ene�epYaOlac. H TaXuTlTa ene�epYaOlac Ka8wc Kal l XWplTlKoTlTa Tlc fvrflc npoOOlopl-Oouv Tlv unoAoyIaTIK� Iaxu (computing power) l onola feTpleTal Oe eKaToffupla evToAec av6 OeuTepoAenTo (MIPS / Millions of Instructions Per Second). Ol neplOOoTepol flKpounoAoYlOTec AelToupYouv OTa 20 eWc 100 MIPS, evw Ta feYaAuTepa OuOTrfaTa AelToupYouv Oe eKaTovT6Oec r aKofa Kal Oe XlAl6Oec MIPS.

Ta feY6Aa OuOTrfaTa fnopouv va XelplOTouv noAAanA6 neplqepelaK6 Kal va e�unlpeTrOouv feY6Ao apl8fo XplOTwv, ol onolol folp6OovTal Tlc lOlec eqapfoYec aAA6 Kal Ta lOla apXela OeOofevWv.

TaXuTITa &1&�&Pya0iac

KuPla fVlfI

MoV6i&c &l0oiou - &�oiou

'va T&plOTIKo ano-TeAelTal Ouvr8Wc ano eva nAlKTpoAo-Ylo Kal fla o8ovl, XWplc KevTplKr fov6Oa Kal ene�epYa-OTr, fnopel ofWc va elval Kal evac fl-KpounoAoYlOTrc.

LlfavTlKec KaTaOKeu6OTplec eTalpelec feY6AWv OuOTlf6TWv elval l CRAY, l Unisys, l HITACHI, l IBM, K.6.

Ol enlOoOelc TWv OuOTlf6TWv au�r8lKav Ta TeAeuTala 35 Xpovla KaT6 1 eK. qopec, evw l Tlfr Touc felw8lKe KaT6

1.000 qopec.

Ta feY6Aa, Oe OXeOl fe Touc flKpounoAoYlOTec, OuOTrfaTa OlaKplvovTal Oe

Tpelc �aOlKec KaTlYoplec: OTouc YnepunoAoYlOTec, OTouc EeY6Aouc unoAo-

YlOTec Kal OTouc MeOalouc unoAoYlOTec.

a) Vn&punoAoyIaT&� (Supercomputers): Elval ol feYaAuTepol, lOXupoTepol Kal aKpl�oTepol unoAoYlOTec. H unoAoYlOTlKr Touc lOXuc KufalveTal ano feplKec eKaTovT6Oec feXpl feplKec XlAl6Oec MIPS Kal fnopouv va e�unlpeTouv XlAl6Oec XprOTec.

�) M&yoAoI unoAoyIaT&� (Mainframes): AuTol ol unoAoYlOTec fnopouv va e�unlpeTrOouv eKaTovT6Oec r Kal feplKec XlAl6Oec TepfaTlK6. Elval noAu lOXup6 OuOTrfaTa YevlKrc XprOlc, aAA6 Kal noAu aKpl�6. bla8eTouv fvrfl Tlc T6�eWc TWv gigabyte Kal unoAoYlOTlKr lOXu eKaTovT6Oec MIPS. ec neplqepelaKr fvrfl XplOlfonolouv OuOTolXlec OKAlpwv OlOKWv feY6Alc XWplTlKoTlTac, fe feY6Al TaXuTlTa npoOneAaOlc, fov6Oec Talvlac, K.6.

Y) M&aOfoI unoAoyIaT&� r lfvI-unoAoyIaT&� (Eini-computers): MaTaT6OOovTal av6feOa OTouc flKpounoAoYlOTec Kal Ta feYaAuTepa OuOTrfaTa Kal Wc npoc Tlv lOXu Kal Wc npoc To KoOToc. blfloupYr8lKav elOlK6 Wc Ou-OTrfaTa noAAwv XplOTwv Kal fnopouv va e�unlpeTrOouv OlKTua flKpounoAoYlOTwv r TepfaTlK6. XplOlfonolouvTal Kal Wc auTovofec fov6Oec aAA6 Kal OuvOeOefevol fe feYaAuTepa OuOTrfaTa.

H awlpo GRAY ORIGIN2000. AvrKwl aTTv KaTTyop{a TWv unwpunoAoylaTcv, Jw noAu JwyoAwr ouvaTOTTTwr wntKTa aTr. Mnopw{ va olaetTwl JtXpl 128 wnw�wpyaaTtr.

KaTTyOP{ec UnO.OyIOTIKWV OUOTTldTWV

Ee Tl OlapKr e�eAl�l TWv unoAoYlOTwv oAWv TWv TunWv, ol npoavaqep8elOec KaTlYoplec elval OXeTlKec Kal Ta opla feTa�u Touc aOaqr. H TaXuTlTa ene

�epYaOlac TWv Olfeplvwv flKpounoAoYlOTwv elval avTlOTolXl fe auTrv nou Ole8eTav feY6Aa OuOTrfaTa nplv ano Ouo OeKaeTlec. nap' oAa auT6, l T&xvoAoyfO Tou uAIKou OTlc �aOlKec Kal neplqepelaKec fov6Oec TWv feY6AWv OuOTlf6TWv e�aKoAou8el va unepTepel Oe KplOlfa Olfela. Elval fev noAu Oanavlpr, aAA6 npoOqepel noAu feYaAuTepl eYYulOl OTlv a�lonlOTla Kal KuplWc OTlv aOq6Aela TWv napaYofevWv Kal quAaOOofevWv nAlpoqoplwv. H apXr AelToupYlac, ofWc, oAWv TWv KaTlYoplwv elval Kolvr Kal �aOlOeTal, onWc rOl avaqep8lKe, OTlv apXr:

&faoio� >& &n&�&pyOafO >& &�oio

'Aa, Aolnov, Ta OuOTrfaTa Ola8eTouv:

LuOKeuec elOoOou
MevTplKr Eov6Oa Ene�epYaOlac Kal Kupla fvrfl
LuOKeuec e�oOou
LuOKeuec ano8rKeuOlc.

Movoowr wlaOoouw�Ooou aXTJaTlKo

Ol EeY6Aol unoAoYlOTec elval Ta npwTa OuOTrfaTa nou KaTaOKeu6OTlKav Yla feY6Aec analTrOelc OTlc apXec Tlc OeKaeTlac Tou '50. Elval OuOTrfaTa noAAwv XplOTwv (multiuser), fe noAA6 TepfaTlK6. XplOlfonolouvTal Ouvr8Wc Oe opYavlOfouc, Oe feOalec Kal feY6Aec eTalpelec, Oe epeuvlTlK6 KevTpa, K.6.

VAX 7000 systems aTTv KaTTyop{a TWv Jwaa{Wv unoAoylaTcv

AuTol nou KuKAoqopouv Orfepa Ola8eTouv noAAouc ene�epYaOTec, ol onolol fnopouv va epY6OovTal nap6AAlAa, au�6vovTac Tlv unoAoYlOTlKr lOXu Tou OuOTrfaToc. To feYe8oc Touc e�aKoAou8el va elval feY6Ao. H Kupla fvrfl, l MEE Kal ol ano8lKeuTlKec fov6Oec KaTaAaf�6vouv feY6Al enlq6vela. Ila Tl AelToupYla Touc Xpel6OovTal elOlKec eYKaTaOT6Oelc Oe KAlfaTlOofevouc Xwpouc, onou Oev enlTpeneTal l elOoOoc nap6 fovo OTlv of6Oa TWv elOlKwv nou eXel Tlv eu8uvl Tlc AelToupYlac Touc. To KoOToc KaTaOKeurc Touc elval noAu feY6Ao. AKpl�6 KoOTlOel enlOlc Kal l av6nTu�l Tou AoYlOflKou nou XplOlfonolouv Ka8wc Kal l OuvTrplOr Tou.

Ol M&aOfoI unoAoYlOTec OlfloupYr8lKav OTa TeAl Tlc OeKaeTlac Tou '60, Yla va KaAulouv Tlc av6YKec TWv flKpwv enlXelprOeWv nou au�6vovTav Ouve-Xwc, aAA6 Kal Tlc av6YKec Tlc OlaOTlflKrc �loflXavlac, fe unoAoYlOTec lOXupouc, flKpouc Oe feYe8oc Kal XaflAou �6pouc. Ee Tl OlapKr au�lOl TWv OuvaToTrTWv Touc, Orfepa elval eq6flAAol TWv feY6AWv OuOTlf6TWv Oe noAAec KaTlYoplec eqapfoYwv. Ta AelToupYlK6 OuOTrfaTa nou XplOlfonolouv ol unoAoYlOTec auTrc Tlc Ka-TlYoplac unoOTlplOouv noAuOlepYaOla (multitasking), eKTeAeOl OlAaOr, ne-

HITAGHI SR2201

Kopuca{o JovTtAo, aTTv KaTTyop{a TWv

unwpunoAoylaTcv: napoAATAT wnw�wp

yaa{a, TwXvoAoy{a RISG, ouvaTOTTTa yla nwplaaOTwpwr anO 600 olawKaToJJupla npo�wlr KlvTTrr unoolaaToArr. Mnopw{ va tXwl nwplaaOTwpour anO 32 Kal JtXpl 2048 wnw�wpyaaTtr

plOOoTepWv ano eva npoYpaff6TWv TauToXpova. Ol Vn&punoAoyIaT&� elval ol nlo aKpl�ol Kal lOXupol. H unoAoYlOTlKr Touc lOXuc KufalveTal ano fepl-Kec eKaTovT6Oec eWc Kal XlAl6Oec MIPS. bev elval YevlKrc XprOlc OuOTrfaTa, onWc ol feY6Aol uno-AoYlOTec, aAA6 XplOlfonolouvTal KuplWc Yla elOlK6 npo�ArfaTa. bla8eTouv noAAouc nap6AAlAouc ene

�epYaOTec. Ol noAu6pl8fec MEE fnopouv va npaYfaTonolouv feY6Ao nAr8oc AelToupYlwv TauToXpova. MaT6 Ouvenela, fnopouv va ene�epYaOTouv Oe-Oofeva ano XlAl6Oec, aKofa Kal OeK6Oec XlAl6OWv TepfaTlK6 r anofaKpuOfevouc unoAoYlOTec. XplOlfonolouvTal KuplWc:

• ano feY6Aa navenlOTrfla Kal epeuvlTlKouc opYavlOfouc Yla enlOTlfovlKec eqapfoYec, nuplvlKec epeuvec, OlaOTlflK6 npoYp6ffaTa, npoOofolw-Oelc qalvofevWv, K.6.

ano OTpaTlWTlKec unlpeOlec, Yla Tlv npoOofolWOl noAeflKwv OevaplWv
ano Tl �loflXavla Yla To OXeOlaOfo aepoOKaqwv Kal 6AAWv feOWv feTaqop6c (TpevWv, OKaqwv, auToKlvrTWv, KAn.)
ano eTalpelec neTpeAalou Yla Tlv av6AuOl neTpWf6TWv Kal OelYfaTl-Kwv ArleWv KolTaOf6TWv
ano feTeWpoAoYlKouc OTa8fouc Kal unlpeOlec Yla Tlc KalplKec npo-�Aelelc, Tlc KAlfaToAoYlKec epeuvec, OelOflKec avaAuOelc, KAn.
ano Ku�epvlTlKec unlpeOlec, onWc Ta unoupYela, ol OTaTlOTlKec unlpeOlec, K.6.

'Aec auTec ol eqapfoYec analTouv YprYopl av6AuOl feY6Aou oYKou OeOofevWv. Ila Tlv npo�Aell Tou Kalpou, Yla nap6OelYfa, avaAueTal Tep6OTloc oYKoc OeOofevWv ano OopuqoplKouc Kal eKaTovT6Oec enlYelouc feTeWpoAoYlKouc OTa8fouc.

KaTTyOP{ec UnO.OyIOTIKWV OUOTTldTWV

To calvOJwvo EL NINIO

Ol flKpounoAoYlOTec 6pXlOav va OlaOlOovTal OTa TeAl Tlc OeKaeTlac Tou '70, ano KaTaOKeu6OTplec eTalpelec onWc l Commodore, l Atari, l Apple, l Texas Instrument, K.6. H feY6Al anrXlOl nou elXav OTlv aYop6 w8lOe Kal eTalpelec nou rTav npoOavaToAlOfevec Oe feY6Aa Wc ToTe OuOTrfaTa, onWc l IBM, va aOXoAl8ouv fe auTrv Tlv KaTlYopla unoAoYlOTwv. LTa Xpovla nou enaKoAou8lOav, l e�eAl�r Touc elval K6Tl neplOOoTepo ano evTunWOlaKr. 'vac Olfeplvoc flKpounoAoYlOTrc fnopel va avTlfeTWnlOel eqapfoYec nou analTouOav nplv ano AlYa Xpovla noAu feYaAuTepo OuOTlfa. AuTo nou XapaKTlplOel Tlv TeXvoAoYla TWv flKpounoAoYlOTwv elval oTl l MEE elval eva fovo oAoKAlpWfevo KuKAWfa (ceip), nou AeYeTal lIKpo&n&�&pyOaT�� . LTlv aYop6 eXouv enlKpaTrOel Ouo elOl flKpounoAoYlOTwv OlaqopeTlKrc Te-XvoAoYlac Kal fe OlaqopeTlK6 AelToupYlK6 OuOTrfaTa, ol onolol OlapKwc e�e-AlOOovTal:

• auTol nou Ouvl8lOeTal va AeYovTal PC's (ano To Personal Computers) Kal elval eupuTepa OlaOeOofevol Kal

• ol unoAoYlOTec Tlc eTalpelac Apple. To fovTeAo Power Tlc Apple OuvOu6Oel Kal Tlc Ouo TeXvoAoYlec.

MovTtAa Power Macintosh G3 aw wnlTpant�lo Tuno Kal Tuno oantoou (nupyo). To JovTtAo ONYX2 TTr SiliconGraphics Jnopw{ va npofoAAwl 80 wKaToJJupla noAuyWva To owuTwpOAwnTo

O npwToc flKpoene

�epYaOTrc nou Ku-KAoqoplOe OTo efnoplo rTav o INTEL 4004, To 1971.

OTo OnlTl, OTo Ypaqelo, OTlv eKnalOeuOl, Oe flKpec enlXelprOelc, OTl �lofl-

PG Server

Xavla, KAn.

System 390

Ila Tl XprOl Touc Oev analTouvTal elOlKec Ouv8rKec, onWc OTa feY6Aa Ou-

TTr IBM

OTrfaTa, enofevWc fnopouv va AelToupYrOouv «onou un6pXel napoXr peufaToc».

Av6AoYa fe To OXrfa Touc, ol flKpounoAoYlOTec OlaKplvovTal Oe Tpelc Tunouc:

Ypaqelou (enlTpaneOlol unoAoYlOTec)
nupYou (unoAoYlOTec OaneOou)
Kal qoplTouc. Ol qop'Tof lIKpounoAoyIaT&� , nou Oev uOTepouv Ka8oAou Oe unoAoYlOTlKr lOXu, eXouv feY6Al Ol6OoOl Ta TeAeuTala Xpovla, eXouv ofWc aKpl�oTepo Ko-OToc. IoYW Tou neploplOfou OTlc OlaOT6Oelc eXouv fov6Oa OlOKou flKpwv OlaOT6OeWv aAA6 fe avToXr OTouc KpaOaOfouc, OuvenTuYfevo nAlKTpoAo-Ylo (feplK6 nArKTpa eXouv noAAanAec AelToupYlec) Kal Wc novTlKl XplOlfonolouv Ouvr8Wc IxvoaqOIpO (trackball) r 6AAl OuOKeur KaT6Oel�lc.

Ol o8ovec TWv qoplTwv flKpounoAoYlOTwv elval enlneOec uYpwv KpuOT6AAWv (LCD/Liquid Crystal Display), fe Kuplo nAeoveKTlfa To flKpo oYKo.

MovTtAo copTTou TTr Hewlett Packard

KaTTyOP{ec UnO.OyIOTIKWV OUOTTldTWV

TeAoc, ol npoawnIKof �'qIOKof Po'eof (PDA -Personal Digital Assistant) elval flvlaToupec unoAoYlOTwv, nou XWp6ve Oe fla naA6fl Kal KaTaKTouv OuveXela eOaqoc.

Ol npoOWnlKol llqlaKol �ol8ol Oev neploplOovTal fovo Oe apl8flTlKouc unoAoYl-Ofouc, onWc Ta YvWOT6 KofnlouTep6Kla (calculators). Ee KaT6AAlAo AoYlOflKo eKTeAouv Xpel YpaffaTeWc, e�unlpeTouv OTlv opY6vWOl Tou Xpovou Kal TWv pavTe�ou, XplOlfeuouv Wc eYKuKAonalOela - Ae�lKo, aAA6 Kal Wc enlOTlfovlKoc Ouf

�ouAoc Yla To YlaTpo, To OlKlYopo, KAn., apKel va elval eqoOlaOfevol fe Tlc KaT6AAlAec �6Oelc YvwOlc. MuplWc, ofWc, l OuvaToTlTa TWv unoAoYlOTwv naA6flc va OuvOeovTal Kal va avTaAA6OOouv nAlpoqoplec fe evav enlTpaneOlo unoAoYl-OTr, Touc Ka8lOT6 eva noAu XprOlfo e�6pTlf6 Tou. Ela TeTola flvlaToupa eXel noAu feYaAuTepl unoAoYlOTlKr lOXu ano Tov npwTo lAeKTpovlKo unoAoYlOTr.

Ol ITOelof &pyOafO� (workstation) KaTaT6OOovTal av6feOa OTouc feOalouc unoAoYlOTec Kal Touc flKpounoAoYlOTec, XWplc va un6pXel feTa�u Touc fla Oaqrc OlaXWplOTlKr Ypaffr. Ol unoAoYlOTec auTol XplOlfonolouvTal Ouvr8Wc Oe eqapfoYec nou anal-Touv KuplWc ullArc noloTlTac YpaqlK6, XWplc lOlalTepa feY6Al unoAoYlOTl-Kr lOXu, onWc elval ol eqapfoYec nou XplOlfonolouv ol flXavlKol (CAD/CAM), l enlTpaneOla TunoYpaqla, l av6nTu�l AoYlOflKou, K.6.

Enopouv, onWc Kal ol flKpounoAoYlOTec, va XplOlfonoll8ouv ano eva fovo XprOTl r Oe TonlKo OlKTuo av6AoYa fe Tlc av6YKec.

LTl YAwOOa TWv OlKTuWv unoAoYlOTwv, OTa8foc epYaOlac anoKaAelTal K68e unoAoYlOTrc nou elval OuvOeOefevoc Oe eva TonlKo OlKTuo.

o aTaeJOr wpyaa{ar ultra450 TTr SUN w{val KaToAATAor yla wnlTpant�la Tunoypac{a

VAX 4000 Work station (yla olaoloaTaTa Kal TplaoloaTaTa ypaclKo)

AvOK&qOAOfwa'

H TeXvoAoYla Tou uAlKou OTlc Ol6qopec KaTlYoplec unoAoYlOTwv Olaqepel, l apXlTeKTovlKr Touc, ofWc, elval avTlOTolXl.

Ta Kupla OlaKplTlK6 YvWplOfaTa av6feOa OTlc Ol6qopec KaTlYoplec unoAoYl-OTwv elval:

• l unoAoYlOTlKr lOXuc, OlAaOr

�: l TaXuTlTa ene�epYaOlac (TaXuTlTa poAoYlou, frKoc Ae�lc, Xpovoc npoOneAaOlc fvrflc, unap�l Kpuqrc fvrflc, eupoc OlauAou enl-KolvWvlac)
�: l XWplTlKoTlTa Tlc Kuplac fvrflc

• To nAr8oc TWv fov6OWv elOoOou-e�oOou.

Ol Kuplec KaTlYoplec unoAoYlOTwv elval:

• ol unepunoAoYlOTec

• ol feY6Aol unoAoYlOTec

• ol feOalol unoAoYlOTec

• ol flKpounoAoYlOTec.

Ee Tlv e�eAl�l Tlc TeXvoAoYlac Ta OlaKplTlK6 YvWplOfaTa Kal Ta neOla eqapfoYwv TWv unoAoYlOTwv K68e KaTlYoplac OlapKwc feTa�6AAovTal, eTOl Oev elval Oaqelc ol OlaXWplOTlKec Ypaffec av6feO6 Touc.

Ol lIKpounoAoyIaT&� XplOlfonolouvTal fefovWfeva r Oe OlKTuo, evw fnopouv va OeXTouv neploplOfevo nAr8oc neplqepelaKwv.

Ol qop'Tof lIKpounoAoyIaT&� elval lO6�lol TWv enlTpaneOlWv, eXouv ofWc aKpl�oTepo KoOToc.

Ol aTOelof &pyOafO� elval flKpounoAoYlOTec fe lOlalTepec OuvaToTlTec, nou XplOlfonolouvTal Ouvr8Wc Yla OuYKeKplfevl enaYYeAfaTlKr epYaOla. XplOlfonolouvTal fefovWfeva r Oe OlKTuo.

KaTTyOP{ec UnO.OyIOTIKWV OUOTTldTWV

EpwT�a&I�

1. nola elval Ta OlaKplTlK6 YvWplOfaTa Yla Tlv KaT6Ta�l TWv unoAoYlOTwv Oe KaTlYoplec�

a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

�) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. �a OufnAlpwOeTe Ta Kev6, enlAeYovTac Tlc KaT6AAlAec Ae�elc ano auTec nou napaTl8evTal OTo avTlOTolXo epwTlfa:

a) Ol OuvaToTlTec evoc OuOTrfaToc Ka8oplOovTal ano:

Tlv TaXuTlTa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tl XWplTlKoTlTa Tlc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
To nAr8oc TWv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ene�epYaOla, Kpuqr fvrfl, fov6Oec elOoOou-e�oOou, Kupla fvrfl)

) H TaXuTlTa ene�epYaOlac e�apT6Tal ano

Tlv TaXuTlTa Tou ................... Tlc MEE
To frKoc Tlc ...................... Tlc MEE
To Xpovo ...................... ................. OTl fvrfl
To ...................... Kal Tlv ...................... Tou OlauAou enlKolvWvlac (eupoc, Ae�l, poAol, npoOneAaOl OeOofevWv, TaXuTlTa, ene�epYaOla)

Y) H unoAoYlOTlKr lOXuc npoOOloplOeTal ano Tlv TaXuTlTa ene�epYaOlac Kal Tl ........................... .................... EeTpleTal Oe ..................

(TaXuTlTa ene�epYaOlac, MIPS, XWplTlKoTlTa fvrflc)

Le nola �aOlKr apXr OTlplOeTal l apXlTeKTovlKr TWv unoAoYlOTlKwv OuOTlf6TWv, ave�6pTlTa ano Tlv KaTlYopla OTlv onola avrKouv�
�a avaqepeTe Tlc KaTlYoplec unoAoYlOTlKwv OuOTlf6TWv

a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

�) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5. �a avaqepeTe feplK6 ano Ta neOla eqapfoYwv TWv unepunoAoYlOTwv Kal TWv fe-OalWv OuOTlf6TWv.

�a OlfelwOeTe Tlv r Tlc KaTlYoplec unoAoYlOTwv nou elval KaT6AAlAec Yla K68e eva ano Touc qopelc nou aKoAou8ouv:
nola fov6Oa Olaqoponolel Touc flKpounoAoYlOTec ano Ta unoAolna unoAoYlOTlK6 OuOTrfaTa�

	unepunoAoYlOTec	feY6AolunoAoYlOTec	feOalolunoAoYlOTec	flKpounoAoYlOTec
EeTeWpoAoYlKec YnlpeOlec
EeOalec Kal feY6Aec enlXelprOelc
ElKpec enlXelprOelc
�loflXavla KaTaOKeurc aepoOKaqwv
EeY6Aa epeuvlTlK6 KevTpa Kal opYavlOfol
EeY6Aol OpYavlOfol (OTE, bEH, KAn.)
Mu�epvlTlKec YnlpeOlec
noAuKaT6OTlfa
LXoAlK6 epYaOTrpla
navenlOTrfla
Tp6neOec

. �a avaqepeTe Touc Tunouc flKpounoAoYlOTwv, Oe OXeOl fe To feYe8oc Kal Tl fopqr Touc.

9. �a avaqepeTe feplK6 ano Ta neOla eqapfoYwv TWv flKpounoAoYlOTwv.

1 . �a avaqepeTe feplK6 ano Ta nAeoveKTrfaTa Kal Ta feloveKTrfaTa TWv qoplTwv unoAoYlOTwv.

Le nolec neplnTwOelc evac flKpounoAoYlOTrc XapaKTlplOeTal Wc «LTa8foc epYaOlac»�
IlaTl, KaT6 Tl Yvwfl Oac, elval aKpl�oTepol ol qoplTol Oe OXeOl fe Touc unoAolnouc flKpounoAoYlOTec�

KaTTyOP{ec UnO.OyIOTIKWV OUOTTldTWV

rAwaaopIo
M&yoAoI unoAoyIaT&�	�OXup6 OuOTrfaTa YevlKrc XprOlc. Enopouv va e�unlpeTrOouv no-Au feY6Ao apl8fo XplOTwv.
M&aOfoI unoAoyIaT&�	YnoAoYlOTec nou KaTaT6OOovTal av6feOa OTouc feY6Aouc unoAoYl-OTec Kal Touc flKpounoAoYlOTec.
MIKpounoAoyIaT&�	YnoAoYlOTec nou XapaKTlplOovTal ano Tlv TeXvoAoYla Tou flKpoene�epYaOTr, OeOofevou oTl oAl l MEE nepleXeTal Oe eva r AlYa evonollfeva KuKAwfaTa.
npoawnIKof �'qIOKof Po'eof	ElvlaToupec unoAoYlOTwv Yla �ol8lTlKec epYaOlec.
TOxuT'TO &n&�&pyOafO�	XapaKTlplOTlKo nou e�apT6Tal ano Tlv TaXuTlTa Tou poAoYlou Tlc MEE Kal Tlc fvrflc, To frKoc Ae�lc Kal To eupoc Kal Tlv TaXuTlTa OlauAou.
Vn&punoAoyIaT&�	Ol nAeov YprYopol Kal Oanavlpol unoAoYlOTec. XplOlfonolouvTal Yla elOlKec eqapfoYec nou analTouv Tep6OTlo nAr8oc unoAoYlOfwv.
VnoAoyIaTIK� Iaxu�	XapaKTlplOTlKo nou npoOOloplOeTal ano Tlv TaXuTlTa ene�epYaOlac Kal Tl XWplTlKoTlTa Tlc Kuplac fvrflc
�op'Tof lIKpounoAoyIaT&�	ElKpounoAoYlOTec flKpou feYe8ouc Kal �6pouc, wOTe va feTaqepovTal euKoAa. blaKplvovTal Oe laptops, notebooks Kal sub-notebooks, av6AoYa fe To �6poc Touc.

EviIOq&poua&� KOI xp�aIl&� iI&ueuva&I� Tou .IOiIKTuou

http://www.cray.com

Ga fpw{Tw Tunour Kal wcapJoytr unwpunoAoylaTcv GRAY.

http://www.s39 .ibm.com

Ga fpw{Tw XapaKTTplaTlKo Kal wcapJoytr TWv JwyoAWv unoAoylaTcv TTr awlpor S/390 TTr wTalpw{ar IBM.

http://www.mfsp.com

Tonoewa{a aTo llao{KTuo yla auvTrpTaT MwyoAWv unoAoylaTcv (MFSP / MainFrames Service Providers).

http://www.digital.com

Tonoewa{a TTr wTalpw{ar digital, yla Mwaa{our Kal MwyoAour unoAoylaTtr.

http://www.microtec.net

LTTv Tonoewa{a auTr ea fpw{Tw TT ewJaTlKr wvOTTTa PG Museum, an' Onou Jnopw{Tw va avTArawTw nATpocop{wr aXwTlKtr Jw TTv laTop{a TWv JlKpounoAoylaTcv.

http://www.workstation.digital.com/

LTaeJo{ wpyaa{ar anO TTv wTalpw{a GOMPAQ.

146

KaTTyOP{ec UnO.OyIOTIKWV OUOTTldTWV

BIPAIoypOqfO

Of6Oa OuYYpaqeWv, EIaOywy� aTou� unoAoyIaT&�� Time-Life Books EKOoOelc AAKuwv

nwplypocwl TTv w�tAl�T Kal AwlToupy{a TWv unoAoylaTcv Jw w�alpwTlKr wlKovoypocTaT.

E. �paX6Tlc, L. nanaO6Klc, MIKpoVnOJOrlITEI� EKO. nanaOWTlplou, A8rva 1995

�va KaTaTonlaTlKO foreTJa yla TT AwlToupy{a TWv JlKpounoAoylaTcv.

Of6Oa LuYYpaqeWv, O npoawnIKo� unoAoyIaT�� (P�� Time-Life Books EKOoOelc AAKuwv

noAAo wvolactpovTa aXwTlKo Jw TT AwlToupy{a TWv npoaWnlKcv unoAoylaTcv. noAu KaAr Kal KaTaTonlaTlKr wlKovoypocTaT.

H. IunlT6Klc, O IVrXPONOI KOIMOI TnN VnOJOrlITnN� EKO. IEA, A8rva 1997

Mla acalplKr npoatyylaT Tou KOaJou TWv unoAoylaTcv. Aclwpcvwl apKwTtr awA{owr aTlr olocopwr KaTTyop{wr auaTTJoTWv.

Of6Oa OuYYpaqeWv, TOxuT'TO KOI laxu�� Time-Life Books EKOoOelc AAKuwv

noAAo JuaTlKo TTr AwlToupy{ar TWv unoAoylaTcv Kal avacoptr aw wvolactpouawr wcapJoytr. noAu KaAr Kal KaTaTonlaTlKr wlKovoypocTaT.

I6OKapl, MIKpounoAoyIaT&� KOI nA'poqopIK�

�KTwvrr avacopo aTour JlKpounoAoylaTtr.

Coffee, �eaches P�s� ISBN 07�9717034

nArpTr ooTyOr yla va ooKlJoawTw Tov JlKpounoAoylaTr aar.

6. JOrlIMlKO ECAPMOrnN

6.1 TUnonolln&vo AoYlanlKO &qapnoYwv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151

6.1.1 revlKO XOPOKTlPloTlKO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152

6.1.2 KOTlYOP(ec TunOnOllfevOu AOYloflKOu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157

6.1.3 Luvoeol KOl evoWfOTWol OvTlKelfevWv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173

6.1.4 EKoooelc, olO8eol KOl olKOlWfOTO XProlc AOYloflKOu . . . .174

6.2 KaTo napaYY&Afa AoYlanlKO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179

6.3 A�loAOYlal AoYlanlKoU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179

AvaK&qaAafwal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181 EpwT�a&l� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182 rAwaaoplo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186 Evilaq&poUa&� Kal Xp�aln&� il&UeUva&l� ToU .lailKTUoU . . . . . 187 BlpAloYpaqfa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188

nWc TOv(oTlKe oe nPOlYOufevO Ke<OAOlO, TO AoYlanlKO aUaT�naTo� e(vOl OnOPO(TlTO YlO vO Te8e( oe AelTOuPY(O TO unOAOYloTlKo

ouoTlfO, vO e�Oo<OAloTe( l enlKOlvWv(O Ov8PWnOuflXOvrc KOl

vO enlTeuX8e( l feYOAuTePl ouvOTr eKfeTOAAeuol TWv noPWv TOu ouoTrfOTOc. TO nPOYPOffOTO, AOlnov, nOu ouvloTOuv TO AOYloflKo ouoTrfOTOc e(vOl npoaavaToAlan&va aTl A&lToUpYfa Tl� nlXav�� .

LKOnoc, ofWc, Tlc KOArc AelTOuPY(Oc KOl Tlc XProlc TOu unOAOYloTr e(vOl l OnOTeAeofOTlKr unOoTrPl�l TOu Ov8PWnOu oe KO8e TOu oPOoTlPloTlTO. rlO TO oKOno OuTo, eKToc Ono TO AOYloflKo ouoTrfOTOc e(vOl OnOPO(TlTO KOl TO KOTOAAlAO YlO KO8e neP(nTWol AoYlanlKO &qapnoYwv (application software). L' OuTrv Tlv KOTlYOP(O AOYloflKOu ouYKOTOAeYOvTOl oAO TO nPOYPOffOTO nOu feTOTPenOuv TOv unOAOYloTr oe e�elolKeufevO KO8e <OPO flXOvlfO, YlO ouYKeKPlfevl ePYOo(O. 'Tol, O unOAOYloTrc Y(veTOl nOAuTlfO ePYOAe(O oTO XePlO TOu YPOffOTeO, TOu AOYloTr, TOu ouYYPO<eO, TOu oXeolOoTr, TOu flXOvlKOu, TOu enloTrfOvO, TOu efnoPOu, TOu KOAAlTeXvl, TOu fO8lTr, OAAO KOl eAKuoTlKo KOl evolO<ePOv nOlXv(ol oTlc WPec luXOYWY(Oc.

H OvOnTu�l TOu AOYloflKOu e<OPfOYWv oXeolO�eTOl fe �Ool Tlc OnOlTroelc ouYKeKPlfevlc KOTlYOP(Oc XPloTWv. nPoKelTOl AOlnov YlO nPOYPOffOTO nOu e(vOl npoaavaToAlan&va aTl� avoYK&� Kal aTl� analT�a&l� ToU Xp�aTl.

'nOlO KOTlYOP(O ouoTlfOTWv KOl Ov eXel oTl olO8eor TOu O XProTlc, OuTo nOu 8O nO(�el TOv KuPlO PoAO oTlv OnOTeAeofOTlKr OvTlfeTWnlol Tlc ePYO o(Oc TOu KOl oTlv Ou�lol Tlc nOPOYWYlKoTlTOc e(vOl TO KOTOAAlAO AOYlofl Ko. H enlAOYr, AOlnov, evoc unOAOYloTlKOu ouoTrfOTOc nPenel vO eXel Wc YvWfOvO TO neo(O e<OPfOYWv nOu OuTo fnOPe( vO unOoTlP(�el OnOTeAeofO TlKO. TO AOYloflKo e<OPfOYWv olOKP(veTOl oe ouO feYOAec KOTlYOP(ec:

TO TUnonolln&vo AoYlanlKO (packed software), nOu KuKAO<OPe( eTOlfO oTO efnoPlO KOl KOAunTel TO feYOAuTePO nOoOoTo OvOYKWv Tlc OYOPOc, KOl
TO KaTo napaYY&Afa AoYlanlKO (custom software), nOu OvOnTuooeTOl KOTonlv nOPOYYeA(Oc YlO fefOvWfevec e<OPfOYec, fe e�elolKeufevec OnOlTroelc.

TO AOYloflKo nOu XPlolfOnOle(TOl oTOuc flKPOunOAOYloTec OvrKel Wc en( TO nAe(oTOv oTlv nPWTl KOTlYOP(O, evW YlO TO feYOAO ouoTrfOTO OnOlTe(TOl ouvr8Wc AOYloflKo Tlc oeuTePlc KOTlYOP(Oc.

TO TunOnOllfevO AOYloflKo e<OPfOYWv nePlAOf�Ovel oAec Tlc e<OPfOYec nOu nPOOP(�OvTOl YlO ePYOo(ec KOlvec YlO flO feYOAl feP(oO XPloTWv, onWc e(vOl l YPO<r KelfevWv, l oXeo(Ool, l TO�lvoflol KOl l oTOTloTlKr ene�ePYOo(O oeoOfevWv, l AOYloTlKr, l olOXe(Plol flKPWv enlXelProeWv, l luXOYWY(O, K.O.

Ol nePloooTePec Ono OuTec Tlc e<OPfOYec nPOOP(�OvTOl ouvr8Wc YlO flKPOunOAOYloTec KOl nWAOuvTOl Wc TunOnOllfevO nPO'ov oe ...naK&To. H ouoKeuOo(O evoc nOKeTOu AOYloflKOu nePlAOf�Ovel TO OPXe(O Tlc e<OPfOYrc OnO8lKeufevO oe CDROM r oe flO oelPO Ono OPl8flfevec oloKeTec, Tlv

IOyIOlIKO ecaPlOyWV

OfKol JoYlanlKoU

(Software Houses) rlO Tlv OvOnTu�l AOYloflKOu e<OPfOYWv eXOuv olflOuPYl8e( nOAAec eTOlPe(ec, feYOAec KOl flKPec. nOAAec Ono OuTec e(vOl nOAue8vlKec KOl OoXOAOuvTOl KuP(Wc fe Tlv OvOnTu�l KOl Tl olOoOol TunOnOlrfevOu AOYloflKOu euPe(Oc XProlc. TO nPO'ovTO TOuc olOT(8evTOl oe KOTOoTrfOTO eloWv nAlPO<OPlKrc r oe �l

�AlOnWAe(O, oTO OnO(O TeAeuTO(O ouvl8(�eTOl vO unOPXel lolO(TePO TfrfO YlO Tlv nWAlol TunOnOllfevOu AOYloflKOu.

nA&Ov&KTl/aTa /&lOv&KTl/aTa

ETlKOlvwvia /&Cw &vTOAwv

OoelO XProlc, KO8Wc KOl eYXelP(olO fe Tlc OolY(ec XPlolfOnO(lolc KOl O�lOnO(lolc Tlc e<OPfOYrc.

TO nOKeTO AOYloflKOu eXOuv nOAAO nA&ov&KT�naTa, oe oXeol fe Tlv OvOnTu�l flOc e<OPfOYrc KOTO nOPOYYeA(O, onWc:

KOoT(�Ouv AlYoTePO, YlOT( KuKAO<OPOuv oe nOAAO OvT(TunO KOl eTol felWveTOl l Tlfr TOuc
e(vOl eTOlfOnOPOoOTO KOl oOKlfOofevO

• olO8eTOuv e�eAlYfevO eYXelP(olO XProlc KOl nOAAec <OPec KOl nPoYPOffO eKfO8lolc (tutorial).

E(vOl YeYOvoc, ofWc, oTl oev Ae(nOuv KOl TO n&lov&KT�naTa, fe KuP(OPXO Tlv eAAelll ouvOToTlTOc nPOoOPfOYrc evoc TunOnOllfevOu nOKeTOu oTlc OvOYKec TOu XProTl, O OnO(Oc e(vOl OvOYKOofevOc vO OnOoeXeTOl Tl ouYKeKPlfevl eKoOol, eTol onWc e(vOl.

Ano Tlv OAAl nAeuPO, Ol eTOlPe(ec oTlv nPOonO8elO TOuc vO KOAulOuv KO8e ouvOTr OvOYKl, OAAO KOl YlO AoYOuc OvTOYWvlofOu feTO�u TOuc, OolYOuvTOl fePlKec <OPec oTlv evoWfOTWol AelTOuPYlWv nOu e(vOl XProlfec oe onOvlec nePlnTWoelc. APvlTlKr ouvenelO OuTOu TOu YeYOvoTOc e(vOl l KOT' OvOYKl oloYKWol TOu AOYloflKOu, fe OnOTeAeofO Tlv Ou�lol TWv OnOlTroeWv Wc nPOc TOuc noPOuc TOu ouoTrfOTOc (XWPlTlKoTlTO o(oKOu, fvrflc, KAn.).

Ol olOPKWc Ou�Ovofevec ouvOToTlTec TOu uAlKOu nPOeTOlfO�Ouv TO eoO<Oc YlO Tlv e�eAl�l Tlc TeXvOAOY(Oc AOYloflKOu, fe oKOno Tlv nOPOYWYr nPO'ovTWv ullAoTePOu enlneoOu KOl Wc nPOc Tlc ouvOToTlTec nOu nPOo<ePOuv OAAO KOl Wc nPOc TO �O8fo euKOA(Oc oTl XProl TOuc.

O OnAoc XProTlc nPOooOKO vO XPlolfOnOlroel TOv unOAOYloTr oTlv ePYOo(O TOu, XWP(c vO e(vOl OvOYKOofevOc vO KOTeXel e�elolKeufevec KOl oe �O8Oc YvWoelc oXeTlKO fe Tl AelTOuPY(O TOu.

rlO Tlv enlKOlvWv(O Ov8PWnOuflXOvrc olflOuPYe(TOl evO nePl�OAAOv enlKOlvWv(Oc nOu KO8OP(�el TOv TPonO fe TOv OnO(O nPO�OAAeTOl oTlv O8ovl l ePYOo(O nOu eKnOve( O XProTlc, TOv TPonO fe TOv OnO(O evePYOnOlOuvTOl Ol AelTOuPY(ec YlO Tlv ene�ePYOo(O Tlc KOl TOv TPonO fe TOv OnO(O ef<Ov(�OvTOl TO flvufOTO nPOc TO XProTl. TO nePl�OAAOv OuTo AeYeTOl il&naq� Xp�aTl (user interface) KOl oleuKOAuvel Tlv enlKOlvWv(O Ov8PWnOuflXOvrc YlO Tlv O�lOnO(lol TOu AOYloflKOu.

O oXeolOofoc evoc nePl�OAAOvTOc enlKOlvWv(Oc nePlOPl�oTOv OPXlKO oTlv OvOYvWPlol Ae�eWvKAelolWv, ouf�oAWv KOl evTOAWv (command drinen), Tlc OnO(ec e(Te nAlKTPOAOYOuoe O XProTlc e(Te Tlc evePYOnOlOuoe fe Tl �Or8elO ouvouOofOu nArKTPWv.

IOyIOlIKO ecaPlOyWV ₆

oeOV1 aTo ntpl{oAAoV Tou lL DOS. nlO Koet AtlToupy{O nA1KTpoAoyt{TOl 1 OVT{aTolX1 tVToAr.

Me Tlv e�eAl�l Tlc TeXvOAOY(Oc AOYloflKOu oleuKOAuv8lKe oTl ouveXelO TO _{ETlKOlvwvia /&Cw}ePYO TOu XProTl fe Tl �Or8elO eTOlfWv KOTOAoYWv nOu nePleAOf�OvOv evTO_{&TOl/wv KaTaAo-}Aec KOl Pu8f(oelc, Tlc OnO(ec O XProTlc fnOPOuoe vO enlAe�el e(Te fe Tl �O_{ywv &TlAOywv}r8elO ouvouOofOu nArKTPWv e(Te fe TO nOvT(Kl.

oeOV1 OnO ToV auVToKT1 KtlJtVou «Edit» ylO DOS. ol AtlToupy{tr ntplAOJ{oVoVTOl KOTo oJootr at nTuaaOJtVour KOTOAOyour nou OVo{youV Jt T1 {oretlO TWV AtlToupylKcV nArKTpWV F1, F2 ...

TO TeAeuTO(O XPovlO eXOuv OvOnTuX8e( TO YvWoTO YPO<lKO nePl�OAAOvTO n.X. MacOs, MsWindows, OS/2, XWindows nOu �eAT(WoOv KOTO nOAu TOv TPonO enlKOlvWv(Oc fe TOv unOAOYloTr. Ol XelPlofO( TOu XProTl KOTeu8uvOvTOl Ono ef<OvOuc olfOo(Oc elKOv(olO r eTOlfec enlAOYec oe nTuooofevOuc KOTOAoYOuc KOl evePYOnOlOuvTOl r enlAeYOvTOl fe Tl �Or8elO TOu nOvTlKlOu.

ETlKOlvwvia /&Cw &lKOvlCiwv Kal KaTaAoywv &TlAOywv

Setup.exe

1laClKaCia &yKa-TnCTaClC

'vO OPXe(O OnOKTO unooTOol fe TOv OPlofo TOu OvofOToc TOu, nOu enlAeYeTOl Ono TO XProTl KOTO Tl olOolKOo(O OnO8rKeuolc. H e<OPfOYr nPOo8eTel ouvr8Wc flO eneKTOol oTO ovOfO TOu OPXe(Ou, l OnO(O e(vOl olAWTlKr TOu TunOu TOu KOl TWv e<OPfOYWv nOu fnOPOuv vO TO OvOYvWP(oOuv KOl vO TO ene�ePYOoTOuv.

ElKoV{olOtpyOAt{O, KouJnlo, tnt�1y1JOTlKtr tVot{�tlr nou OKoAoueouV To ot{KT1 Tou noVTlKlou KOl To noVTO noAuTlJo npOypOJJO {oretlOr...

o XpraT1r oltuKoAuVtTOl VO OVOKOAultl JOVor Tou Tlr {OalKtr AtlToupy{tr JlOr tcOpJoyrr, XWp{r VO Xptlo�tTOl VO OVOTptXtl at tyXtlp{olO Xpra1r.

'vOc OAAOc TPonOc enlKOlvWv(Oc Ov8PWnOuflXOvrc, nOu OvOnTuooeTOl ou veXWc oTlc fePec fOc, oTlP(�eTOl oTlv OvOYvWPlol Tlc K(vlolc olO<oPWv feAWv TOu oWfOTOc. AuTo TO e(oOc enlKOlvWv(Oc XPlolfOnOle(TOl oe e<OPfO Yec elKOvlKrc nPOYfOTlKoTlTOc, OnOlTe( ofWc elolKec ouoKeuec eloooOue�o oOu Ol OnO(ec KOoT(�Ouv nPOc TO nOPov nOAu OKPl�O. H nPOonO8elO YlO Tlv enlKOlvWv(O Ov8PWnOuflXOvrc fe Tl XProl <Wvrc nePlOP(�eTOl nPOc TO nOPov oe OPlofevec e<OPfOYec. H e�eAl�l OuTrc Tlc ouvOToTlTOc OvOfeveTOl vO KOvel OKofO nlO nPOolTOuc TOuc unOAOYloTec oTO nAOTu KOlvo.

rlO nOAAec e<OPfOYec KuKAO<OPOuv nPO'ovTO AOYloflKOu Ono olO<OPeTlKec eTOlPe(ec. TO nePl�OAAOv TOuc, ofWc, eXel nOPofOlO oXeolOofo. 'Tol, Ov fO 8el KOnOlOc vO XPlolfOnOle( evO ouYKeKPlfevO AOYloflKo, oev ouoKOAeueTOl vO XPlolfOnOlroel oTO feAAOv KOl KOnOlO OAAO OvT(oTOlXO.

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IlOo(KTuO, Tlv nAOrYlol oTlc oeA(oec TOu nOYKooflOu loTOu, Tl XProl lAeKTPOvlKOu TOXuoPOfe(Ou, K.O.

npoaTaafa anO loU�

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Ol lof: �va &voXAlTlKO Kal &nlKfviUvo nalXvfil.

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'TOv Ou�OveTOl TO oeKOolKo ll<(O TOu OPl8fOu flOc eKooolc, ToTe nPoKelTOl YlO flKPrc olfOo(Oc �eATlWoelc, evW oTOv Ou

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EU/faToTlTa avn/&Ca CTlC &KCoC&lC

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H OPXlTeKTOvlKr COM eXel OvOnTuX8e( Ono Tlv eTOlPe(O Microsoft KOl e<OP fo�eTOl fovO oe olO<OPec eKoooelc TWv Windows oufnePlAOf�OvOfevWv KOl TWv N�. nPOo<OTWc OvOnTuX8lKe KOl l KOTOveflfevl eKoOol YvWoTr Wc DCOM (Distributed Component Object Model). Ano Tlv OAAl nAeuPO l CORBA OnOTeAe( flO nlO eueAlKTl TeXvlKr, O<Ou fnO Pe( vO e<OPfOoTe( oe OnOlOornOTe nAOT<oPfO. H CORBA eXel OvOnTuX8e( Ono TOv Object Management Group, O OnO(Oc OnOTe Ae( evO fl KePoOoKOnlKo OPYOvlofo, oTl olflOuPY(O TOu OnO(Ou ouffeTe(XOv nOAAO( XProTec, flXOvlKO( KOl eTOlPe(ec AOYloflKOu. Ol KOTOveflfevec ouvOToTl Tec nOu olO8eTel KP(vOvTOl nlO OnOTeAeofOTlKec Ono OuTec nOu nOPeXel l DCOM. TeAeuTO(O KOTO�OAAeTOl feYOAl nPOonO8elO, nPOKelfevOu vO enlTeuX8e( ouf�OToTlTO feTO�u COM KOl CORBA.

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Ol veec �eATlWfevec eKoooelc KuKAO<OPOuv ouvr8Wc oe ouO fOP<ec:

• oe nA�pl nopq� , YlO TOuc veOuc OYOPOoTec

• oe nopq� avapoenlal� , fe flKPoTePO OvT(TlfO, YlO TOuc KOToXOuc Tlc

nPOlYOufevlc eKoOolc.

Me Tlv eYKOTOoTOol Tlc eKoOolc OvO�O8flolc, l nOAlO eKoOol OnOKTO oAec Tlc loloTlTec Tlc veOc.

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TO olfe(O oTO OnO(O OvO<ePeTOl ouvr8Wc flO OoelO XProlc e(vOl:

l OvOKOTOoKeur TOu KWolKO
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l XPlfOTOoOTlKr evOlK(Ool (leasing)
l feTO�(�Ool nPO'ovTOc KOl olKOlWfOTWv XProlc oe TP(TO
Ol oPOl olflOuPY(Oc OvTlYPO<Wv Oo<OAe(Oc
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l OvOnOPOYWYr TOu evTunOu uAlKOu nOu ouvOoeuel TO nPO'ov
Ol oPOl eYYulolc TOu nPO'ovTOc
TO nPO'ovTO nOu nOPOYOvTOl Ono Tl XProl TOu AOYloflKOu.

EKToc Ono Tlv OYOPO AOYloflKOu Ono KOTOoTrfOTO r eTOlPe(ec, fnOPe( KO

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KolvOXplaTa

TO KOlvoXPloTO (public domain) nPO YPOffOTO olOT(8evTOl oWPeOv KOl oev O nOYOPeueTOl l OvOnOPOYWYr KOl olO8e or TOuc. O XProTlc TO XPlolfOnOle( KO TO �OuAlol. nOAAec <OPec nPoKelTOl YlO �enePOofe vec eKoooelc AOYloflKOu r YlO OuTOoXe olO nPOYPOffOTOePYOAe(O. XPelO�eTOl nPOoOXr, YlOT( TeTOlOu e( oOuc nPOYPOffOTO oev eXOuv eYYulol OuTe KOArc AelTOuPY(Oc OuTe eAeYXOu KOl OnOAAOYrc Ono lOuc.

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rla ioKln�: ioKfnaa& nplv aYopoa&l�....

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IOyIOlIKO ecaPlOyWV

Ol e<OPfOYec nOu nPOOvO<ePOfe KOAunTOuv OvOYKec KOlvec KOl nPOolOYeYPOffevec KOl Yl' OuTo e(vOl e<lKTo vO TunOnOll8Ouv. OnOlOoornOTe, YlO nOPOoelYfO, 8eAel vO olflOuPYroel Ke(fevO fe TOv unOAOYloTr, fnOPe( vO XPlolfOnOlroel evO Ono TO nOKeTO nOu KuKAO<OPOuv oTO efnoPlO YlO TO oKOno OuTo.

Iev ouf�O(vel ofWc TO (olO fe Tlc e<OPfOYec nOu XPlolfOnOle( n.X. TO MlXO vOYPO<lKo KevTPO TOu YnOuPYe(Ou OlKOvOflKWv YlO TOv unOAOYlofo TOu <o POu r TO MlXOvOYPO<lKo KevTPO TOu YnOuPYe(Ou nOloe(Oc YlO TOv unOAOYl ofo TWv �OoeWv eloOYWYrc oTO AEITEI KOl Tlv KOTOTO�l TWv unOll<(Wv oe oXOAec. Le nePlnTWoelc onOu unOPXOuv lolO(TePec OvOYKec (elolKoc TPonOc ene�eP YOo(Oc, KAn.) OvOnTuooOvTOl e�elolKeufevec e<OPfOYec KOTonlv nOPOYYeA( Oc. O elolKoc oXeolOofoc OuTWv TWv e<OPfOYWv O<OPO TooO TO (olO TO AO YloflKo, ooO KOl TO uAlKo nOu 8O XPlolfOnOll8e(. Ol KOTO nOPOYYeA(O e<OPfOYec nPOOP(�OvTOl KuP(Wc YlO feYOAO unOAOYloTl KO ouoTrfOTO KOl o(KTuO unOAOYloTWv, TO OnO(O fnOPe( vO e(vOl e<OolOofe vO KOl fe elolKec nePl<ePelOKec ouoKeuec. AAAO KOl OvT(oTPO<O, oTlc nePl nTWoelc onOu XPlolfOnOlOuvTOl feYOAO ouoTrfOTO, unOPXOuv KOl e�elolKeu fevec OvOYKec, Ol OnO(ec oev KOAunTOvTOl Ono TO TunOnOllfevO AOYloflKo nOu KuKAO<OPe( oTlv OYOPO. rlO Tlv nOPOYWYr TOu AOYloflKOu XPlolfOnOlOuvTOl YAWooec nPOYPOffOTl ofOu r elolKO ePYOAe(O OvOnTu�lc AOYloflKOu. 'vOc nOPOYOvTOc nOu Ou�O vel nOAu TO KooTOc OvOnTu�lc e�elolKeufevOu AOYloflKOu e(vOl l ouvTrPlor TOu Ono TOuc KOTOoKeuOoTec KOl l nPOoOPfOYr TOu oe neP(nTWol eneKTO olc TWv OvOYKWv r TOu uAlKOu YlO TO OnO(O eXel OPXlKO KOTOoKeuOoTe(. E<OPfOYec nOu OnOlTOuv Tlv OvOnTu�l e�elolKeufevOu AOYloflKOu KOl fOAl oTO KOTonlv nOPOYYeA(Oc e(vOl:

Ol e�elolKeufevec efnOPlKec e<OPfOYec
Ol e<OPfOYec oTlv uYe(O
TO AOYloflKo TWv ouoTlfOTWv olfoolOc olO(Klolc (unOuPYe(O, TOnlKr OuTOolO(Klol)
Ol e<OPfOYec TWv feYOAWv OPYOvlofWv (TPOne�ec, KAn.)
TO ouoTrfOTO eAeYXOu feTO<OPWv KOl ouYKOlvWvlWv
e<OPfOYec ePeuvlTlKWv KevTPWv (�lOAOY(O, e�ePeuvlol olOoTrfOTOc, KAn.)
TO ouoTrfOTO �lOflXOvlKrc nOPOYWYrc.

H eYKOTOoTOol feYOAWv e<OPfOYWv Y(veTOl Ono Tlv KOTOoKeuOoTPlO eTOlPe(O, l OnO(O OvOAOf�Ovel KOl Tl ouvTrPlor TOuc. LTlc e<OPfOYec OuTec ouoKOAO nPOKunTOuv 8efOTO nelPOTe(Oc.

nPlv KOTOAr�el KOve(c oTlv OYOPO AOYloflKOu, 8O nPenel vO KOvel nPOlYOufevWc Tlv ePeuvO TOu. NO OvOTPe�el oTlc O�lOAOYroelc nOu olfOoleuOvTOl oe elolKO nePlOolKO, vO oOKlfOoel TO nPO'ov fe Tl �Or8elO elolKWv nPOYPOffOTWv O�lOAoYlolc r vO OvO�lTroel Tl YvWfl OAAWv nOu TO eXOuv rol XPlol

fOnOlroel. ElolKO oTlv neP(nTWol nOPOYYeA(Oc e�elolKeufevOu AOYloflKOu, 8O nPenel vO o(veTOl lolO(TePl olfOo(O oTlc ouvOvTroelc fe TOv KOTOoKeuO oTr YlO OvTOAAOYr OnoleWv oXeTlKO fe Tlc ouvOToTlTec TOu uno KOTOoKeur AOYloflKOu KOl Tlc OvOYKec nOu OuTo OvOfeveTOl vO KOAulel. TO nlO olfOvTlKo KPlTrPlO O�lOAoYlolc e(vOl TO nooO KOAO KOAunTel Tlc OvO YKec. YnOPXOuv ofWc KOl OAAO KPlTrPlO, TO OnO(O 8O nPenel KOve(c vO AOf

�Ovel un' oll. EvoelKTlKO OvO<ePOufe:

'Xel ouf�OToTlTO fe TO unOPXOv uAlKo KOl AOYloflKo� MnOPe( vO TPe
�el oTO unOPXOv ouoTlfO� MnOPe( vO OvO(�el r vO eloOYOYel OPXe(O OAAWv nPOYPOffOTWv� MnOPOuv TO OPXe(O nOu olflOuPYe( vO olO�OoTOuv Ono OAAO r vO eloOX8Ouv oe OAAO AOYloflKo�

'Xel lKOvOnOllTlKr TOXuTlTO�
'Xel KOAr TeKflP(Wol�
E(vOl OnAr l eKfO8lor TOu� IlO8eTel nPoYPOffO eKfO8lolc (tutor)� 'Xel KOAO oXeolOofevO nPoYPOffO �Or8elOc�
IlO8eTel <lAlKo nePl�OAAOv, onWc nTuooofevOuc KOTOAoYOuc enlAOYWv, elKOv(olO, K.O.�
IlO8eTel TPonOuc OvTlfeTWnlolc AO8Wv�
YnOoTlP(�eTOl l ouvTrPlol TOu nPOYPOffOTOc (TeXvlKo nPOoWnlKo, TlAe<WvO e�unlPeTlolc)�
nPO�AenOvTOl OvO�O8f(oelc fe ouf<ePOuoec Tlfec YlO TOuc neAOTec�
MOf�OveTOl fePlfvO ouf�OToTlTOc TWv OPXe(Wv oTlc enofevec eKoooelc�

IOyIOlIKO ecaPlOyWV

AvaK&qaAafwal

TO AoYlanlKO &qapnoYwv nePlAOf�Ovel oAO TO nPOYPOffOTO nOu feTOTPe

nOuv TOv unOAOYloTr oe e�elolKeufevO ePYOAe(O. O oXeolOofoc Tlc il&naq�� Xp�aTl OnOoKOne( oTl oleuKoAuvol TOu XProTl KOl nO(�el feYOAO PoAO oTl olOoOol Tlc e<OPfOYrc. TO YPO<lKO nePl�OAAO vTO OneTeAeoOv TOfr oTO oXeolOofo Tlc olenO<rc XProTl KOl eXOuv ouvel o<ePel OnOTeAeofOTlKO oe OuTov TOv TOfeO.

Ano Tlc ouO feYOAec KOTlYOP(ec AOYloflKOu, TO TUnonolln&vo AoYlanlKO oe nOKeTO KOl TO AoYlanlKO KaTo napaYY&Afa, TO fev nPWTO nPOOP(�eTOl KuP(Wc YlO flKPOunOAOYloTec, evW TO oeuTePO KuP(Wc YlO feYOAO ouoTrfOTO.

Ol naKpo&vToA&� e(vOl evTOAec nOu fnOPe( vO olflOuPYroel O XProTlc oTO nePl�OAAOv flOc e<OPfOYrc, YlO Tlv OuTOfOTOnO(lol flOc oelPOc evTOAWv KOl XelPlofWv nOu enOvOAOf�OvOvTOl ouXvO.

Ol e<OPfOYec euPe(Oc XProlc KuKAO<OPOuv e(Te Wc a&lp&� e(Te Wc oAoKAl pwn&v&� &qapnoY&� . 'Aec Ol e<OPfOYec nPOo<ePOuv ouvOToTlTO:

• eloOYWYrc KOl ene�ePYOo(Oc oeoOfevWv • olflOuPY(Oc KOl OvOKTlolc OPXe(Ou

• eKTunWolc. Ol TeXvlKec CO��A KOl COM eXOuv Wc oToXO Tlv en(Teu�l KOl olOo<OAlol OvTOAAOYrc KOl evoWfOTWolc nAlPO<OPlWv Ono f(O e<OPfOYr oe OAAl. Me Tl IUvi&al KOl EvawnoTwal AvTlK&ln&vwv (IEAAOLE) oe nePl�OAAOv MsWindows e�Oo<OA(�eTOl l ouvOflKr OvTOAAOYr nAlPO<OPlWv OvOfeoO oe olO<OPeTlKec e<OPfOYec KOl nPOo<ePeTOl l ouvOToTlTO nePOlTePW ene�ePYOo(Oc TWv nPOoOPTlfevWv OvTlKelfevWv. Iev olO8eTOuv oAec Ol e<OPfOYec ouvOToTlTec IEA. Ol �eATlWoelc evoc AOYloflKOu nOu rol KuKAO<OPe( OolYOuv oTl olflOuPY(O KOl KuKAO<OP(O v&a� &Kioal� . H ouf�OToTlTO OvOfeoO oTlc eKoooelc TOu (olOu nPO'ovTOc TlPe(TOl nPOc TO KOTW, olAOor Wc nPOc Tlc nPOlYOufevec eKoooelc.

Me Tlv OYOPO AOYloflKOu O OYOPOoTrc oev OnOKTO Tlv KuPloTlTO TOu nPO'ovTOc OAAO Tlv oi&la Xp�al� fe TOuc oPOuc nOu 8eTel O KOTOoKeuOoTrc. AAAl nlYr nPOfr8elOc AOYloflKOu, eKToc Ono Tlv OYOPO, e(vOl TO IlOo(KTuO, onOu �P(oKel KOve(c nPOYPOffOTO Kolv�� Xp�al� , &A&Ue&pl� Xp�al� r nPOYPOffOTO YlO ioKlnaaTlK� Xp�al.

nelPOTe(O AOYloflKOu OnOTeAe( KO8e nOPOvOfl olO8eol r XProl TOu. H nelPOTe(O TlfWPe(TOl OuoTlPO Ono TO vofO. EYYulol YlO Tl YvloloTlTO evoc nPO'ovTOc OnOTeAe( TO nlaTonollTlKO aUe&vTlKOTlTa� nOu olOT(8eTOl fO�( fe TO ouYKeKPlfevO nOKeTO AOYloflKOu, KO8Wc KOl TO nOPOoTOTlKo OYOPOc. rlO Tlv a�loAOYlal AoYlanlKoU eXOuv OvOnTuX8e( fe8OoOl, fe Tlc OnO(ec eAeYXOvTOl ouYKeKPlfevO XOPOKTlPloTlKO TOu.

EpwT�a&l�

rlOT( Aefe oTl TO AOYloflKo ouoTrfOTOc e(vOl nPOoOvOTOAlofevO oTl AelTOuPY(O Tlc flXOvrc, evW TO AOYloflKo e<OPfOYWv e(vOl nPOoOvOTOAlofevO oTlc OvOYKec KOl oTlc OnOlTroelc TOu XProTl�

nOlec e(vOl Ol ouO feYOAec KOTlYOP(ec AOYloflKOu�
O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . �) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Le nOlO Ono Tlc ouO KOTlYOP(ec AOYloflKOu ouYKOTOAeYOvTOl Ol ene�ePYOoTec KelfevOu�

oTO TunOnOllfevO AOYloflKo
oTO KOTO nOPOYYeA(O AOYloflKo.

. nOlec Ono Tlc loloTlTec evoc nOKeTOu AOYloflKOu OnOTeAOuv nAeOveKTlfO KOl nOlec felOveKTlfO�

	felOveKTlfO	nAeOveKTlfO
XOflAo KooTOc
ETOlfOnOPOoOTO KOl oOKlfOofevO
AnOlTe( Ou�lfevec ouvOToTlTec oe uAlKo AoYW nAl8WPOc XOPOKTlPloTlKWv
YnOoTlP(�eTOl Ono eYXelP(olO XProlc KOl nPOYPOffOTO eKfO8lolc
nOPeXeTOl ouvOToTlTO evlfePWorc TOu Ono TO IlOo(KTuO
IuvOToTlTec KO8OPlofevec 'AAelll nPOOnTlKrc nPOoOPfOYrc oTlc OvOYKec TOu XProTl

Tl nePlAOf�Ovel ouvr8Wc l ouoKeuOo(O evoc nOKeTOu e<OPfOYrc� O) Tlc oloKeTec r TOv OnTlKo o(oKO fe TO OPXe(O Tlc e<OPfOYrc
�) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

TO nePl�OAAOv TOu AOYloflKOu AeYeTOl .................... XProTl KOl oleuKOAuvel Tlv ............................. Ov8PWnOuflXOvrc.

IOyIOlIKO ecaPlOyWV

Tl e(oOuc olOolKOo(ec enlTeAOuvTOl KOTO Tl <Ool eYKOTOoTOolc� O) OnOoufn(eol OPXe(Wv KOl OnO8rKeuor TOuc oTO oKAlPo o(oKO
�) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

nOlO e(vOl TO KOlvO XOPOKTlPloTlKO oTO oXeolOofo flOc TunOnOllfevlc e<OPfOYrc oe YPO<lKo nePl�OAAOv� NO TO OnOPl8froeTe KOl vO nePlYPOleTe ouvOnTlKO Tl XPlolfoTlTO TOuc. MnOPe(Te vO TO KOTOoe(�eTe oTlv O8ovl TOu unOAOYloTr�

O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

�) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9. nOlOl e(vOl Ol �OolKO( TOfe(c TOuc OnO(Ouc KOAunTel TO TunOnOllfevO AOYloflKo� O) e<OPfOYec euPe(Oc XProlc

�) enOYYeAfOTlKO(

Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

oT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

�) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 . rlO KO8e ePYOo(O Ono OuTec nOu OvO<ePOvTOl oTOv n(vOKO vO KOTOoe(�eTe TO e(oOc TOu AOYloflKOu nOu OnOlTe(TOl

EpYaafa	KaToAAlAo AoYlanlKO
IlflOuPY(O KOl eKTunWol OPXlTeKTOvlKWv oXeo(Wv oe feYOAO <uAAO XOPT(
IlflOuPY(O oXOAlKrc e<lfeP(oOc
AnOAOYlofoc TWv oOnOvWv YlO Tl feTOK(vlol OfOoOc fO8lTWv oTO e�WTePlKo, oTO nAO(olO euPWnO'KOu nPOYPOffOTOc
IlflOuPY(O <uAAWv olOKOoflfevWv fe elKovec, nOu 8O XPlolfOnOll8Ouv Wc TOfneAec oTlc O(8Ouoec nOu 8O XPlolfOnOll8Ouv YlO Tlc e�eTOoelc

TO eKnOloeuTlKo AOYloflKo fe nOAufeoO e(vOl OnWoornOTe nlO euXOPloTO KOl nlO eAKuoTlKo Ono OuTo nOu �Oo(�eTOl oe Ke(fevO KOl elKovec. E(vOl, ofWc, OAr8elO oTl ouf�OAAel nlO OnOTeAeofOTlKO oTl fO8lol� NO OvOnTu�eTe KOTOAAlAO enlXelPrfOTO nOu vO 8efeAlWvOuv Tlv OnOvTlor oOc.

NO OvO<ePeTe e�l KPlTrPlO nOu XPlolfOnOle( KOve(c YlO Tlv O�lOAoYlol AOYloflKOu: O) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
�) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . oT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Me nOlO TPonO fnOPOufe vO nPOoTOTelOufe evOv unOAOYloTr Ono TOuc lOuc�

1�. Le Tl OnOoKOne( l OvOnTu�l TWv OPXlTeKTOvlKWv CORBA KOl COM�

�: LTl ouf�OToTlTO OvOfeoO oTlc olO<OPec e<OPfOYec
�: LTl ouvOToTlTO OvTOAAOYrc nAlPO<OPlWv OvOfeoO oTlc olO<OPec e<OPfOYec
�: LTl ouvOToTlTO evoWfOTWolc OvTlKelfevWv nOu eXOuv olflOuPYl8e( Ono flO e<OPfOYr oTO nePl�OAAOv KOnOlOc OAAlc

nOlec OvOYKec KOAunTel TO KOTO nOPOYYeA(O AOYloflKo�

NO OvO<ePeTe fePlKO neo(O e<OPfOYrc nOu OnOlTOuv KOTO nOPOYYeA(O AOYloflKo O) AnO8rKl OvTOAAOKTlKWv �) LuoTrfOTO olfoolOc olO(Klolc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

TO KOTO nOPOYYeA(O AOYloflKo KOoT(�el ouvr8Wc nePloooTePO Ono o,Tl TO TunOnOllfevO� IlKOlOAOYroTe Tlv OnOvTlor oOc.
Le nOlec nePlnTWoelc e(vOl OnOPO(TlTO vO nPOfl8euTOufe Tl veO eKoOol evoc nPO'ovTOc�
Tl e(vOl l «OoelO TeAlKOu XProTl»� AnOoelKvuel Tl YvloloTlTO TOu nPO'ovTOc�

2�. nOlO oTOlXe(O nloTOnOle( Tl YvloloTlTO TOu nPO'ovTOc�

�: TO eYXelP(olO XProlc
�: TO nloTOnOllTlKo Ou8evTlKoTlTOc
�: TO TlfOAoYlO OYOPOc
�: H KOPTO eYYulolc

IOyIOlIKO ecaPlOyWV

nOlOl KePo(�Ouv KOl nOlOl �lflWvOvTOl Ono Tlv nelPOTe(O AOYloflKOu�
Me nOlOv TPonO nPOoTOTeuOuv Ol KOTOoKeuOoTec AOYloflKOu TO nPO'ovTO TOuc Ono Tlv nelPOTe(O�

	KePo(�Ouv	�lflWvOvTOl
Ol KOTOoKeuOoTec AOYloflKOu
Ol XProTec
Ol KOTOoTlfOTOPXec

rAwaaoplo

JoYlanlKO KaTo napaYY&Afa

JoYlanlKO TUnonolln&vo

MaKpo&vToA&�

nlaTonollTlKO aUe&vTlKOTlTa�

npOYpanna Yla ioKlnaaTlK� Xp�al

npOYpanna &A&Ue&pl� Xp�al�

npOYpanna Kolv�� Xp�al�

IUvi&al � &vawnoTwal avTlK&ln&vwv

MOYloflKo: nOu nPOOP(�eTOl YlO elolKec ePYOo(ec KOl OvOnTuooeTOl KOTonlv nOPOYYeA(Oc. XPlolfOnOle(TOl KuP(Wc Ono feYOAO ouoTrfOTO.
MOYloflKo: e<OPfOYWv nOu nPOOP(�eTOl YlO nOAAOuc XProTec KOl KuKAO<OPe( eTOlfO, fe TunOnOllfevec loloTlTec. XPlolfOnOle(TOl KuP(Wc Ono flKPOunOAOYloTec.

EvTOAec nOu olflOuPYOuvTOl Ono TO XProTl oTO nePl�OAAOv flOc e<OPfOYrc, YlO Tlv OuTOfOTOnO(lol flOc oelPOc AelTOuPYlWv nOu XPlolfOnOle(TOl ouXvO.

'vTunO nOu ouvOoeuel evO nOKeTO AOYloflKOu KOl nloTOnOle( Tlv Ou8evTlKoTlTO TOu nPO'ovTOc. �ePel ouvr8Wc Ove�(TlAO orfO Tlc KOTOoKeuOoTPlOc eTOlPe(Oc, WoTe vO nOPOKWAueTOl TO evoeXofevO nelPOTe(Oc.

nPoYPOffO nOu olOvefeTOl oWPeOv, YlO nePlOPlofevl olOPKelO XProlc.

nPoYPOffO nOu olOvefeTOl oWPeOv fe nePlOPlofOuc Wc nPOc TOv TPonO XProlc KOl olOoOorc TOu.

nPoYPOffO nOu olOvefeTOl oWPeOv KOl fnOPe( KOve(c vO TO XPlolfOnOlroel eAeu8ePO, XWP(c nePlOPlofOuc.

XOPOKTlPloTlKo nOu enlTPenel Tlv OvTOAAOYr nAlPO<OPlWv OvOfeoO oe olO<OPeTlKec e<OPfOYec fe ouvOflKo TPonO.

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Evilaq&poUa&� Kal Xp�aln&� il&UeUva&l� ToU .lailKTUoU

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H Tonoeta{O T1r Microsoft, Jt nA1pocop{tr aXtTlKo Jt TO npo�OVTO T1r, KAn.

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187

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nArptr nOVtnlaT1JlOKO auyypOJJO aTO nAO{alO Tou npoypoJJOTor ER�SM�S KOl RNFOSEC. nArp1r KOl KOTOVo1Tr tVVoloAoylKr etJtA{Wa1.

npOrpAMMATlIMOI VnOJOrlITH

7.1 H npoypallaTI�Ol&v' l'Xav� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193

7.2 OI Xp�OT&� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .193

7.3 npOypalla - rA�OO&� npoypallaTIOloU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194

7.3.1 To npOYpoffo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194

7.3.2 rAWooo flxoVrc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195

7.3.3 LUf�oAlKec YAWooec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196

7.3.4 rAWooec U4lAoU enlneooU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197

7.3.5 'Vo oUYKplTlKO nopOoelYfo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197

7.3.6 IoToplo YAWooWV U4lAoU enlneooU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198

7.3.7 E�OpTlol TWV YAWooWV onO To oKonO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209

7.3.8 MeToqpooTec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210

7.4 ApX&� KaTaOK&U�� AoyIOlIKoU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212

7.5 npOTUna npoypallaTIOloU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213

7.5.1 bloolKooTlKOc npoYpoffoTlofOc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213

7.5.2 AVTlKelfeVooTpeqrc npoYpoffoTlofOc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215

7.5.3 JoYlKOc npoYpoffoTlofOc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216

7.5.4 LUVopTloloKOc npoYpoffoTlofOc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217

7.6 npoypallaTf�ovTa� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .217

7.6.1 Ko8oplofOc npo�ArfoToc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218

7.6.2 AVOAUol ToU npo�ArfoToc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218

7.6.3 LxeoloofOc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218

7.6.4 YAonollol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218

7.6.5 'AeYxoc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219

7.6.6 LUVTrplol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219

7.6.7 TeKflplWol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219

7.7 npoypallaTIOTIKa n&pIpaAAovTa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221

7.8 'va napai&Iyla avanTU�'� npoypallaTo� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223

7.8.1 npoooloplofOc TWV onolTroeWV ToU npo�ArfoToc . . . . . .223

7.8.2 AVOAUol ToU npo�ArfoToc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223

7.8.3 LxeoloofOc oAYOpl8foU Ylo TlV enlAUol ToU npo�ArfoToc 224

7.8.4 YAonollol ToU oAYOpl8foU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226

7.8.5 'AeYxoc ToU npoYpOffoToc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226

AvaK&qaAafwO' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228 EpwT�O&I� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229 rAwOOapIo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231 EviIaq&poUO&� KaI Xp�OIl&� iI&UeUvO&I� ToU .IaiIKTUoU . . . . . 232 BIpAIoypaqfa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233

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H KO8e eVToAr 8o fnopoUoe, oVTl Vo nopooTo8el oTo oUoolKO oUoTlfo, Vo nopooTo8el oTo oKToolKO r oTo oeKoe�oolKO, WoTe Vo elVol flKpOTepoc o opl8fOc TWV 4lqlWV Tlc. To npWTo npoYpOffoTo YpOqoVToV oe YAWooo flxoVrc. OoTOoo l Ypoqr npoYpoffOTWV Ofeoo oTl YAWooo flxoVrc ToU UnoAoYloTr elVol flo noAU oUoKoAl Kol oVTlnopoYWYlKr epYoolo. bUo onO Tlc �oolKOTepec olTlec elVol l oUoKoAlo onofVlfOVeUolc TWV KWolKWV TWV eVToAWV Kol l oUoKoAlo Vo eVTonloTel KOnolo nl8oVO AO8oc oVOfeoo oe OAo oUTO To 0 Kol 1. rl� oUTO, onO noAU VWplc, oVo�lTr8lKoV TpOnol Vo YpOqoVTol To npoYpOffoTo oe YAWooo nlo npoolTr oToV OV8pWno. H enlolW�l oUTr, oorYloe oTlV oVOnTU�l TWV oloqOpWV YAWooWV npoYpoffoTlofoU, Ko8Wc enlolc Kol oTlV oVeUpeol TpOnWV Ylo TlV eKTeAeol onO ToV UnoAoYloTr TWV npoYpoffOTWV noU YpOqoVTol oe oUTec Tlc YAWooec.

Mlo npWTl npoonO8elo Ylo Tl oleUKOAUVol Tlc Ypoqrc npoYpoffOTWV rToV l Ypoqr ToUc oe OUlpoAIK� yA�OOa (assembly). LTlc oUf�oAlKec YAWooec, oe KO8e eVToAr Tlc YAWoooc flxoVrc oVTloTolxl�eTol flo fVlfoVlKr Ae�l l onolo 8Ufl�el To oKonO Tlc eVToArc. Enl nAeoV olVeTol l oUVoTOTlTo Vo xplolfonoloUVTol, oTl 8eol opl8fWV, oVOfoTo noU oVTlnpooWneUoUV oTo8epec r oleU8UVoelc fVrflc. 'Tol fnopoUfe Vo YpOqoUfe �LMKMA oVTl Ylo 18. H eVToAr ToU npolYoUfeVoU nopooelYfoToc Tlc YAWoooc flxoVrc ToU a80 fe Tl fopqr 1110011010110011, 8o fnopoUoe oe oUf�oAlKr YAWooo Vo exel Tl fopqr�

ADD B3h

LTl oUVexelo �AenoUfe Tfrfo eVOc npoYpOffoToc oe oUf�oAlKr YAWooo, Ylo ene�epYooTr Tlc oelpOc 80�86 Tlc Mntel.

196

mPOyPallaTIOl6c UnO.OyIOT

ol oUf�oAlKec YAWooec oleUKOAUVoV Tl Ypoqr npoYpoffOTWV. 'fWc ol eVToAec ToUc e�oKoAoU8oUV Vo elVol oe Ofeol (flo npoc flo) oVTloTolxlo fe oUTec Tlc YAWoooc flxoVrc, fe onoTeAeofo o npoYpoffoTlofOc Vo e�oKoAoU8el Vo elVol flo e�olpeTlKO enlnoVl oloolKoolo. EnlnAeoV To npoYpOffoTo noU YpOqoVTol oe oUf�oAlKr YAWooo r YAWooo flxoVrc fnopoUV Vo eKTeAeoToUV fOVo onO ToV TUno UnoAoYloTr Ylo ToV onolo elVol YpoffeVo. AUTO O'lafv&I nw� yIa va TTp&�&IT To fiIo npOypalla O& &vav aAAo TUno Uno-AoyIOT� ea np&n&I va ypaq&f anO T'v apX�.

rlo Vo oVTlfeTWnloToUV TeToloU elooUc npo�ArfoTo, OpxlooV Vo olfloUpYoUVTol Kol Vo e�eAloooVTol Veec YAWooec npoYpoffoTlofoU nlo onAec Kol oVe�OpTlTec onO To oUYKeKplfeVo TUno UnoAoYloTr, noU oVofOoTlKoV YAWooec U 'AoU &nIn&ioU (high level languages). AUTec ol YAWooec, Ko8eflo oe oloqopeTlKO �o8fO, KpU�oUV onO ToV npoYpoffoTloTr Tl YAWooo flxoVrc Kol npooqepoUV eVo nlo qlAlKO oUVoAo eVToAWV fe Tlc onolec oUVTOooeTol To KO8e npOYpoffo. npoYpOffoTo oUToU ToU elooUc fe flKpec nl8oVOV oAAoYec oToV nlYolo KWolKo fnopoUV Vo eKTeAeoToUV oTl oUVexelo Kol oe OAAoUc TUnoUc UnoAoYloTWV, eKTOc onO oUTOV Ylo ToV onolo opxlKO KoTooKeUOoTlKoV. AUTO To xopoKTlploTlKO eVOc npoYpOffoToc oVofO�eTol l&Taq&pOIlOT'Ta.

'oTW OTl 8eAoUfe Vo npoo8eooUfe To neplexOfeVo oUo 8eoeWV fVrflc Kol To onoTeAeofo Vo To KoToxWplooUfe oe flo TplTl. rlo AOYoUc oUYKplolc, oc ooUfe nWc 8o fnopoUoe oUTO Vo Ypoqel oe YAWooo U4lAoU enlneooU, oe oUf�oAlKr YAWooo Kol oe YAWooo flxoVrc�

rA�OOa U 'AoU &nIn&ioU

EvToA�	n&pIypaq�
A:= B + C	npOo8eoe To neplexOfeVo TWV feTo�AlTWV B Kol C Kol To onoTeAeofo KoToxWploe To oTl feTo�AlTr A

IUlpoAIK� yA�OOa

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EvToA�	n&pIypaq�
LDA B	MeTOqepe oTo oUooWpeUTr To neplexOfeVo Tlc 8eolc fVrflc fe OVofo B
ADD C	npOo8eoe oTo neplexOfeVo ToU oUooWpeUTr To neplexOfeVo Tlc 8eolc fVrflc fe OVofo C
STA A	MeTOqepe Kol ono8rKeUoe To neplexOfeVo ToU oUooWpeUTr oTl 8eol fVrflc fe OVofo A

rA�OOa l'Xav��

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0000001001011010	MeTOqepe oTo oUooWpeUTr To neplexOfeVo Tlc 8eolc fVrflc fe oleU8UVol 01011010
0000101001011110	npOo8eoe oTo neplexOfeVo ToU oUooWpeUTr To neplexOfeVo Tlc 8eolc fVrflc fe oleU8UVol 01011110
0000011011011110	MeTOqepe Kol ono8rKeUoe To neplexOfeVo ToU oUooWpeUTr oTl 8eol fVrflc fe oleU8UVol 11011110

'nWc qolVeTol, Ylo Vo neTUxoUfe To lolo onoTeAeofo, onolTr8lKe flo eVToAr oe YAWooo U4lAoU enlneooU Kol oVTloTolxo Tpelc oe oUf�oAlKr YAWooo Kol oe YAWooo flxoVrc. EnlnAeoV, eVW oTl YAWooo U4lAoU enlneooU oVoqepOfooTe oe feTo�AlTec A, B, C, xWplc Vo YlVeTol oVoqopO oUTe oe oUYKeKplfeVec 8eoelc fVrflc oUTe oTl oloolKoolo Tlc npOo8eolc, oTlc OAAec oUo neplnTWoelc oUf�olVel oKpl�Wc To oVTl8eTo. 'Tol elVol onopolTlTo Vo oVoqep8oUfe Kol oTl oloolKoolo Tlc npOo8eolc Kol oe oUYKeKplfeVec 8eoelc fVrflc elTe fe OVofo elTe fe oleU8UVol.

LTl oUVexelo 8o oVoqep8oUfe fe oUVToflo oe feplKec onO Tlc nlo YVWoTec YAWooec U4lAoU enlneooU. npenel Vo olfelW8el OTl o opl8fOc TWV YAWooWV U4lAoU enlneooU elVol e�olpeTlKO feYOAoc, oV Kol fOVo eVoc flKpOc opl8fOc onO oUTec KoToqepVel Vo YlVel onooeKTOc onO ToUc KoTooKeUooTec npoYpoffOTWV. noAAec nopofeVoUV onAO epeUVlTlKO epYoAelo.

H FORTRAN oxeolOoTlKe opxlKO YUpW oTo 1954 onO flo ofOoo Tlc MBM, fe enlKeqoArc ToV John Backus. LTOxoc ToUc rToV l KoTooKeUr floc YAWoooc UnoAoYlofoU oAYe�plKWV nopooTOoeWV. H OORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation MeTOqpool Mo8lfoTlKWV TUnWV) oAoKAlpW8lKe To 1957 Kol eYlVe noAU YprYopo olfoqlArc oe feYOAo �o8fO xOpl oTlV UnooTrpl�l Tlc MBM, l onolo TlV npooeqepe oWpeOV.

mPOyPallaTIOl6c UnO.OyIOT�

TIrIQAnpoypoIIQmorAFortran

H ALGOL (1963) Unrp�e flo YAWooo noU oeV eYlVe lololTepo YVWoTr, KoTOqepe OfWc Vo enlpeOoel �o8UToTo To oxeoloofO TWV YAWooWV npoYpoffoTlofoU Kol Vo olfloUpYroel oAOKAlpl YeVlO YAWooWV nopOfolWV fe TlV ALGOL (ALGOL like). Kl oUTO YloTl UAonolloe o�lOAoYec loeec npoYpoffoTlofoU, OnWc elVol o ooflfeVoc npoYpoffoTlofOc oToV onolo 8o oVoqep8oUfe Kol oe OAAo olfelo oUToU ToU KeqoAoloU.

TIrIQAnpoypoIIQmorA lgol

199

H COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language KolVr rAWooo EfnoplKoU npoooVoToAlofoU), oxeolOoTlKe onO To YnoUpYelo AfUVoc TWV H.n.A Wc onOVTlol oTlV oVOYKl Ylo flo onAr YAWooo npoYpoffoTlofoU, noU 8o fnopoUoe Vo xplolfonoll8el oe OAoUc ToUc oTpoTlWTlKoUc Tofelc. H oxeolool eYlVe onO ofOoo oTlV onolo oUVepYOoTlKoV enloTrfoVec onO To oTpoTO oAAO Kol Tl �loflxoVlo, oUVepYoolo noU �or8loe oTlV onoooxr Tlc onO ToUc npoYpoffoTloTec. Mlo onO Tlc loeec noU elorYoYe rToV l one�OpTlol Tlc neplYpoqrc TWV oeoofeVWV onO Tl flxoVr. LTlV COBOL oUTO YlVeTol oe flo eVOTlTo ToU npoYpOffoToc noU oVofO�eTol DATA DMVMSMON. AUTr l opxlKr loeo opYOTepo oorYloe oTlV enlVOlol TWV oUoTlfOTWV oloxelplolc �OoeWV oeoofeVWV.

TIrIQAnpoypoIIQmorACo�ol

2oo

mPOyPallaTIOl6c UnO.OyIOT�

� BASIC (Beginner's Allpurpose Symbolic Instruction Code) oVonTUx8lKe onO ToUc Kemeney Kol Kurtz oTo feoo Tlc oeKoeTloc ToU 1960, Wc flo YAWooo Ylo Tl oloooKoAlo npoYpoffoTlofoU oe qolTlTec. Lrfepo, fe noAAec eneKTOoelc oe oxeol fe ToV opxlKO oxeoloofO, xplolfonolelTol Wc flo KoVoVlKr YAWooo oVOnTU�lc eqopfoYWV.

TIrIQAnpoypoIIQmorABasic

H SIMULA efqoVloTlKe To 1966 oTl Nop�lYlo onO ToUc Dahl Kol Nygaard. ElVol YAWooo �oolofeVl oTlV ALGOL fe �oolKO Tofeo eqopfoYrc Tlc TlV npooofolWol.

2o1

TIrIQAnpoypoIIQmorASimula

�eKlVloe oTo TeAl Tlc oeKoeTloc ToU '50 onO ToV John McCarthy Kol ToUc oUVepYOTec ToU oTo MMT. AV Kol o McCarthy oUffeTelxe oTl oxeolool Tlc ALGOL, l LMSp elVol flo TeAelWc oloqopeTlKr YAWooo fe KUplo neolo eqopfoYrc TlV TexVlTr VolfooUVl.

TIrIQAnpoypoIIQmorALisp

2o2

mPOyPallaTIOl6c UnO.OyIOT�

LxeolOoTlKe onO ofOoo epeUVlTWV Tlc TexVlTrc VolfooUVlc fe enlKeqoArc ToV Seymour papert. 'xel nolooYWYlKec npooloYpoqec Ylo TlV enlAUol npo

�AlfOTWV Kol Tl olepeUVlol eVVolWV oKOfo Kol onO fo8lTec flKprc lAlKloc. ol flxoVlofol olfloUpYloc YpoqlKWV TlV Ko8loToUV olfoVTlKO epYoAelo oTl olepeUVlol YeWfeTplKWV oxlfOTWV.

TIrIQAnpoypoIIQmorALogo

H Pascal elVol olfloUpYlfo ToU Niclaus Wirth. o Wirth opxlKO oUffeTelxe oe flo enlTponr l onolo elxe Wc oKonO Vo �eATlWoel TlV ALGOL, OfWc onoxWploe fo�l f' eKelVoUc noU oloqWVlooV Ylo To TeAlKO onoTeAeofo Kol KoTooKeUooe flo olKr ToU YAWooo (1971). ol oTOxol oxeoloofoU Tlc pascal enlKeVTpW8lKoV YUpW onO TlV nopoxr oplofeVWV oUVoToTrTWV noU 8o oolYoUooV oe onoooTlKO KWolKo KoTO Tl feToYAWTTlol, loeo noU Te8lKe oe eqopfoYr fe o�lo8oUfooTo TpOno.

2o3

TIrIQAnpoypoIIQmorAPascal

H C oVonTUx8lKe To 1972 onO ToUc Brian Kernighan Kol Dennis Ritchie oTo epYooTrplo Tlc eTolpeloc AT�T. LxeolOoTlKe Wc flo YAWooo KoTOAAlAl Ylo Tl oUYYpoqr AelToUpYlKWV oUoTlfOTWV. To feYoAUTepo Tfrfo ToU AelToUpYlKoU oUoTrfoToc �NMX YpOqTlKe oe C, npOYfo noU TlV eKoVe ToUTOolfl ToU �NMX. H C oUVoUO�el xopoKTlploTlKO YAWooWV U4lAoU enlneooU, oAAO ToUTOxpoVo enlTpenel TlV npOo�ool oTlc xoflAoU enlneooU AelToUpYlec ToU UnoAoYloTr. H C exel Ko8lepW8el Wc l YAWooo npoYpoffoTlofoU Ylo TlV oVOnTU�l AelToUpYlKWV oUoTlfOTWV Kol AoYloflKoU oUoTrfoToc. �plolfonolelTol enlolc eUpUToTo oTlV KoTooKeUr AoYloflKoU eqopfoYWV, oAAO Kol KO8e elooUc AoYloflKoU To onolo onolTel Tl feYloTl o�lonollol TWV oUVoToTrTWV ToU UnoAoYloTr.

2o4

mPOyPallaTIOl6c UnO.OyIOT�

TIrIQAnpoypoIIQmorAC

� C�� elVol l e�eAl�l Tlc C npoc Tl KoTeU8UVol ToU oVTlKelfeVooTpeqoUc npoYpoffoTlofoU. LxeolOoTlKe onO ToV B�arne Stroustrup oTo Bell Labs Tlc AT�T. ElVol l YAWooo noU KUplopxel oTlV KoTooKeUr npoYpoffOTWV oe «nopo8UplKO» nepl�OAAoVTo, OnWc elVol oUTO TWV pCs Kol Macintosh.

TIrIQAnpoypoIIQmorAC++

2o5

npOKelTol Ylo AelToUpYlKO oUoTlfo Kol ToUTOxpoVo Ylo YAWooo oVTlKelfeVooTpeqoUc npoYpoffoTlofoU, noU oVonTUx8lKe oTo epYooTrplo Tlc eTolpeloc Xerox oTo palo Alto. eeWpelTol l npWTl, Kol onO noAAoUc l fOVl, npoYfoTlKr YAWooo oVTlKelfeVooTpeqoUc npoYpoffoTlofoU, noU 8o fnopoUoe Vo xplolfeUoel Wc npOTUno Kol feTpo oUYKplolc Ylo Tlc UnOAolnec.

TIrIQAnpoypoIIQmorASmallTalk

To YnoUpYelo AfUVoc TWV H.n.A oTo feoo Tlc oeKoeTloc ToU 70 onoqOoloe Vo UnooTlpl�el Tl oxeolool floc Veoc YAWoooc KoTOAAlAlc Ylo ToV npoYpoffoTlofO EVoWfoTWfeVWV YnoAoYloTlKWV LUoTlfOTWV (Embeded Computer SystemsECS). ol eqopfoYec noU npoopl�oVTol Ylo EYL xopoKTlpl�oVTol onO feYOAo feYe8oc Kol U4lAoU �o8foU noAUnAoKOTlTo, eVW xpelO�oVTol olopKr e�eAl�l. LUVr8Wc TeTolec eqopfoYec UAonoloUVTol oe oUf�oAlKr YAWooo, onOTe enpene Vo �pe8el KOnoloc onoooTlKOTepoc TpOnoc. To onoTeAeofo Tlc npoonO8eloc rToV l olfloUpYlo oTlc opxec ToU 1980 floc YAWoooc npoYpoffoTlofoU noU oVofOoTlKe Ada, npoc TlfrV Tlc Augusta Ada Byron.

2o6

mPOyPallaTIOl6c UnO.OyIOT�

TIrIQAnpoypoIIQmorA D

H �aia elVol olfloUpYlfo Tlc eTolpeloc Sun Microsystems. LxeolOoTlKe oTlc opxec Tlc oeKoeTloc ToU 1990, opxlKO Wc flo YAWooo Ylo npoYpOffoTo noU 8o eKTeAoUVToV onO flKpooUoKeUec fe TlV oVofoolo OAK. H opxlKr npoonO8elo oneTUxe Kol To 1995 l S�N Trc OAAo�e To OVofo oe Java Kol TlV npooOpfooe oTlc oVOYKec ToU noYKOofloU loToU Kol ToU bloolKTUoU. AnO TOTe YVWpl�el TepOoTlo enlTUxlo Kol TelVel Vo YlVel l YAWooo npoYpoffoTlofoU ToU bloolKTUoU.

TIrIQAnpoypoIIQmorA�a�a

2o7

H PROLOG (PROgramming in LOGic) oVonTUx8lKe To 1973 oTl roAAlo. Bool�eTol oTl fo8lfoTlKr AoYlKr Kol xplolfonolelTol OnWc Kol l LMSp KUplWc oe eqopfoYec TexVlTrc VolfooUVlc.

TIrIQAnpoypoIIQmorAProlog

H SQL (Structured Query Language) opxlKO oVonTUx8lKe To 1974 onO TlV MBM. 'xel Ko8lepW8el Wc l YAWooo enlKolVWVloc fe Tlc oxeoloKec �Ooelc oeoofeVWV. Oc efnoplKO npo'OV npWToefqoVloTlKe onO TlV eTolpelo ORACLE To 1979.

EvmoJtrASQL

2o8

mPOyPallaTIOl6c UnO.OyIOT

Mexpl TWpo nopoUolOoofe Tlc olOqopec YAWooec npoYpoffoTlofoU fe KOnolo xpoVoAoYlKr oelpO, oUxVO OfWc YlVeTol oVoqopO oe y&vI&� YAWooWV npoYpoffoTlofoU. rAWooo npWTlc YeVlOc oVofO�eTol l YAWooo flxoVrc. ol oUf�oAlKec YAWooec 8eWpelTol OTl onoTeAoUV Tl oeUTepl YeVlO YAWooWV, eVW ol YAWooec U4lAoU enlneooU TlV TplTl (3GL3rd Generation Language). TeAoc, YAWooec TeTopTlc YeVlOc (4GL) oVofO�oVTol ol YAWooec noU elVol nlo KoVTO oTl qUolKr YAWooo on� O,Tl ol oUVr8elc YAWooec U4lAoU enlneooU.

�plolfonoloUVTol oUVr8Wc Ylo npOo�ool oe �Ooelc oeoofeVWV. TUnlKO nopOoelYfo elVol l SOL. Me Tl xprol TWV YAWooWV U4lAoU enlneooU l oVOnTU�l ToU AoYloflKoU Unrp�e poYoolo. MeTo�U TWV AOYWV noU oUVeTeAeooV oe oUTO fnopoUV Vo oVoqep8oUV ol e�rc�

H eKfO8lol floc YAWoooc npoYpoffoTlofoU eYlVe eUKoAOTepl.
H KoTooKeUr ToU AoYloflKoU eYlVe onAoUoTepl.
rlo Tlc nlo olooeoofeVec YAWooec Unrp�e TUnonollol Tlc fopqrc Tlc YAWoooc. 'Tol npoYpOffoTo noU exoUV Ypoqel oe YAWooo U4lAoU nlneooU fnopoUV Vo feToqep8oUV Kol Vo eKTeAeoToUV oe UnoAoYloTec fe oloqopeTlKr KME Kol Opo oloqopeTlKr YAWooo flxoVrc. H enlolfl TUnonollol TWV oloqOpWV YAWooWV YlVeTol onO To ANSI (American National Standard Institute).

rlo ToUc noponOVW AOYoUc TOoo To KOoToc oVOnTU�lc Ooo Kol To KOoToc xprolc ToU AoYloflKoU felW8lKoV olfoVTlKO.

ol olOqopec YAWooec oVOAoYo fe To oKonO noU e�UnlpeToUV, r oKpl�eoTepo oUfqWVo fe To oKonO Ylo ToV onolo opxlKO oxeolOoTlKoV, xWpl�oVTol oe oUo YeVlKec KoTlYoplec, oTlc elolKoU Kol oTlc YeVlKoU oKonoU YAWooec.

LTlV KoTlYoplo TWV YAWooWV elolKoU oKonoU oVrKoUV eKelVec ol onolec elVol npoooVoToAlofeVec oe flo oUYKeKplfeVl KoTlYoplo eqopfoYWV.

rlo nopOoelYfo�

H COBOL elVol npoooVoToAlofeVl oTlV enlAUol efnoplKWV npo�AlfOTWV. AUTr l KoTlYoplo npo�AlfOTWV xopoKTlpl�eTol onO TlV ono8rKeUol Kol oloxelplol feYOAoU OYKoU oeoofeVWV fe oxeTlKO neploplofeVec onolTroelc opl8flTlKWV npO�eWV. Oc onoTeAeofo l COBOL olVel feYOAl �opUTlTo oTo 8efoTo neplYpoqrc Kol ono8rKeUolc oeoofeVWV, eVW feloVeKTel oTo 8efo Tlc onoooTlKrc eKTeAeolc feYOAoU opl8foU opl8flTlKWV npO�eWV.
H OORTRAN elVol npoooVoToAlofeVl oTlc enloTlfoVlKec eqopfoYec, OnoU KUplopxo pOAo nol�el l ToxUTlTo eKTeAeolc feYOAoU nAr8oUc opl8flTlKWV npO�eWV nOVW oe flKpO oxeTlKO OYKo oeoofeVWV.
H LMSp elVol npoooVoToAlofeVl oTl oloxelplol oUf�OAWV, YeYoVOc noUTlV Ko8loTO KoTOAAlAl Ylo eqopfoYec TexVlTrc VolfooUVlc.

H oeUTepl KoTlYoplo, oUTr oTlV onolo oVrKoUV ol YAWooec YeVlKoU oKonoU, neplAof�OVel YAWooec noU fnopoUV Vo xplolfonoll8oUV oe oloqopeTlKec neploxec eqopfoYWV fe e�looU KoAO onoTeAeofoTo. rlo nopOoelYfo, TeTolec YAWooec elVol l C Kol l Java.

r&VltC YAWOOwV rPoYPaffaTlOfou 3GL, 4GL

ANSI

rAwOO&C &lClKou OKorou

rAwOO&C Y&VlKou OKorou

To YeYoVOc OTl KoToTOoooUfe flo YAWooo oTlV KoTlYoplo YAWooWV elolKoU oKonoU oe olfolVel OTl fnopel Vo xplolfonoll8el fOVo oe eVo Tofeo npo�AlfOTWV, oAAO OTl oUVl8l�eTol Vo xplolfonolelTol Kol elVol npoooVoToAlofeVl npoc KOnolo Tofeo.

M&TaYAWTTlOTjC

'nWc rol oVoqepofe, l KME oVoYVWpl�el Kol eKTeAel eVToAec oe YAWooo flxoVrc. To epWTlfo AolnOV elVol� nWc To npoYpOffoTo, noU elVol Ypoffe Vo oe onoloornoTe OAAl fopqr eKTOc Tlc YAWoooc flxoVrc, eKTeAoUVTol onO TlV KME ToU UnoAoYloTr� eo npenel To npoYpOffoTo noU elVol YpoffeVo oe KOnolo YAWooo U4lAoU enlneooU Vo «feToqpooToUV» oe YAWooo flxoVrc. To pOAo oUTO ToV oVo Aof�OVoUV elolKO npoYpOffoTo. LTlV neplnTWol TWV oUf�oAlKWV YAWooWV, xplolfonoloUVTol ol OUlpoAol&TaqpaOT&� , eVW oTlc YAWooec U4lAoU enl neooU, ol l&TayAwTTIOT&� Kol ol iI&pl'v&UT&� .

Le npolYoUfeVo nopOoelYfo olonloTWoofe OTl ol eVToAec TWV oUf�oAlKWV YAWooWV �ploKoVTol oe oVTloTolxlo flo npoc flo fe oUTec Tlc YAWoooc fl xoVrc. H feToTponr TWV npoYpoffOTWV onO oUf�oAlKr YAWooo oe YAWooo flxoVrc YlVeTol onO elolKO npoYpOffoTo noU oVofO�oVTol oUf�oAofeTo qpooTec (assemblers). H �oolKr ToUc AelToUpYlo oUVloToTol oTo Vo oVTlKo 8loToUV fe Tl xprol eVOc Ae�lKoU Tlc oUf�oAlKec eVToAec fe Tlc oVTloTolxec Tlc YAWoooc flxoVrc. ol oUYxpoVol oUf�oAofeToqpooTec, xWplc Vo onofoKpUVoVTol onO oUTrV Tl

�oolKr AelToUpYlo, npooqepoUV olOqopec eUKoAlec, OnWc�

Vo olVoVTol oVOfoTo oe 8eoelc fVrflc r oe opl8flTlKec o�lec Kol o oUf�oAofeToqpooTrc oVoAof�OVel Vo KOVel Tlc feToTponec
Vo enlTpenoUV TlV KoTooKeUr foKpoeVToAWV. 'xel nopoTlpl8el OTl oe eVo npOYpoffo KOnolec ofOoec eVToAWV enoVoAof�OVoVTol oe oloqopeTlKO olfelo oUToUolec r fe flKpec nopoAAoYec. o flxoVlofOc TWV foKpoeVToAWV enlTpenel Vo oplooUfe eVo OVofo noU Vo oVTlnpooWneUel TlV enoVoAof�oVOfeVl oelpO eVToAWV, TlV onolo KoToYpOqoUfe oVoAUTlKO Ylo flo qopO. Le KO8e olfelo noU xpelo�OfooTe TlV lolo oelpO eVToAWV, opKel Vo YlVeTol oVoqopO oe oUTO To OVofo Kol o oUf�oAofeToqpooTrc oVoAof�OVel TlV oVTlKoTOoTool ToU oVOfoToc Tlc foKpoeVToArc fe Tlc eVToAec noU oUTr efneplexel.

YnOpxoUV oUo TpOnol Ylo TlV eKTeAeol onO ToV UnoAoYloTr npoYpoffOTWV noU elVol YpoffeVo oe YAWooec U4lAoU enlneooU�

fe Tl xprol feToYAWTTloTr (compiler)
fe Tl xprol olepflVeUTr (interpreter). LTo oxrfo qolVeTol l oloolKoolo eKTeAeolc eVOc npoYpOffoToc fe Tl xprol l&TayAwTTIOT� . H oloolKoolo neplAof�OVel To e�rc �rfoTo�

mPOyPallaTIOl6c UnO.OyIOT

rpoqr ToU npoYpOffoToc oe YAWooo U4lAoU enlneooU n.x. pASCAL fe Tl �or8elo eVOc oUVTOKTl KelfeVWV (editor). AUTO elVol To n'yafo npOYpoffo (source code, source program).
To nlYolo oUTO npOYpoffo feTo YAWTTl�eTol, onO To feToYAWTTloTr Tlc oUYKeKplfeVlc YAWoooc, oe YAWooo flxoVrc. AUTO elVol To avTIK&fl&vo (ob�ect) npOYpoffo. KoTO Tl oloolKoolo Tlc feToYAWTTlolc, To npOYpoffo eAeYxeTol Ylo oUVToKTlKO AO8l, olAoor KoTO nOoo To nlYolo npOYpoffo elVol YpoffeVo oUfqWVo fe ToUc oUVToKTlKoUc KoVOVec Tlc YAWoooc. rlo Vo oAoKAlpW8el l fe ToYAWTTlol To npOYpoffo npenel Vo elVol oUVToKTlKO oWoTO, oloqopeTlKO l oloolKoolo Tlc feToYAWTTlolc oloKOnTeTol.
To oVTlKelfeVo npOYpoffo, nop' OAo noU elVol oe YAWooo flxoVrc, oeV fnopel Vo eKTeAeoTel onO TlV KME, YloTl oeV elVol oUTOVofo. LUVr8Wc ToU Aelnel KOnoloc KWolKoc KolVrc xprolc, noU �ploKeTol oe �l�Alo8rKec oVTlKelfeVWV npoYpoffOTWV. 'ToV Aefe KWolKo KolVrc xprolc, oUVr8Wc eVVooUfe KWolKo noU oloxelpl�eTol Tlc AelToUpYlec eloOooU e�OooU r KWolKo noU oqopO fo8lfoTlKec oUVopTroelc (sin, cos, KAn.). Tl oUVoeol ToU oVTlKelfeVoU npoYpOffoToc fe To onopolTlTo npoYpOffoTo onO Tlc �l�Alo8rKec oVoAof�OVel o OUvi&T'� (linker), o onoloc nopOYel Kol To oUTOVofo eKTeAeolfo npOYpoffo. AUTO To TeAeUTolo elVol noU eKTeAelTol onO TlV KME.

To �rfoTo olAoor elVol�

LUYYpoqr
MeToYAWTTlol
LUVoeol
EKTeAeol.

To �rfoTo oUTO fnopel Vo YlVoVTol elTe ooV flo oUVexOfeVl oloolKoolo elTe To Ko8eVo oe oloqopeTlKO xpOVo. LTo KO8e �rfo fnopel Vo npoKU4oUV AO8l, onOTe olop8WVoUfe To AO8oc Kol l oloolKoolo enoVoAof�OVeTol. LTlV nlo nOVW oloolKoolo o oUVTOKTlc KelfeVWV, o feToqpooTrc Kol o oUVoeTlc, elVol npoYpOffoTo To onolo foc �ol8oUV Vo nopoYOYoUfe To eKTeAeolfo npOYpoffo. AnO Tl oTlYfr noU To eKTeAeolfo npOYpoffo nopox8el, fnopel Vo eKTeAeoTel oUTOVofo onO TlV KME, xWplc Vo elVol onopolTlToc o oUVTOKTlc KelfeVWV, o feToqpooTrc r o oUVoeTlc. TeAelWc oloqopeTlKr oe oUTO To olfelo elVol l npooeYYlol Tlc eKTeAeolc npoYpOffoToc YpoffeVoU oe YAWooo U4lAoU enlneooU fe Tl xprol iI&p-l'v&UT� .

To npOYpoffo YpOqeTol Kol oe oUTrV TlV neplnTWol fe Tl �or8elo KOnoloU oUVTOKTl KelfeVWV, o onoloc elVol oUVr8Wc eVoWfoTWfeVoc oTo npOYpoffo

LTo nepl�OAAoV ToU MSDOS Kol TWV MSWindows To eKTeAeolfo npoYpOffoTo oloKplVoVTol onO TlV eneKTool com r exe oTo OVofo ToU opxeloU.

il&PfIV&UTjC

ToU olepflVeUTr. LTl oUVexelo o olepflVeUTrc oVoAof�OVel Vo eKTeAeoel flo flo Tlc eVToAec ToU npoYpOffoToc ooV Vo oneU8UVoVTol oe oUTOV Kol Oxl oTlV KME. o olepflVeUTrc, olAoor, oeV feToYAWTTl�el To npOYpoffo oe YAWooo flxoVrc OnWc KOVel o feToYAWTTloTrc, oAAO eKTeAel o loloc To npO Ypoffo. LUVr8Wc o olepflVeUTrc feTooxlfoTl�el To npOYpoffO foc oe flo eVolOfeol fopqr Kol oTl oUVexelo To eKTeAel. LTlV neplnTWol oUTr To npOYpoffO foc oeV eKTeAelTol Ofeoo onO TlV lolo TlV KME oAAO onO To olepflVeUTr. H KME oeV eKTeAel Ofeoo To npOYpoffO foc oA AO eKTeAel To npOYpoffo ToU olepflVeUTr, o onoloc fe Tl oelpO ToU eKTeAel To npOYpoffO foc. Le oVTl8eol fe TlV npooeYYlol Tlc feToYAWTTlolc, To npOYpoffo oeV elVol oU TOVofo, oeV fnopel Vo eKTeAeoTel oVe�OpTlTo, eqOooV onolTelTol l nopoUolo ToU oVTloTolxoU olepflVeUTr. H eKTeAeol eVOc npoYpOffoToc fe oUTOV ToV TpOno elVol YeVlKO nlo opYr oe oxe ol fe Tl feToYAWTTlol, enelor KoTO Tl oTlYfr Tlc eKTeAeolc nopef�OAAeTol fe To�U npoYpOffoToc Kol KME To enlneoo ToU olepflVeUTr. LUVr8Wc ol olepfl VeUTec elVol oloAoYlKO npoYpOffoTo.

'Vo npOYpoffo oeV elVol TlnoTo neplooOTepo onO flo oelpO oolYlWV npoc TlV KME ToU UnoAoYloTr, noU TlV Ko8oolYel Vo KOVel oUYKeKplfeVec eVep Yelec. To flKpO npoYpOffoTo fnopoUV Vo KoTooKeUooToUV oUVr8Wc onO eVo OTofo ooV flo flKpr oloolKoolo, flo oelpO olAoor onO oUYKeKplfeVec oolYlec. To lolo OTofo fnopel Vo oUVTlpel Kol Vo npooopfO�el To npOYpof fo oe Veec oVOYKec, Vo nolpVel oxeolooTlKec onoqOoelc, KAn. To lolo loxUel Ylo npoYpOffoTo noU KoTooKeUO�oVTol onO flKpec ofOoec, fe KoAr enlKol VWVlo feTo�U TWV feAWV ToUc. Tl YlVeTol OfWc OToV To npOYpoffo elVol feYOAo Kol efnAeKoVTol oTlV KoTo oKeUr ToU oeKOoec r Kol eKoToVTOoec OTofo oe flo r neplooOTepec ofOoec�

H npoqoVrc AUol elVol Vo TefoxloTel To feYOAo npOYpoffo oe flKpOTepo TfrfoTo, To onolo 8o KoTooKeUooToUV oVe�OpTlTo Kol oTl oUVexelo 8o oUVoUooToUV,

Ylo Vo olfloUpYl8el To oUVoAlKO oUoTlfo. AUTr l OTpaT'yIK�

TfIfaTlKOC rPo

oVofO�eTol Tl'laTIKO� npo-

YPaffaTlOfOC

ypallaTIOlO� (modular programming) Kol onoTeAel Tl �oolKr opxr nOVW oTlV onolo oTlpl�eTol l

oVOnTU�l ToU AoYloflKoU onO Tl oeKoeTlo ToU '50 Kol feTO. BoolKO epYoAelo Ylo TlV UAonollol oUTrc Tlc opxrc rToV l enlVOlol Tlc UnopoUTfva� (subroutine) oTlc opxec

Tlc oeKoeTloc ToU '50. H UnopoUTlVo elVol eVo Tfrfo KWolKo oTo onolo e

YroPoUTiVa

xoUfe oWoel eVo OVofo Kol fnopel Vo

KJrOTAmTrAUnopoUmWvQrA«tIjQQa»AQnaAQ,o

eKTeAeoTel oe onoloornoTe olfelo

OTItWQAtvarAnpoypoIIQmor

ToU npoYpOffoToc onAWc fe oVoqo

mPOyPallaTIOl6c UnO.OyIOT

pO oTo OVofO Tlc. ol UnopoUTlVec olVoUV To �oolKO flxoVlofO Ylo TlV TflfoTl Kr oVOnTU�l ToU AoYloflKoU. ol olOqopec UnopoUTlVec YpOqoVTol oVe�OpTlTo Kol oTl oUVexelo oUVTl8eVTol Kol olfloUpYoUV To TeAlKO npOYpoffo. nop' OAo noU ol UnopoUTlVec npooqepoUV To �oolKO flxoVlofO Ylo TflfoTl KO npoYpoffoTlofO, oUTec Kol fOVo oeV enopKoUV Ylo Tl olfloUpYlo eVOc oWoTO ooflfeVoU AoYloflKoU. ElVol onopolTlTl feYOAl nel8opxlo oToV TpO no xprolc ToUc. �Wplc oUTr TlV nel8opxlo elVol noAU eUKoAo Vo KoTooKeU ooToUV npoYpOffoTo e�olpeTlKO noAUnAoKo Kol oUoVOlTo, noU oUoKoAo TpononoloUVTol eK TWV UoTepWV.

LTo TeAl Tlc oeKoeTloc ToU 1960 Unrp�e flo feYOAl npoonO8elo npoc TlV KoTeU8UVol Tlc Ko8lepWolc eVOc nel8opxlfeVoU TpOnoU Ypoqrc npoYpof fOTWV. To onoTeAeofo rToV l e�eAl�l ToU TflfoTlKoU npoYpoffoTlofoU oe oUTO noU oVofOoTlKe iol'l&vo� npoypallaTIOlO� (structured program ming). BoolKr TexVlKr ToU ooflfeVoU npoYpoffoTlofoU elVol l olOonool TWV AelToUpYlWV ToU npoYpOffoToc oe OAAec, onAoUoTepec Kol oVe�OpTlTec KoTO To oUVoTO, enlfepoUc AelToUpYlec Kol oTl oUVexelo l UAonollor ToUc fe Ko8oplofeVoUc TUnoUc oofWV eAeYxoU. ol oofec oUTec elVol�

H iIaioX� (oKoAoU8lo). ol eVToAec �ploKoVTol oe oKoAoU8lo Kol eKTeAoUVTol fe Tl oelpO noU elVol YpoffeVec.
H &nIAoy�. H eKTeAeol TWV eVToAWV e�opTOTol onO TlV Tlfr oAr8eloc Tlc oUV8rKlc.
H &navaA' '. ol eVToAec enoVoAof�OVoVTol, eqOooV oAl8eUel r oeV oAl8eUel l oUV8rKl.

H olOonool TWV AelToUpYlWV oe onAoUoTepec, noU oVofO�eTol Kol A&IToUpyIK� anoOUve&O' (functional decomposition), YlVeTol onO nOVW npoc To KOTW, olAoor �eKlVWVToc onO TlV nlo oUV8eTl AelToUpYlo oTlV KopUqr Kol q8OVoVToc oTlV nlo onAr oTl �Ool. To npOYpoffo oloonOTol oUVexWc oe onAoUoTepo, eWc OToU KoToAr�oUfe oe enlneoo onAWV UnopoUTlVWV. AUTec ol UnopoUTlVec oVonTUoooVTol �exWploTO Kol oTl oUVexelo oUVTl8eVTol Kol olfloUpYoUV To TeAlKO npOYpoffo. ol opxec ToU ooflfeVoU npoYpoffoTlofoU eqopfOoTlKoV opxlKO oTl YAWooo ALGOL, oAAO eYlVoV eUpUTepo YVWoTec feoW Tlc pascal. Lrfepo OAec oxeoOV ol oUYxpoVec YAWooec elVol oxeoloofeVec eTol WoTe Vo UnooTlpl�oUV oUTec Tlc opxec.

To npOTUno ToU oloolKooTlKoU npoYpoffoTlofoU elVol To noAolOTepo Kol loWc To eUpUTepo xplolfonoloUfeVo. LUxVO oVoqepeTol Kol Wc npoOTaKTI-KO� npoypallaTIOlO� (imperative programming). LUfqWVo fe oUTO To npOTUno, To npOYpoffo onoTeAelTol onO oUo �exWploTO ooflKO oTolxelo� o) onO eVToAec noU neplYpOqoUV �rfo �rfo Tl oloolKoolo enlAUolc ToU

npo�ArfoToc �) onO oofec oeoofeVWV, oTlc onolec ono8lKeUoVTol To oeoofeVo ToU npo�ArfoToc To onolo xelpl�oVTol ol eVToAec.

iofIftVoC rPoYPaffaTlOfOC

MopUTrc ToU ooflfeVoU npoYpoffoTlofoU 8eWpelTol o Di�kstra, o onoloc oloTUnWoe Tlc npWTec Unooel�elc noU oqopoUooV ToV neploplofO Tlc eVToArc GOTO.

ol eVToAec noU, KoT' eAOxloTo, neplexoVTol oe KO8e oloolKooTlKr YAWooo npoYpoffoTlofoU elVol�

EvToA&� avae&O'� . Me oUTec KoToxWpl�oVTol Tlfec oe 8eoelc fVrflc. ol 8eoelc fVrflc oVoqepoVTol feoW oUf�oAlKWV oVofOTWV noU oVofO�oVTol feTo�AlTec Kol Oxl feoW Tlc oleU8UVorc ToUc.

nopOoelYfo�

A:=B+C; (rpoo8sos �o rsplsxopsvo �wv 8Soswv pvnpn� ps ovopO�O B KOl C KOl �o Oro�SAsopO KO�OxWploS �o o�n 8Son A)

EvToA&� OUve�K'�. Me oUTec flo ofOoo eVToAWV eKTeAelTol r Oxl oVOAoYo fe TlV Tlfr oAr8eloc floc oUV8rKlc Kol xplolfonoloUVTol Ylo Vo UAonolrooUV olfelo ToU oAYOpl8foU oTo onolo Aof�OVeTol KOnolo onOqool.

nopOoelYfo�

If vath>=18.5 then print «Aplo�O� else

print «Dxl 6plo�O�; (Av �o rsplsxopsvo �n� ps�OpAn�n� vath slvOl psYOAu�spo n loo �ou 18.5 sK�urwos «arista� OAAlW� sK�urwos «oxi arista�)

EvToA&� &navaA' '�. H npoYfoTlKr loxUc TWV npoYpoffOTWV TWV UnoAoYloTWV Kol Ko TO oUVenelo TWV lolWV TWV UnoAoYloTWVoxe Tl�eTol fe Tl oUVoTOTlTO ToUc Vo &KT&AoUv KaTT &navaA' ' &va OUvoAo &vToA�v. ol e VToAec enoVOAl4lc Ko8opl�oUV Tlc oUV8r Kec KOTW onO Tlc onolec flo ofOoo eVTo AWV eKTeAelTol enoVoAlnTlKO.

nopOoelYfo�

while a>0 do

begin

a := a 1;

x :=x+a

EvmoJrAtnQvoJTlTr

end; (rlO ooo 6l6o�npO n ps�OpAn�n a Sxsl 8s�lKo rsplsxops vo, sK�SAsos (ouvsxW�) �l� sv�oAS� a := a 1 KOl x:=x+a)

mPOyPallaTIOl6c UnO.OyIOT

EvToA&� yIa &fOoio KaI &�oio OToIX&fwv. ElVol ol eVToAec fe Tlc onolec To npOYpoffo xelpl�eTol Tl por oeoofeVWV onO Kol npoc Tlc neplqepeloKec foVOoec ToU UnoAoYloTr. n.x.�

readln(a); (il6pOos Oro �nv sloo6o plO �lpn KOl KO�OxWploS �n on ps�OpAn�n a) writeln(a); (Turwos �o rsplsxopsvo �n� ps�OpAn�n� a o�nv S�o6o)

o avTIK&Il&voOTp&q�� npoypallaTIOlO� (ob�ect oriented programming), oV Kol exel eA8el oTo npooKrVlo To Te

AeUTolo xpOVlo, oTlpl�eTol oe opxec noU exoUV Tlc pl�ec ToUc oTl oeKoeTlo ToU '60 Kol oUYKeKplfeVo oTl YAWooo Simula (Simulation Language rAWooo npooofolWolc). H Simula olfloUpYr8lKe fe oKonO Vo UnooTlpl

�el TlV npooofolWol oloolKoolWV ToU npoYfoTlKoU KOofoU. LTOxoc rToV Vo olfloUpYl8oUV oKpl�r UnoAoYloTlKO foVTeAo noAUnAoKWV oloolKoolWV, onoTeAoUfeVo onO eKoToVTOoec TfrfoTo. 'Voc qUolKOc TpOnoc Ylo Vo neplYpoqel eVo oUoTlfo fe npooofolWol elVol Vo YlVel neplYpoqr TWV oVTl

LXTIQmlKrAnQpoOmQOT

KelfeVWV onO To onolo onoTeAelTol, Tlc oUfneplqopOc

QvmlKtlItvoU

ToUc Ko8Wc Kol ToU TpOnoU fe ToV onolo oAAlAenlopoUV feTo

�U ToUc. AUTr elVol Kol l qlAoooqlo ToU oVTlKelfeVooTpeqoUc npoYpoffoTlofoU.

LTlV oVTlKelfeVooTpeqr npooeYYlol npoYpoffoTlofoU, To avTIK&fl&vo (ob�ect)

AvmlKtWItvQAKQlAITv,IQmQ

elVol eVo npoYpoffoTloTlKO «noKeTo», To onolo onoTeAelTol onO oloolKoolec Kol oeoofeVo oxeTl�OfeVo feTo�U ToUc. AUTec ol oloolKoolec oVofO�oVTol l&eoioI (methods), eVW To oeoofeVo oVofO�oVTol IiIOT'T&� (properties). Ol fe 8oool oe noAAec neplnTWoelc elVol YpoffeVec oe KOnolo oloolKo oTlKr YAWooo. To npOYpoffo, oe oUTrV TlV npooeYYlol, onoTe AelTol onO avTIK&fl&va, To onolo fnopoUV Vo oA AlAenlopoUV feTo�U ToUc fe l'vUlaTa (messages). To flVUfoTo eVepYonol oUV Tlc fe8OooUc TWV oVTl KelfeVWV, noU fe Tl oelpO ToUc fnopel Vo oTelAoUV OAAo flVUfoTo. rlo nopOoelYfo, oe eVo npOYpoffo YeWfeTploc eVo oVTlKelfeVo 8o fnopoU oe Vo elVol eVo TplYWVo. Oc lolOTlTec 8o fnopoUoe Vo exel To frKl TWV nAeU pWV ToU, eVW Wc fe8OooUc ToV UnoAoYlofO Tlc neplfeTpoU Kol ToU ef�oooU ToU. 'Vo frVUfo noU 8o fnopoUoe Vo oex8el onO eVo OAAo oVTlKelfeVo el Vol «rs� pou �nv rsplps�po oou. Oc lololTepo YVWoTec YAWooec oVTlKelfeVooTpeqoUc npoYpoffoTlofoU 8o npenel Vo oVoqep8oUV l Smaltak, l C�� Kol l Java.

o AoyIKO� npoypallaTIOlO� (logic programming) elVol enlpeoofeVoc Kol efnVeUofeVoc onO Tl fo8lfoTlKr AoYlKr. 'Vo npOYpoffo YpoffeVo oe flo YAWooo AoYlKoU npoYpoffoTlofoU, OnWc l prolog, elVol eVo oUVoAo onO AoYlKec npoTOoelc Kol onO eVo flxoVlofO e�oYWYrc oUfnepoofOTWV, feoW ToU onoloU fnopoUfe Vo Uno�OAoUfe epWTroelc oTo npOYpoffo Kol oUTO Vo foc onoVTroel oV oAl8eUoUV r Oxl. rlo nopOoelYfo, nopoTl8eTol eVo npOYpoffo oe YAWooo prolog, noU neplYpOqel To YeVeoAoYlKO oeVopo TWV 8eWV ToU oAUfnoU. neplexel oplofeVec AoYlKec npoTOoelc noU oqopoUV oplofoUc oUYYeVeloc. H oUVTo�l oeV elVol oUoTlpr Ylo AOYoUc oVoYVWolfOTlToc.

216

mPOyPallaTIOl6c UnO.OyIOT�

ol KoVOVec «noTepoc» Kol «flTepo» KWolKonoloUV To noloc elVol noTepoc r flTepo noloU, eVW To «ooeAqlo» opl�el nWc Ylo Vo elVol oUo ooeAqlo (o � Kol

o Y) npenel Vo exoUV ToV lolo noTepo r TlV lolo flTepo (ToV Z). LTo flxoVlofO e�oYWYrc oUfnepoofOTWV fnopoUfe Vo Uno�OAoUfe TlV epWTlol� «elVol o bloc noTepoc ToU blOVUooU» Kol Vo foc onoVTroel «NAI» r Vo pWTrooUfe «nolo elVol To ooeAqlo ToU Apl» Kol Vo onoVTroel «o blOVUooc».
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217

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CASE tools

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mPOyPallaTIOl6c UnO.OyIOT�

225

AqoU oxeolooTel o oAYOpl8foc oTl oUVexelo ToV UAonoloUfe oe KOnolo YAWooo npoYpoffoTlofoU. LTo enOfeVo oxrfo �AenoUfe flo nl8oVr UAonollol oe YAWooo pascal.

AqoU KoTooKeUOooUfe To npOYpoffo, 8o npenel Vo eAeY�oUfe KoTO nOoo elVol oWoTO. rlo To oKonO oUTO npenel Vo «eKTeAeooUfe» r Vo «Tpe�oUfe» To npOYpoffo, olVoVTOc ToU Vo enlAUoel e�loWoelc 2oU �o8foU oloqOpWV Ko TlYoplWV. o oTOxoc foc elVol Vo KoAU4oUfe OAec Tlc nl8oVec KoTlYoplec e�loWoeWV, WoTe Vo olonloTWooUfe oV oe KO8e neplnTWol olVeTol l oVofe VOfeVl onOVTlol. 'Vo TeTolo oUVoAo TlfWV Ylo ToUc oUVTeAeoTec o, �, Y UnOpxel oToV nlVoKo noU oKoAoU8el.

226

mPOyPallaTIOl6c UnO.OyIOT

a�a	a	p	y	�aT'yopfa &�fOwO'�
1	2	4	5	oUo npoYfoTlKec pl�ec
2	2	4	5	oUo npoYfoTlKec pl�ec
3	1	6	9	olnAr pl�o
4	1	0	0	elolKr neplnTWol (KOnoloc oUVTeAeoTrc 0)
5	1	1	0	elolKr neplnTWol (KOnoloc oUVTeAeoTrc 0)
6	1	0	1	elolKr neplnTWol (KOnoloc oUVTeAeoTrc 0) enlolc flYoolKec pl�ec
7	0	1	1	e�loWol o� �o8foU
8	2	1	5	flYoolKec pl�ec

LTo TeTpOolo EpYooloc Mo8lTr oTo oVTloTolxo KeqOAolo, UnOpxel elooYWYr oTl YAWooo npoYpoffoTlofoU pascal efnAoUTlofeVl fe nopooelYfoTo.

H oloolKoolo ToU eAeYxoU eVOc npoYpOffoToc r eVOc oUoTrfoToc AoYloflKoU onoTeAel eVo noAU oo�opO Tfrfo Tlc OAlc oloolKooloc. LTo nopOoelYfO foc rToV oxeTlKO onAO Vo Ko8oplooUfe eVo flKpO oUVoAo TlfWV eloOooU, To onolo elVol opKeTO Ylo Vo eAeYx8el To npOYpoffo. Le feYoAUTeplc KAlfoKoc npoYpOffoTo oUTO oeV elVol oUTe TOoo onAO oUTe nOVToTe eqlKTO. o eAeYxoc Tlc op8OTlToc eVOc npoYpOffoToc elVol eV YeVel eVo noAU olfoVTlKO oAAO Kol xpoVo�Opo Tfrfo, oTlV OAl oloolKoolo nopoYWYrc ToU.

AvaK&qaAafwO'

KUplo oloKplTlKO YVWplofo ToU UnoAoYloTr elVol l oUVoTOTlTo npoYpoffoTl ofoU ToU, fe Tl AelToUpYlo ToU Vo Ko8opl�eTol onO To npOYpoffo noU KO8e oTlYfr eKTeAel. o npoYpoffoTlofOc, onoTeAel eVoV onO ToUc �oolKoUc To felc Tlc enloTrflc TWV UnoAoYloTWV. To npWTo npoYpOffoTo YpOqoVToV oTl YAWooo flxoVrc ToU UnoAoYloTr. LTl oUVexelo, Ylo Vo oleUKoAUV8el l oloolKoolo ToU npoYpoffoTlofoU, oxe olOoTlKoV oTooloKO YAWooec npoYpoffoTlofoU ol onolec elVol nlo KoVTO oToV TpOno eKqpoolc ToU oV8pWnoU. 'Vo npOYpoffo, AolnOV, fnopel Vo el Vol YpoffeVo oe�

rAWooo flxoVrc.
LUf�oAlKr YAWooo.
rAWooo U4lAoU enlneooU. AnO ToV npWTo npoYpoffoTl�OfeVo UnoAoYloTr eWc orfepo, exel enlVol8el eVoc noAU feYOAoc opl8fOc YAWooWV npoYpoffoTlofoU. MeplKec onO Tlc nlo YVWoTec Kol enlTUxlfeVec efnoplKO elVol l OORTRAN, l COBOL, l C Kol l SOL. AVOAoYo fe To oKonO Ylo ToV onolo oxeolOoTlKoV, ol yA�OO&� npoypallaTIOloU oloKplVoVTol oe�
ElolKoU oKonoU, enelor oxeolOoTlKoV Ylo Vo KoAUnToUV Tlc onolTroelc eVOc oUYKeKplfeVoU qOofoToc npo�AlfOTWV.
reVlKoU oKonoU, oUTec noU oxeolOoTlKoV Ylo Vo KoAUnToUV eVo YeVlKO

Tepo qOofo npo�AlfOTWV. To npoYpOffoTo YpOqoVTol elTe oe oUf�oAlKec YAWooec elTe oe YAWooec U4lAoU enlneooU. Tl feToTponr ToUc oe YAWooo flxoVrc oVoAof�OVoUV KoTO neplnTWol, ol oUf�oAofeToqpooTec, ol feToYAWTTloTec Kol ol olepflVeUTec. H oUYYpoqr TWV npoYpoffOTWV exel e�eAlx8el oe flo ooflfeVl oloolKoolo noU oleneTol onO Tlc opxec iol'l&voU npoypallaTIOloU, oUfqWVo fe Tlc onolec eVo npOYpoffo KoTooKeUO�eTol onO oUVepYo�OfeVo ooflKO oTolxelo, To onolo UAonoloUVTol fe �Ool Ko8oplofeVoUc TUnoUc npoYpoffoTloTlKWV oofWV. ol oofec oUTec elVol�

H oloooxr.
H enlAoYr.
H enoVOAl4l. AVOAoYo fe To nWc npooeYYl�eTol o npoYpoffoTlofOc ToU UnoAoYloTr, exoUV olfloUpYl8el olOqopo npOTUno npoYpoffoTlofoU. AUTO elVol�

• o oloolKooTlKOc npoYpoffoTlofOc.

• o oVTlKelfeVooTpeqrc npoYpoffoTlofOc.

• o AoYlKOc npoYpoffoTlofOc.

• o oUVopTloloKOc npoYpoffoTlofOc. H KoTooKeUr eVOc npoYpOffoToc oKoAoU8el oplofeVo �rfoTo. To nlo �oolKO elVol�

o) npoooloplofOc TWV onolTroeWV ToU npo�ArfoToc.

�) AVOAUol ToU npo�ArfoToc.

Y) LxeoloofOc oAYOpl8foU Ylo TlV enlAUol ToU npo�ArfoToc.

o) YAonollol ToU oAYOpl8foU.

e) 'AeYxoc Kol enoAr8eUol ToU TeAlKoU npoYpOffoToc.

oT) LUVTrplol Kol eVlfepWol ToU npoYpOffoToc.

mPOyPallaTIOl6c UnO.OyIOT

�) TeKflplWol. rlo Vo oleUKoAUV8el l oloolKoolo oVOnTU�lc npoYpoffOTWV, exoUV oVonTUx8el npoYpoffoTloTlKO nepl�OAAoVTo, To onolo oTlV onAr ToUc fopqr neplAof�OVoUV onAWc eVo oUVTOKTl KelfeVWV Kol To KoTOAAlAo feToqpooTlKO npoYpOffoTo, eVW TlV nlo oUV8eTl fopqr ToUc onoTeAoUV nepl�OAAoVTo OnWc To epYoAelo CASE r To nepl�OAAoVTo onTlKoU npoYpoffoTlofoU.

EpwT�O&I�

1. Tl elVol oUTO noU KOVel ToV lolo UnoAoYloTr lKoVO Vo eKTeAel epYoolec oloqopeTlKec

feTo�U ToUc� (n.x. Vo KOVel oToTloTlKr oVOAUol, Vo oxeolO�el onlTlo, Vo ene�epYO�eTol �lVTeo).

�: To UAlKO
�: To AoYloflKO � AAAo

«rlo Vo xplolfonoll8el o UnoAoYloTrc Wc epYoAelo oe eVo Tofeo elVol opKeTO Vo npofl8eUToUfe To KoTOAAlAo npoYpOffoTo. To UAlKO oeV exel Koflo olfoolo.» LUfqWVelTe�
� Nol � 'xl

Tl oVofO�eTol npOYpoffo UnoAoYloTr�
Tl eVVooUfe AeYoVToc OTl o UnoAoYloTrc npoYpoffoTl�eTol�
Tl elVol l YAWooo flxoVrc�

No oVoqepeTe Tpelc KoTlYoplec eVToAWV YAWoooc flxoVrc. o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
�) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ol npoYpoffoTlofOc oe oUf�oAlKr YAWooo elVol nlo ............. oe oxeol fe ToV npoYpoffoTlofO oe YAWooec U4lAoU enlneooU. (eUKoAoc ! oUoKoAoc)

AVoqepeTe Tpelc YAWooec npoYpoffoTlofoU elolKoU oKonoU Kol Tpelc YeVlKoU. o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . �) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
oT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

H LMSp Kol l SMALLTALK elVol�

� rAWooec npoYpoffoTlofoU U4lAoU enlneooU

� rAWooec flxoVrc ToU flKpoene�epYooTr a80 � AAAo

1o. No neplYpO4eTe To �rfoTo Ylo TlV eKTeAeol eVOc npoYpOffoToc fe Tl xprol feToqpooTr.

11. nolec onO Tlc nopoKOTW olonloTWoelc elVol oWoTec�

�: o TflfoTlKOc npoYpoffoTlofOc onoTeAel oTpoTlYlKr KoTooKeUrc npoYpoffOTWV
�: o ooflfeVoc npoYpoffoTlofOc �ool�eTol oTlV opxr Tlc AelToUpYlKrc onooUV8eolc
�: H UnopoUTlVo elVol flo oofr enlAoYrc

noloc o oKonOc TWV eVToAWV oUV8rKlc oTo oloolKooTlKO npoYpoffoTlofO�
Tl elVol ol fe8oool Kol Tl ol lolOTlTec oToV oVTlKelfeVooTpeqr npoYpoffoTlofO�

To oeoofeVo oToV oVTlKelfeVooTpeqr npoYpoffoTlofO ono8lKeUoVTol oTlc fe8OooUc. LUfqWVelTe�
� Nol � 'xl

Tl elVol eVo npoYpoffoTloTlKO nepl�OAAoV Kol onO Tl onoTeAelTol�
nolo �rfoTo oKoAoU8oUVTol KoTO TlV oVOnTU�l AoYloflKoU�
No oUVoeoeTe To oTolxelo Tlc npWTlc oTrAlc fe oUTO Tlc oeUTeplc.

ITaiIo AnoT&A&Ola

LUYYpoqr � � EKTeAeolfo npOYpoffo

npoYpOffoToc MeToYAWTTlol � � nlYolo npOYpoffo

LUVoeol � � AVTlKelfeVo npOYpoffo

mPOyPallaTIOl6c UnO.OyIOT�

rAwOOapIo

Mlo �rfo npoc �rfo oloolKoolo l onolo oolYel oTlV enlAUol eVOc
AAyOpIelo�	npo�ArfoToc. npenel Vo elVol ooqrc Kol Vo exel oUYKeKplfeVo ol
	felo TepfoTlofoU.
AvTIK&fl&vo npOypalla	To npo'OV Tlc feTOqpoolc ToU nlYoloU npoYpOffoToc onO eVo feToqpooTr.
AvTIK&Il&voOTp&q�� npoypallaTIOlO�	MoVTeAo npoYpoffoTlofoU oTo onolo To oeoofeVo Kol o KWolKoc elVol opYoVWfeVo oe oVTlKelfeVo noU enlKolVWVoUV feTo�U ToUc fe flVUfoTo.
.I&pl'v&UT�� Igtehpheteh	MeToqpooTlKO npOYpoffo, feoW ToU onoloU eKTeAelTol eVo npOYpoffo noU elVol YpoffeVo oe YAWooo U4lAoU enlneooU. (bec enlolc «feToqpooTrc».)
EpyaA&fa avanTU�'� AoyIOlIKoU l& T' po�e&Ia UnoAoyIOT� - Case tools	oAoKAlpWfeVo epYoAelo Ylo oVOnTU�l AoYloflKoU fe Tl �or8elo UnoAoYloTr.
.ol'l&vo�	'Vo oUVoAo onO TexVlKec noU exoUV oKonO Tl �eATlWol Tlc nolOTl
npoypallaTIOlO�	Toc ToU nopoYOfeVoU AoYloflKoU.
IUvTaKT'�	npOYpoffo fe To onolo YpOqoVTol onAO KelfeVo, xWplc fopqonol
Epitoh	lol. LUVr8Wc xplolfonolelTol Ylo Tl oUYYpoqr npoYpoffOTWV.
JoyIKO�	MoVTeAo npoYpoffoTlofoU To onolo exel Tlc opxec ToU oTl Mo8l
npoypallaTIOlO�	foTlKr JoYlKr.
M&TayAwTTIOT��	npOYpoffo To onolo feToqpO�elfeToYAWTTl�el oe YAWooo flxoVrc
Compileh	eVo npOYpoffo YpoffeVo oe YAWooo U4lAoU enlneooU.
n'yafo npOypalla	H opxlKr fopqr (fopqr KelfeVoU) eVOc npoYpOffoToc YpoffeVoU oe KOnolo YAWooo npoYpoffoTlofoU.
	'Vo oUVoAo eVToAWV YpoffeVWV oe KOnolo YAWooo npoYpoffoTl
npOypalla	ofoU, fe oKonO TlV eKTeAeol oUYKeKplfeVWV epYoolWV onO ToV U
	noAoYloTr.
	rAWooo npoYpoffoTlofoU noU onoTeAelTol onO fVlfoVlKec Ae�elc,
IUlpoAIK� yA�OOa	ol onolec �ploKoVTol oe Ofeol (flo npoc flo) oVTloTolxlo fe Tlc
	eVToAec Tlc YAWoooc flxoVrc.
IUlpoAol&TaqpaOT��	npOYpoffo To onolo feToTpenel oe YAWooo flxoVrc eVo npOYpof
Assemoleh	fo YpoffeVo oe oUf�oAlKr YAWooo.
IUvapT'OIaKO�	MoVTeAo npoYpoffoTlofoU To onolo oTlpl�eTol oTl fo8lfoTlKr eV
npoypallaTIOlO�	Volo Tlc oUVOpTlolc.
IUvi&T'� Ligkeh	ElolKO npOYpoffo noU oUVoeel KoTOAAlAo To oVTlKelfeVo npOYpoffo fe OAAo oVTlKelfeVo npoYpOffoTo, WoTe oUTO Vo feToTponel oe oUTOVofo eKTeAeolfo npOYpoffo.
OnTIKO� npoypallaTIOlO�	AVOnTU�l npoYpoffOTWV fe YpoqlKec fe8OooUc.
	AVe�OpTlTo Tfrfo KWolKo, To onolo fnopel Vo KAl8el Ylo eKTeAeol
VnopoUTfva	onO olOqopo olfelo eVOc npoYpOffoToc. AnoTeAel �oolKO epYoAelo
	oTo ooflfeVo npoYpoffoTlofO.

EviIaq&poUO&� KaI Xp�OIl&� iI&UeUvO&I� ToU .IaiIKTUoU

http:��www.am.i.com

EmQlptWQAnoUAtlQlKt,tmQlAOmTvAProlog.AAflQetmtlAXWpWrAKaOmorAIWQAKQJrAtKQoOTAmTrAyJWOOQr.

http:��www.ohaig.ugi-eheiouhm.pe� -klaus�epc�

MtmQcpQOmrrAPascalAylQADOSAKQlALinux.

http:��www.pelohie.com�ppmpp�

MtmQcpQOmrrACAylQADOS.

http:��www.michosoet.com

EKmarAQnaAmQAyvWOmoAmTrAJtlmoUpylKoAOUOmrIQmQ,ATAMicrosoftAQlQetmtlAntpljoJJovmQAQvonmU�TrAylQ QlocoptrAyJWOOtrAanWrAC,AC++AKQlABasic.

http:��www.igspise.com

GQAjptWmtAnJTpocopWtrAylQAmQAnoJ,AtnlmUXTItvQAntpljoJJovmQAQvonmU�TrAmTrABorland.

http:��www.iecc.com�compilehs�chegshaw�

GQAjptWmtAytvlKtrAoQTyWtrAylQAmovAmpanoAKQmQOKtUrrAtvarAItmQyJWmmlOmr.

http:��ahchie.igesc.pt�ehee-pih�ehee-toc.html

KQmoJoyorAQnaAITAtInoplKo,rAItmQcpQOmtrAylQAQlocoptrAyJWOOtrAnpoypQIIQmlOIo,.

http:��www.ilio.ohm�Computigm.html

ftvlKtrAnJTpocopWtrAylQAmovAnpoypQIIQmlOIa.

http:��www.pascal-cegthal.com�

KQJaAOTItWoAtKKWvTOTrAylQAQvQ�rmTOTAnJTpocoplWvAOXtmlKWvAItAmTAyJWOOQAPascal.

http:��www.elamigmoligmo.com�phomhammigm.c�

flQetmtlAnoJJtrAnJTpocopWtrAylQAmTAyJWOOQAnpoypQIIQmlOIo,AC.

http:��www.gim.gtgu.go� -sk�lagm�lagm.html

EKmtvrrAQJcQjTmlKarAKQmoJoyorAItAyJWOOtrAnpoypQIIQmlOIo,.

Olai&� v&wv

LmlrAoIoQtrAvtWvAUnopXtlAtvQrAItyoJorAQpleIarAoIoQWvAnoUAQcopoAetIQmQAnpoypQIIQmlOIo,AUnoJoylOmWv.AA EvQtlKmlKoAQvQctpoUItAmlr: comp.compilers comp.programming comp.lang.*AAAA(oIoQtrAylQAyJWOOtrAnpoypQIIQmlOIo,j news.answersAAAA(GQAjptWmtAnoJ,AtvQlQctpovmQAF Qsj

232

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BIpAIoypaqfa

D.E Knuth, The aht oe computeh Phomhammigm� iols 1�2�3� EKoOoelc AddisonWesley, 1969,73

�paKtlmQlAylQAtvQAKJQOOlKaAO,yypQIIQAQnQpQWmTmoAylQAanolovAeQAretJtAvQAQOXoJTetWAOojQpoAItAmov npoypQIIQmlOIa.

Elliot B. Koffman, Tuhoo Pascal� 5th Epitiog� EKoOoelc AddisonWesley. 1998

KQJoypQIItvoAjljJWoAmoAonoWoAItOWAmTrAyJWOOQrAPascal,AnQpoUOlo�tlAmTvAmtXvlKrAmTrAtnWJUOTrAnpojJTIomWvAItAUnoJoylOmr.

I.K.KO�oUpo, .ol'l&vo� npoypallaTIOlO� l& Pascal� EKoOoelc KAeloOpl8foc

�QpoUOlo�tlAmoAQoITItvoAnpoypQIIQmlOIaAItOQAQnaAmTAQlQQOKQJWQAmTrAPascal.

eeOoWpoU Z. KoAofnoUKl, .ol&� i&iol&vwv l& Pascal� A8rVo 1991

�QpoUOWQOTAmWvAQoIWvAQtQoItvWvAItOQAAQnaAmTvAPascal.

E. �orrowitz, BaOIK&� apX&� yAwOO�v npoypallaTIOloU� EKoOoelc KAeloOpl8foc

�tplJQIjovtlAnJTeWpQAetIomWvAy,pWAQnaAmlrAetItJlWQtlrAtvvoltrAKQlAQpXtrAmWvAyJWOOWvAnpoypQIIQmlOIo,.

nJHPOCOPIAKA IYITHMATA

8.1 Tl &Ival nAIpoqoplaKo IuaTIla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237

8.2 napai&IYlaTa nAIpoqoplaKwv IUaTIloTwv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238

8.3 KuKAo� �w�� nAIpoqoplaKou IUaT�laTo� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239

8.3.1 blepeuvlTlKr feAeTl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240

8.1.2 MeAeTl oKonlfOTlTOc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240

8.1.3 AvoAuol OnOlTroewv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241

8.1.4 LXeolOofOc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241

8.1.5 YAonollol - KwolKonollol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242

8.1.6 'AeYXoc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242

8.1.7 nOpooool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242

8.1.8 EYKOTooTOol - JelToupYlO - LuvTrplol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243

8.1.9 AnOoupol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243

8.4 'va napoi&lYla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243

AvaK&qaAaIwaI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .246 EpwT�a&l� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247 rAwaaoplo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249 Evilaq&poUa&� Kal xp�all&� il&Ueuva&l� ToU .lailKTuoU . . . . . 250 BlpAloYpaqIa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251

m.TPOcOPIaKU IuOT�laTa

l olfOolec unlpeolec, ol Tpone�ec, ol feYoAol opYOvlofol, ol enl-Xelproelc KO8wc enlolc KOl ol eAeu8epol enOYYeAfOTlec, ol qolTl-Tec, ol fO8lTec OvTlfeTwnl�ouv ouXvo Tlv OvoYKl vO olOXelploTouv feYoAo OYKo nAlpoqoplwv YprYopO KOl O�lOnloTO. Le OuTrv Tl olOXelplol olfOvTlKr �or8elO fnopel vO owoel l TeXvoAoYlO Tlc nAlpoqopl-Krc. IlO vO olOXelploToufe feYoAO ouvoAO nAlpoqoplwv fe Tlv O�lonollol Twv olfOvTlKwv ouvOToTrTwv nou fOc npooqepel l TeXvoAoYlO Tlc nAlpoqoplKrc, OvOnTuoooufe nAIpoqoplaKo IUaT�laTa, fe oTOXo:

Tl �eATlwol Tlc nolOTlTOc npo'OvTwv KOl unlpeolwv
Tlv Ou�lol Tlc nOpOYwYlKOTlTOc
Tlv nOpOYwYr vewv npo'OvTwv KOl vewv unlpeolwv.

LTo KeqoAOlo OuTO 8O enlXelprooufe vO OnooOqlvlooufe Tlv evvolO Tou nAlpoqoplOKou LuoTrfOToc (n.L.), vO neplYpoloufe TO oTolXelO nou To ouv8eTouv KOl vO npoooloplooufe Tlc qooelc OvonTu�rc Tou OnO Tl «Yevvlol» feXpl To «8ovOTO» Tou.

'ol fOc oO8lKe l euKOlplO vO KOTOvorooufe To pOAo KOl TO XOpOKTlploTl-Ko Tou uAlKou, Tlc AelToupYlec nou enlTeAel To AelToupYlKO ouoTlfO KOl Tlc lolOlTepOTlTec KOl Tl olfOolO Tou AoYloflKou. E�eTooOfe enlolc TO XOpO-KTlploTlKo, Tlc ouvOTOTlTec KOl Tl olfOolO Twv unoAoYloTlKwv ouoTlfoTwv. TO unoAoYloTlKo OuTo ouoTrfOTO eXouv elo�oAel oTlv KO8lfeplvr fOc �wr KOl eXouv KOTOoTroel Tlv nOpouolO Touc Olo8lTr. MoAloTO, Ov e�eTooel KOvelc, oe ole8vec enlneoo, Tlv eloOYwYr Tlc TeXvoAoYlOc Tlc nAlpoqoplKrc oTlv KO8lfeplvr �wr, 8O nOpOTlproel OTl l eloOYwYr OuTr eXel ouvTeAeoTel fe enlTuXlO KOl Onooloel TO OvOfevOfevO OnoTeAeofOTO oe Xwpec nou olOKplvovTOl YlO Tlv KOAr opYovwol Tou olfOolou �lou Touc, Onou TO enlfepouc ouoTrfOTO -ouoTlfO eKnOloeuolc, TpOne�lKO ouoTlfO, ouoTlfO uYelOc, KAn.- elvOl KOAo opYOvwfevO KOl oTeAeXwfevO. H nOpOTrplol OuTr fOc �ol8o vO Kovoufe Konolec enlolfovoelc:

'vO unoAoYloTlKO ouoTlfO oev fnopel vO eloOX8el fe enlTuXlO oe evOv opYOvlofO r flO enlXelplol, ev Yevel oe flO opYOvwfevl oofr, Xwplc vO e�eTOoTel l oXeol Tou fe TO XOpOKTlploTlKo Tlc oofrc, Onwc elvOl To opYOvwTlKO oXrfO, ol AelToupYlec nou enlTeAel l oofr KOl ol olOol-KOolec uAonollolc OuTwv Twv AelToupYlwv.
Ko8e unoAoYloTlKO ouoTlfO oeXeTOl, ene�epYo�eTOl KOl nOpoYel oeoofevO. To elooc OuTwv Twv oeoofevwv elvOl ouvopTlol Twv OvOYKwv Twv XploTwv KOl Twv ouvOToTrTwv Tlc TeXvoAoYlOc. H KOToAAlAl enlAoYr Twv oeoofevwv elvOl nOpoYovTOc enlTuXlOc oTlv eqOpfoYr evOc unoAo-YloTlKou ouoTrfOToc oe flO oofr -opYOvlofO, enlXelplol KAn. TO oeoofevO eXouv evO KuKAo �wrc nou neplAOf�ovel Tl olfloupYlO Touc, Tlv Ono8rKeuol, Tl feTOqopo Touc feoO oTo Xwpo r OnO evO lAeKTpovlKO feoo oe oAAo lAeKTpovlKO feoo, Tlv OvoKTlol, Tlv OvOnOpOYwYr, Tlv OvoAuol, Tlv TO�lvOflol, Tl ouv8eol KOl TeAoc Tlv KOTOoTpoqr Touc.
Kplolfoc nOpoYovTOc enlTuXlOc elvOl o ov8pwnoc. Ol ov8pwnol Tlc oofrc 8O AelToupYroouv To unoAoYloTlKO ouoTlfO XplolfonolwvTOc To wc epYOAelo YlO Tlv eKTeAeol Tlc epYOolOc Touc. Luvenwc l KOAr ou

KaTIYopI&� nI

ble�OYwYrc LuvOAAOYwv
blolKlolc
YnooTrpl�lc Anoqooewv
'fnelpO LuoTrfOTO
noAufeowv

vepYOolO Ov8pwnou - unoAoYloTlKou ouoTrfOToc npooolopl�el KOl Tlv OnoTeAeofOTlKOTlTO OuTrc Tlc oXeolc.

0ewpoufe OTl evO nAIpoqoplaKo IuaTIla (n.L.) elvOl evO opYOvwfevo ouvoAo Twv nevTe ovToTrTwv- Av8pwnol, beoofevO, JoYloflKO, YAlKO, blOolKOolec KOl nou OAec fO�l ouv8eTouv evO ouoTlfO, To onolo oeXeTOl, Ono8lKeuel, OvOKTo, feTOoXlfOTl�el, ene�epYo�eTOl KOl olOvefel nAlpoqoplec oTouc oloqopouc XproTec.

AnO Tov nOpOnovw oplofO

npoKunTel To oufnepOofO OTl, YlO vO eXoufe evO «KOAO» n.L. - olAOor evO n.L. nou vO unooTlpl�el Tlv OnoTeAeofOTlKOTepl Ael-ToupYlO Tou opYOvlofou r Tlc enlXelplolc-elvOl OnOpOlTlTec ol e�rc npo�no8eoelc:

• unOp�l KOAo oplofevwv olOolKOolwv

• owoTOc npoooloplofOc m·TPOcOPWQKO OUOTTIQ Twv OvOYKOlwv oeoofevwv

KOToAAlAl KOTopTlol Tou Ov8pwnlvou ouvOflKou
unOp�l KOToAAlAou uAlKou, KOl • olO8eolfOTlTO KOToAAlAou AoYloflKou.

LTlv KO8lfeplvr fOc �wr ouvOAAOooOfOoTe ouXvo fe n.L., Onwc To n.L. flOc Tpone�Oc, To n.L. Tlc bEH r Tou OTE, To n.L. Tlc eqoplOc, To n.L. evOc voooKofelou, To n.L. Tou orfou fOc, To n.L. Tou YnoupYelou nOloelOc KOl noAAo oAAO.

Mnopoufe vO olOKplvoufe TO n.L. oe KOTlYoplec OvoAoYO fe To pOAo Touc. MlO KOTlYoplO elvOl TO n.I. .l&'aYwY�� IUvaAAaYwv. TO ouoTrfOTO OuTo olOXelpl�ovTOl nAlpoqoplec nou Oqopouv ooooAlllec: n.X. olOXelplol Ono8rKlc, olOXelplol �l�Alo8rKlc, olOXelplol AoYOplOofwv bEH, olOXelplol nw-Aroewv evOc KOTOoTrfOToc, olOXelplol TpOne�lKwv AoYOplOofwv, KAn.

MlO oeuTepl KOTlYoplO elvOl TO n.I. .loIKIaI� . ElvOl ouoTrfOTO nou unooTlpl�ouv Tlc opOoTlplOTlTec Tlc ololKlolc KOl Tlc olOolKOolec Arllc Onoqooewv nOpoYovTOc nAlpoqoplec fe Tl fopqr OvOqopwv KOl eK8eoewv Xprolfwv oTl ololKlol evOc opYOvlofou YlO To oTpOTlYlKO oXeolOofO KOl Tl Arll Onoqooewv. MlO TplTl KOTlYoplO elvOl TO n.I. YnoaT�pl'I� Anoqoa&wv. TO ouoTrfOTO OuTo OnoTeAouv e�elolKeuol Twv n.L. blolKlolc KOl elvOl eqoolOofevO fe elolKO AoYloflKO YlO Tlv unooTrpl�l Onoqooewv. aOol�ouv Tl AelToupYlO Touc oe ouvouOofO oeoofevwv KOl KOToAAlAwv fovTeAwv.

m.TPOcOPIaKU IuOT�laTa

MlO TeTOpTl KOTlYoplO elvOl TO 'ln&lpa IUaT�laTa r IUaT�laTa Eln&lpo� Yvwlov&� . ElvOl ouoTrfOTO nou �Ool�ovTOl oTl Yvwol evOc r neploooTepwv elolKwv oe Konolov TofeO, Tlv onolO eXouv evowfOTwoel eTol woTe vO olvouv Tl ouf�ouAr nou 8O eolve KOl o elolKOc oe Ko8e ouYKeKplfevo npO�AlfO Tou TofeO Tou. TeAoc eXoufe TO n.I. noAUl&awv. npOKelTOl YlO ouoTrfOTO nou ene�epYo

�ovTOl oeoofevO, Onwc o rXoc, To Kelfevo, l elKOvO, KOl To �lvTeo. nOpOoelYfOTO TeTolwv ouoTlfoTwv eXoufe oTlv lOTplKr, Onou evO n.L. 8O npenel vO Xelpl�eTOl TO oeoofevO evOc Oo8evouc, nou elvOl Kelfevo (OnoTeAeofOTO fl-Kpo�loAoYlKwv e�eTooewv), elKOvec (OKTlvoYpOqlec), rXoc (lXoYpoqlol KOpolOKwv nOAfwv), oflAlO (lXoYpoqlol ouvoflAlOc) KOl �lvTeo (uneplXoYpoqlfO AelToupYlOc evOc opYovou). AAAo nOpooelYfO elvOl To n.L. evOc fouoelou, Onou TO oeoofevO elvOl Kelfevo (neplYpOqec elolKwv), rXoc (fouolKr Tlc enoXrc r Tlc neploXrc), elKOvec (nOAOlOTepec qwToYpOqlec) r �lvTeo (nOpouolOol evOc Tonlou).

LTlv nopelO Tou XpOvou flO oofr (opYOvlofOc r enlXelplol) OnoqOol�el Tlv OvonTu�l evOc ouYKeKplfevou n.L., oTl ouveXelO unopXel l neploooc OvonTu�lc Tou n.L., feTo Tlv neplooo OvonTu�lc eXoufe Tlv neplooo AelToup-YlOc Tou n.L. feXpl KonolO XpovlKr oTlYfr, onOTe l oofr (opYOvlofOc, enl-Xelplol) OnoqOol�el OTl To n.L. oev lKOvonolel nAeov Tlc OnOlTroelc Tlc KOl OnoqOol�el Tlv OnOoupor Tou. To XpovlKO olooTlfO feTO�u Tlc OnOqOolc Tlc OvonTu�lc KOl Tlc OnOoupolc ovofo�eTOl KuKAo� �w�� ToU n.I.

O KuKAoc �wrc Tou n.L. neplAOf�ovel noAAec opOoTlplOTlTec, ol onolec ouvr8wc ofOoonolouvTOl oe qoa&l� -�rfOTO. YnopXouv noAAol TpOnol ofOoonollolc, Ofwc evOc OnO OuTouc nou XOlpouv OnoooXrc elvOl o enOfevoc :

blepeuvlTlKr feAeTl
MeAeTl LKonlfOTlTOc
AvoAuol AnOlTroewv
LXeolOofOc
YAonollol - KwolKonollol
'AeYXoc
nOpooool
EYKOTooTOol - JelToupYlO
AnOoupol

Ko8e qool OnO Tlc nOpOnovw nOpoYel evO nOpOooTeo npo'Ov nou ovofo�e-TOl evolofeoo npo'Ov. IlO vO �eKlvroel Konolo veo �rfO, npenel vO eXel oAoKAlpw8el fe enlTuXlO To npolYoufevo. LTl ouveXelO 8O ooufe nolO epwTrfOTO OnOvTofe oe Ko8e qool.

LKonOc Tlc olepeuvlTlKrc feAeTlc elvOl:

vO npoooloploTel fe oXeTlKr OKpl�elO To npO�AlfO nou enl8ufoufe vO Auooufe
vO e�eTOoTel nolec evOAAOKTlKec Auoelc 8O fnopouoOv vO OnoTeAeoouv Auol oTo npO�AlfO KOl
nolO OnO OuTec Tlc Auoelc qOlveTOl vO fOc evolOqepel neplooOTepo.

ae�OlO OAO TO nOpOnovw nl8Ovwc vO fOc qOlvovTOl OKOTOvOlTO. �owc oleu-KplvloTouv, Ov olfelwooufe OTl evOc opYOvlofOc r flO enlXelplol elvOl ouvOTOv vO enl8ufouv Tlv enlAuol enlXelplolOKwv r AelToupYlKwv npo�Alfo-Twv Touc fe Tl �or8elO Tlc TeXvoAoYlOc Twv unoAoYloTwv, Xwplc Ofwc vO elvOl oe 8eol vO npoooloploouv To n.L. nou 8eAouv vO OvOnTu�ouv. H OKpl�rc KOTOvOlol Tou npo�ArfOToc OnO Tov elolKO 8O Tou enlTpelel vO neplYpolel evOAAOKTlKec Auoelc, eTol woTe oTl ouveXelO o opYOvlofOc r l enlXelplol vO olOTunwoouv Tlc npoTlfroelc Touc.

H qool OuTr KOTOArYel oe evO evTuno nou elvOl l il&p&UvITlK� l&A&TI r npol&A&TI. To evTuno OuTO elvOl Xprolfo oTl ouveXelO, YlOTl �ol8o oTov KOT� OpXoc npoooloplofO Tou n.L. nou 8eAoufe vO OvOnTu�oufe KOl enofevwc felwvel To evoeXOfevo vO KOTOvOAwooufe ouvofelc YlO Tlv enlAuol evOc npo�ArfOToc olOqopeTlKou OnO To npOYfOTlKO.

MeTo Tlv eYKplol-OnoooXr Tlc olepeuvlTlKrc feAeTlc OnO Tov opYOvlofO r Tlv enlXelplol, �eKlvo l feAeTl oKonlfOTlTOc. AuTr eXel oKonO vO OvOAuoel Tlc Auoelc nou olOTunw8lKOv KOTo Tl olepeuvlTlKr feAeTl, vO nOpouolooel KplTrplO O�loAOYlorc Touc, vO Tlc O�loAoYroel KOl TeAlKo vO npoTelvel Tl �eA-TloTl Auol.

TO KplTrplO O�loAOYlolc Oqopouv Tlc e�rc nOpOfeTpouc:

To XpOvo, n.X. nOoo XpOvo Xpelo�eTOl l uAonollol Ko8e Auolc
Tlv TeXvoAoYlO, n.X. Ov elvOl TeXvoAoYlKo eqlKTr l Auol
Tlv TeXvoYvwolO, n.X. Ov unopXel TeXvoYvwolO, Ov 8O unop�ouv ouoKoAlec
To KOoToc, n.X. olKovoflKO r KOl KolvwvlKO KOoToc Ko8e Auolc
To OqeAoc, n.X. nolO elvOl TO fOKponpO8eofO r �pOXunpO8eofO olKovoflKo r enlXelplolOKo oqeAl
To ouvouOofO Twv nOpOnovw, n.X. npoooloplofOc oelKTwv YlO Tl �O8foAOYlol Ko8e Auolc.

To npo'Ov OuTrc Tlc qoolc elvOl To evTuno Tlc l&A&TI� aKonlloTITa� , To onolo, Oqou nOpouolooel OAec Tlc nOpOfeTpouc, KOTOArYel oTlv OvOAuTlKr neplYpOqr Tlc npoTelvOfevlc Auolc.

m.TPOcOPIaKU IuOT�laTa

LKonOc Tlc OvoAuolc OnOlTroewv elvOl vO npoooloploel Tlc AelToupYlec Tou ouoTrfOToc KOl Tlc enloOoelc Tou. H OvoAuol OnOlTroewv OnOvTo oTo epw-TlfO «Tl 8O Kovel To ouoTlfO OTOv OvOnTuX8el;», evw oev OnOvTo oTo epwTlfO «nwc 8O Kovel OuTo nou 8O Kovel;».

Ol AelToupYlec Tou ouoTrfOToc npooolopl�ovTOl Ov neplYpoloufe YlO Ko8e AelToupYlO TO oeoofevO eloOoou Tlc, Tlv ene�epYOolO nou ouvTeAelTOl oTO oeoofevO OuTo KOl TO OnoTeAeofOTO nou nOpoYovTOl oTlv e�ooo. Ol enloOoelc, Ofwc, Oqopouv �lTrfOTO XwplTlKoTrTwv KOl TOXuTrTwv Tou ouoTrfO-Toc, n.X. eKOTO TOuTOXpovol XproTec, 2GB OpXelo, 10 oeAloec To AenTO, 1 eKOToffuplo ooooAlllec To oeuTepOAenTo. 'Tol YlO nOpooelYfO, eov To n.L. Oqopouoe KonolO eTOlpelO KOTOoKeurc KOl nwAlolc elowv evouolc, 8O nOlpvOfe flO oelpo Onoqooewv �Ool�Ofevol oTO nOpOKoTw epwTrfOTO: ol eKTunwTec 8O eKTunwvouv Onooel�elc AlOvlKrc KOl XovoplKrc nwAlolc, oTolXelO neAOTwv, Ono8efOTO, KTA.; To AoYloflKO 8O nOpeXel ouvOTOTlTec YlO Tlv eloOYwYr, Tlv Ono8rKeuol, Tl fopqonollol KOl Tlv evlfepwol oTolXelwv nou OvOqepovTOl oe npo'OvTO, npofl8euTec, neAo-Tec, KTA.; 0O npenel l OnOKplol Tou ouoTrfOToc oe Ko8e OnOlTlol vO flv unep�Olvel TO ouo oeuTepOAenTO; 0O unopXel Ov8pwnlvl nOpef�Ool fe nAl-KTpoAOYlol oTolXelwv oTov unoAoYloTr, fe eAeYXo Tlc owoTrc AelToupYlOc Twv flXOvlfoTwv r Tono8eTlol XOpTlou, eqOoov OuTO KplveTOl OnOpOlTlTo, oTov eKTunwTr, KTA.

To npo'Ov OuTrc Tlc qoolc elvOl To 'YYpaqo n&plYpaq�� AnalT�a&wv, nou OnoTeAel �OolKO eYYpOqo Tou KuKAou �wrc, Oqou npooolopl�el fe feYo-Al OKpl�elO To n.L.

O oXeolOofOc OnOvTo oTo epwTlfO: nwc 8O elvOl To n.L., woTe vO eKTeAel Ou-To nou OvOqepel To 'YYpOqo neplYpOqrc AnOlTroewv; O oXeolOofOc olO-KplveTOl oe ApXlTeKTovlKO LXeolOofO, nou npooolopl�el TO fepl Tou ouoTrfOToc (ovTOTlTec oXeolou) KOl Tlv OAAlAenlopOor Touc, KOl oe JenTofepr LXeolOofO, nou npooolopl�el eowTeplKec AenTofepelec Tlc Ko8e ovTOTlTOc oXeolou. IlO nOpooelYfO, OnoqOol�eTOl evO n.L. vO nAOlolwveTOl OnO 30 npoownlKouc unoAoYloTec (PC) KOl 5 eKTunwTec, ol onolol 8O enlKolvwvouv feTO�u Touc feow Konolou TonlKou olKTuou. To AelToupYlKO 8O elvOl Windows NT, evw nOpoAAlAO 8O Xplolfonoll8ouv elolKo npoYpoffOTO npooTOolOc KOl ene�ep-YOolOc Twv oeoofevwv.

Me Tlv oAoKArpwol Tou oXeolOofou To n.L. elvOl eTolfo oTO XOpTlo, Onwc OKpl�wc elvOl evO olKooOflfO fe Tlv oAoKArpwol Twv OnOpOlTlTwv oXeolwv (OpXlTeKTovlKwv, oTOTlKwv, lAeKTpoflXOvoAoYlKwv). EnOfevo �rfO elvOl l uAonollol.

MeTo Tlv KOAr TeKflplwol Tou oXeolOofou elvOl ouvOTOv vO �eKlvroel l uAonollol Tou n.L. H uAonollol neplAOf�ovel Kuplwc Tlv KwolKonollol Tou Ao-YloflKou fe Tl Xprol Konolwv YAwoowv npoYpOffOTlofou.

npo'Ov Tlc qoolc OuTrc elvOl o T&KlIplwl&vo� KwilKa� , olAOor To ouvo-Ao Twv OnOpOlTlTwv npoYpOffoTwv, OAO ouvooeufevO fe oleuKplvloTlKo oXOAlO KOl nOpOTlproelc nou TO KO8loTouv OvOYvwolfO KOl KOTOvolTo KOl OnO oAAouc npoYpOffOTloTec, KOl l npol�e&la ToU UAlKou fe Tl oXeTlKr TeKflplwor Tou.

To ouoTlfO nou uAonolr8lKe oTlv npolYoufevl qool npenel vO eAeYX8el KOTo nOoo efnepleXel OoO XOpOKTlploTlKo npooolopl�ovTOl oTo oXeolo KOl Tlv OvoAuol OnOlTroewv. AuTOc elvOl KOl o oTOXoc Tlc qoolc eAeYXou, vO oXeolooel KOl vO eqOpfOoel flO oelpo eAeYXwv nou 8O enlTpelouv Tov evTonlofO Twv OnoKAloewv Tou uAonollfevou npo'OvToc OnO Tlc npoolOYpOqec Tou OvOfevOfevou npo'OvToc, ol onolec elXOv Te8el KOTo Tlc qooelc Tou oXeolOofou KOl Tlc OvoAuolc Twv OnOlTroewv. nlo ouYKeKplfevO, OTOv npOYfO-TonolelTOl o eAeYXoc oe Konolo n.L. enl8ufoufe vO evTonlooufe eov To n.L. nou KOTOoKeuooTlKe elvOl To enl8uflTO KOl eov AelToupYel owoTo. 'Tol YlO nOpooelYfO, eov elXe KOTOoKeuOoTel Konolo n.L. AoYloTlKrc unooTrpl�lc, o eAeYXoc 8O eolve efqOol oe oloqopec npo�elc unoAoYlofwv KOl oTO OnoTeAeofOTo Touc. Luvoll�ovTOc 8O AeYOfe OTl, KOTo Tl olopKelO Tou eAeY-Xou, TO oTofO TO onolO eXouv enwflo8el Tl ouYKeKplfevl epYOolO enl�oAAe-TOl vO eAeY�ouv flO nAl8wpO nOpOfeTpwv. TO nlo ouvl8lofevO oqoAfOTO nou evTonl�ovTOl oe OuTr Tl qool oXeTl�ovTOl fe OAYopl8flKo oqoAfOTO, oqoAfOTO unepqOpTwolc Tou ouoTrfOToc, oqoAfOTO OnOooolc (n.X. l OnOKplol Tou ouoTrfOToc oev OvTOnoKplveTOl oTlc OnOlTroelc fOc), oqoAfO-TO oplwv, KTA.

MeTo Tlv oAoKArpwol Tou eAeYXou fnopoufe nAeov vO efnloTeuOfOoTe To ouoTlfo fOc. H efnloToouvl OuTr ev8Oppuvel Touc XproTec Tou ouoTrfO-Toc KOl Tl ololKlol Tou qopeO nou 8O Xplolfonolroel To n.L. KOl OnoTeAel oTolXelo lolOlTeplc olfOolOc YlO Tlv enlTuXr nopelO Tou KuKAou �wrc.

H nOpooool Tou n.L. olfOlvel:

eKnOloeuol XploTwv KOl
nOpooool eYXelplolwv Xprolc Tou n.L. ElvOl flO qool olfOvTlKr YlO Tlv O�lonollol Tou n.L.

m.TPOcOPIaKU IuOT�laTa

TeAoc eXoufe Tlv eYKOTooTOol Tou n.L. KOl Tl AelToupYlO Tou. IevlKr enlolw�l elvOl vO feYloTonolrooufe Tl olopKelO Tou KuKAou �wrc evOc n.L. O AO-Yoc elvOl Kuplwc olKovoflKOc. 'Tol 8O eXoufe OnOo�eol Tou KOoTouc Tlc enevouolc YlO Tlv OvonTu�l Tou n.L. KOl KOAuTepl OnOoool Tlc enevouorc fOc. IlO vO fnopeoel Ofwc evO n.L. vO «fOKpolfepeuoel», 8O npenel vO elvOl oe 8eol vO npooOpfO�eTOl ouveXwc oTlc OAAOYec Tou nepl�oAAovTOc Tou. AuTO To enlTuYXovoufe fe Tl ouvTrplol Tou n.L.

H ouvTrplol neplAOf�ovel:

Tl olOp8wol AO8wv nou oev evTonlo8lKOv oTl qool Tou eAeYXou, OA-Ao OvOoelX8lKOv KOTo Tl AelToupYlO Tou n.L.,
Tlv npooOpfoYr Tou n.L. oTlc oloqopec TeXvoAoYlKec e�eAl�elc, n.X. ve-O eKoool AelToupYlKou ouoTrfOToc, KOl
Tl �eATloTonollol Tou n.L. AOYw OvO8ewplolc Twv AelToupYlKwv OnOl-Troewv KOl Twv OnOlTroewv enlooolc fe Tlv npOooo Tou XpOvou, nou fnopel vO oqelAovTOl elTe oTlv wplfOvol KOl OvonTu�l Twv XploTwv el-Te oTlv Tpononollol opYOvwTlKwv nOpOfeTpwv KOl olOolKOolwv oTl AelToupYlO Tou qopeO nou Xplolfonolel To n.L.

H olOolKOolO Tlc ouvTrplolc elvOl flO ouveXrc AelToupYlO KO8� OAl Tl olop-KelO Tou KuKAou �wrc Tou n.L. fe olfOvTlKO KOoToc KOl olfOolO. Mnopoufe vO noufe OTl neplAOf�ovel noAAouc KuKAouc OvonTu�lc, OnO Touc onolouc KO8evOc nOpoYel flO Tpononollfevl eKoool Tou n.L.

ElvOl OvOnOqeuKTo feTo Tlv nopooo Konolou XpOvou KOl TO n.L. vO nOpouolooouv felwfevl eueAl�lO, YeYovOc nou KO8loTo Tlv npooOpfoYr Touc oTlc OAAOYec ouoKoAl KOl olKovoflKo Ooufqopl. 'Tol, epXeTOl flO fepO nou Konolo n.L. oev fnopel vO lKOvonolroel Tlc TpeXouoec OnOlTroelc KOl TOTe l ololKlol Tou qopeO OnoqOol�el Tlv OnOoupor Tou. TOTe KAelvel nlO KOl o Ku-KAoc �wrc Tou n.L.

H ololKlol evOc noAuKOTOoTrfOToc Onoqooloe vO OvOnTu�el evO veo nAlpoqoplOKO ouoTlfO, To onolo 8O olOXelpl�eTOl, 8O ene�epYo�eTOl KOl 8O nOpe-Xel nAlpoqoplec YlO OAec Tlc ouvOAAOYec nou Oqopouv To noAuKOTooTlfO. IlO Tlv OvonTu�l OuTou Tou n.L. l ololKlol Tou noAuKOTOoTrfOToc OKoAou8loe Tlc qooelc OvonTu�lc nou npoOvOqep8lKOv. Ko8e qool neplYpoqeTOl fe ouvToflO nOpOKoTw wc evO �rfO.

To npwTo �rfO oTl olfloupYlO Tou n.L. OnoTeAel l olepeuvlTlKr feAeTl, oTlv onolO opl�eTOl To npO�AlfO KOl npoTelvovTOl ol OKOAou8ec ouo Auoelc.

H npwTl Oqopo Tl olfloupYlO evOc TonlKou olKTuou oTo onolo 8O eXouv npOo�Ool ol TOflec, TO oleu8uvTlKo oTeAeXl KOl To npoownlKO Tou TfrfOToc flXOvoYpoqlolc KOl TO oTolXelO nou 8O olOXelpl�eTOl To ouoTlfO 8O elvOl KOTOXwplofevO oTouc oloqopouc unoAoYloTec Tou olKTuou. H oeuTepl Oqopo Tl olfloupYlO noAl evOc olKTuou oTo onolo 8O eXouv npOo�Ool TO lolO oTofO, OAAo To OAo ouoTlfO 8O OKoAou8el Tlc OpXec Tlc TeXvoAoYlOc blOol-KTuou.

LTo oeuTepo �rfO, OuTO Tlc feAeTlc oKonlfOTlTOc, Tl8evTOl npoc O�loAOYlol ol ouo nOpOnovw evOAAOKTlKec Auoelc KOl evoeXofevwc oAAec, ol onolec KplveTOl OTl fnopouv vO enlAuoouv OnoTeAeofOTlKo To npO�AlfO. To oTofo r TO oTofO nou OvOAOf�ovouv Tlv eKnOvlol Tlc feAeTlc oKonlfOTlTOc O�loAoYouv �lTrfOTO nou oXeTl�ovTOl fe To KOoToc Ko8e Auolc, To XpOvo uAonollorc Tlc, TO feTpO OoqOAelOc nou npenel vO Alq8ouv npoKelfevou YlO vO fl olfloupYl8ouv Ovenl8uflTO npo�ArfOTO, Tov KO8oplofO uneu8uvou Tou olKTuou -Ov olAOor To olKTuo 8O �ploKeTOl KoTw OnO Tov eAeYXo Tou noAuKOTOoTrfOToc r Konolou e�wTeplKou ouvepYoTl- KTA. 'oTw AolnOv OTl l ofooO nou eKnovel Tl feAeTl oKonlfOTlTOc ouvunoAoYl�el Tlv O�lO KOl To KOoToc Ko8e Auolc KOl npoTelvel Tl olfloupYlO evOc n.L., To onolo 8O eXel Tl fopqr TonlKou olKTuou KOl 8O OKoAou8el Tlc OpXec Tlc TeXvoAoYlOc blOolKTuou.

LTo enOfevo �rfO opl�ovTOl ol AelToupYlec-OnOlTroelc Tou n.L. AuTec elvOl ol nOpOKoTw:

EloOYwYr Twv oTolXelwv Twv npo'OvTwv oe KonolO KevTplKr �ool oeoofevwv. TO oTolXelO OuTo Oqopouv Tlv enwvuflO Tou npo'OvToc, Tov KwolKO Tou, Tlv Tlfr Tou, Tov npofl8euTr Tou, Tlv neplYpOqr Tou KOl To elooc Tou.
nOpoXr Onooel�ewv AlOvlKrc KOl XovoplKrc nwAlolc, oufqwvO fe TO npOTunO nou 8eTel To YnoupYelo OlKovoflKwv.
O XpOvoc eKTunwolc Tlc OnOoel�lc oev npenel vO �enepvo TO 2 oeuTepOAenTO.
nOpoXr oTolXelwv YlO Tlv nopelO Twv nwAroewv Ovo elooc npo'OvToc.
TO oTolXelO YlO Tlc nwAroelc Twv npo'OvTwv 8O nAlKTpoAoYouvTOl OnO Touc TOflec Tou KOTOoTrfOToc.
Ol TOflec oev 8O eXouv KOflO oAAl npOo�Ool oTo nAlpoqoplOKO ouoTlfO, eKTOc OnO Tlv nlo novw OvOqepOfevl epYOolO Touc.
TO oleu8uvTlKo oTeAeXl 8O eXouv npOo�Ool oe onolOornoTe AelToup-YlO eKTeAel To nAlpoqoplOKO ouoTlfO.
Ol epYO�Ofevol Tou TfrfOToc flXOvoYpoqlolc 8O elvOl uneu8uvol YlO Tlv eloOYwYr Twv oTolXelwv oTl �ool Twv oeoofevwv.
O XpOvoc eKKlvlolc KOl AelToupYlOc Tou ouoTrfOToc oev npenel vO �enepvo TO 10 oeuTepOAenTO.
To ouoTlfO 8O eXel KevTplKo Ono8lKeufevO TO oeoofevO Tou KOl 8O elvOl OpXlTeKTovlKrc neAoTl-e�unlpeTlTr (liirn -srverv).
To ouoTlfO npenel vO eXel flXOvlofouc OoqOAelOc TOoo oTO TepfOTl-Ko, Ooo KOl oTov e�unlpeTlTr olKTuou (srverv).
To ouoTlfO 8O npenel vO eXel Tl ouvOTOTlTO eneKTOolc, eqOoov OuTO 8O Kpl8el oKOnlfo.
'Aol ol XproTec Tou n.L. enl�oAAeTOl vO Xplolfonolouv OvOYvwploTlKO (usrvnamr) KOl ouv8lfOTlKO (passwovd), Ko8e qopo nou 8O fnOlvouv oTo ouoTlfO.

�oTepO AolnOv OnO Tl olfloupYlO Tou eYYpoqou neplYpOqrc Twv OnOlTroewv npoXwpoufe oTo oXeolOofO Tou ouoTrfOToc. EKel OnoqOol�eTOl OTl OuTO npenel vO OnoTeAelTOl OnO nevTe Prn ium �� oTO 866 �H� fe AelToupYlKO Windows YlO To oleu8uvTlKO npoownlKO, oeKO TepfOTlKec ouoKeuec (733�H�), ol onolec 8O XplolfonolouvTOl OnO Touc TOflec, fe ouvoeoefevouc OvTloTol-Xouc oe Opl8fO eKTunwTec, oeKO Prn ium �� oTO 866 �H� fe AelToupYlKO Windows YlO Touc epYO�Ofevouc oTo TfrfO flXOvoYpoqlolc, evO PC fe Ael-ToupYlKO Windows NT nou 8O AelToupYel wc e�unlpeTlTrc (srverv), evO �ivrwaii YlO Tl npooTOolO Tou ouoTrfOToc OnO e�wTeplKouc Klvouvouc, oAAouc oeKO eKTunwTec, KTA. Ol unoAoYloTec oev 8O eXouv ouvoeol feTO�u Touc nOpo fOvo fe Tov e�unlpeTlTr olKTuou.

Aqou oAoKAlpw8el KOl OuTO To oToolo, l uAonollol KOl l KwolKonollol oXe- Tl�eTOl fe ouo oTolXelO: O) Tlv OYopo Tou uAlKou.

�) Tl ouYYpOqr KwolKO r Tlv OYopo npoYpOffoTwv nou 8O enlTeAouv Tlc

AelToupYlec nou npenel vO nOpeXel To n.L.

AKoAou8wc npoXwpoufe oe evO OnO TO olfOvTlKOTepO oToolO, OuTO Tou eAeYXou. EKel eAeYXeTOl To ouoTlfO OoqoAelOc nou eXel Tono8eTl8el, l OnO-Kplol Tou ouoTrfOToc, TO oloqopO npoYpoffOTO KOl o owoTOc TpOnoc Ael-ToupYlOc Touc, KTA.

Aqou OAO eXouv oAoKAlpw8el KOl AelToupYouv owoTo, nOpeXeTOl eKnOloeuol oTouc XproTec Tou ouoTrfOToc YlO Tov TpOno fe Tov onolo 8O Xplolfonolouv To n.L. EnlnpOo8eTO npOYfOTonolelTOl nOpooool olOqOpwv eYXelplolwv nou 8O �ol8roouv oTlv eKfo8lol KO8wc KOl oTlv enlAuol olOqOpwv npo�AlfoTwv nou nl8OvOv vO npoKulouv.

TeAoc, To OAo ouoTlfO Tl8eTOl oe AelToupYlO KOl KOTo olOoTrfOTO YlveTOl ouvTrplor Tou fe Tlv eloOYwYr vewv npoYpOffoTwv KOl ouoKeuwv YlO Tl �eA-Tlwol KOl eneKTOor Tou KOl fe Tl olOp8wol Twv Onolwv npo�AlfOTlKwv KO-TOoTooewv npoKunTouv.

m.TPOcOPIaKU IuOT�laTa

To �ivrwaii OnoTeAel flXOvlofO eAeYXou KOl npooTOolOc Tou eowTeplKou evOc ol-KTuou OnO fl e�ouoloooTlfevouc unolrqlouc XproTec. AuTO enlTuY-XoveTOl feoO OnO Tl Xprol KOvOvwv, nou OnoTunwvouv Tlv noAlTlKr fOc OnevOvTl oTo e�wTeplKO nepl�oAAov

(n.X. blOolKTuo).

AvaK&qaAaIwaI

0ewpoufe OTl evO nAIpoqoplaKo auaTIla (n.I.) elvOl evO opYOvwfevo ouvoAo nou OnoTeAelTOl OnO Av8pwnouc, beoofevO, blOolKOolec, YAlKO KOl Jo-YloflKO KOl nou l ouvunOp�l KOl ouvepYOolO OAwv OuTwv Twv ouvTeAeoTwv ouv8eTel evO ouoTlfO nou oeXeTOl, Ono8lKeuel, OvOKTo, feTOoXlfOTl�el, ene

�epYo�eTOl KOl olOvefel oTouc oloqopouc XproTec nAlpoqoplec.

YnopXouv noAAec KOTlYoplec n.L., fe KuplOTepec TO n.L. ene�epYOolOc ouvOAAOYwv, TO n.L. blolKlolc, TO n.L. Arllc Onoqooewv, KAn.

EvolOqepov nOpouolo�el o KuKAoc �wrc Tou n.L. KOl ol oloqopec qooelc Tou:

l blepeuvlTlKr feAeTl
l MeAeTl LKonlfOTlTOc
l AvoAuol AnOlTroewv • o LXeolOofOc
l YAonollol - KwolKonollol • o 'AeYXoc
l nOpooool KOl
l EYKOTooTOol - JelToupYlO.

m.TPOcOPIaKU IuOT�laTa

EpwT�a&l

Tl elvOl o KuKAoc �wrc evOc nAlpoqoplOKou ouoTrfOToc;
O TpOnoc eKTeAeolc Twv olOqOpwv AelToupYlwv Tou ouoTrfOToc npooolopl�eTOl KOTo Tl qool Tlc OvoAuolc Twv OnOlTroewv.

�: LwoTO
�: Jo8oc

Tl ovofo�oufe nAlpoqoplOKO LuoTlfO noAufeowv;
neplYpolTe Tlc qooelc nou OnOlTouvTOl YlO Tl olfloupYlO evOc nAlpoqoplOKou LuoTrfOToc Tlc OpeoKelOc oOc.
nwc oXeTl�eTOl evO YnoAoYloTlKO LuoTlfO fe evO nAlpoqoplOKO LuoTlfO;
IlOTl 8ewpoufe OTl To Ov8pwnlvo ouvOflKO OnoTeAel fepoc Tou nAlpoqoplOKou LuoTrfOToc;
LTo nOpooelYfO Tou n.L. Tou noAuKOTOoTrfOToc, vO npoo8eoeTe veec AelToupYlec oTl qool Tlc OvoAuolc Twv OnOlTroewv.
Tl YlveTOl eqOoov oTl qool Tlc uAonollolc OnooelXTel OouvOTl l eqOpfoYr KonolOc AelToupYlOc;
Tl ovofo�oufe evolofeoo npo'Ov;
nolec nOpOfeTpouc 8ewpelTe wc Tlc olfOvTlKOTepec YlO Tlv enlTuXr OvonTu�l KOl AelToupYlO evOc n.L.;

NO oufnAlpwoeTe Tlc Ae�elc:
LTo oToolo Tou � Tlc ............... OnOvTofe oTo epwTlfO Tl 8O Kovel To ouoTlfO OTOv OvOnTuX8el. LTo oToolo Tou � Tlc .................... OnOvTofe oTo epwTlfO nwc 8O Kovel OuTo nou 8O Kovel To ouoTlfO.

NO oufnAlpwoeTe Tlc Ae�elc:
...................... evOc n.L. ovofo�eTOl To XpovlKO olooTlfO nou feooAO�el feTO�u Tlc OnOqOolc OvonTu�lc KOl Tlc OnOouporc Tou.

aOol�Ofevol oTo nOpooelYfO Tlc � 8.4 vO ouvoeoeTe TO nepleXOfevO Tlc npwTlc

oTrAlc fe OuTo Tlc oeuTeplc eAeYXoc � � oeKO npoownlKol unoAoYloTec

OvoAuol OnOlTroewv � � npOYpOffO OvO�o8flolc

oXeolOofOc � � eKTunwol oTolXelwv npoownlKou

ouvTrplol � � Ao8oc npo�elc

O ov8pwnoc, To uAlKO, ol ..................., To AoYloflKO KOl TO ................... elvOl TO 5 �OolKo oTolXelO evOc n.L.
H olOp8wol Twv AO8wv evOc n.L fnopel vO npOYfOTonoll8el elTe oTl qool Tou � Tlc ................... elTe oTl qool Tou � Tlc ....................
Tl elvOl KuKAoc �wrc oeoofevwv;
neplYpolTe nOpOoelYfOTO n.L.

m.TPOcOPIaKU IuOT�laTa

rAwaaoplo

KuKAo� �w�� nAIpoqoplaKou IUaT�laTo�

nAIpoqoplaKo IuaTIla

IuaTIla

Coa&l� KuKAoU �w��

n.I.

To XpovlKO olooTlfO feTO�u Tlc OnOqOolc olfloupYlOc KOl Tlc OnOoupolc evOc nAlpoqoplOKou LuoTrfOToc.

'vO opYOvwfevo ouvoAo 5 OAAlAenlopwvTwv oTolXelwv -ov8pwnol, oeoofevO, olOolKOolec, AoYloflKO, uAlKO- To onolo ene�epYo�eTOl oeoofevO KOl nOpoYel nAlpoqoplec.

'vOc Opl8fOc OnO oTolXelO nou �ploKovTOl oe: O) AAAlAe�opTlol �) AAAlAoouoXeTlol Y) LuvOAAOYr.

O) l blepeuvlTlKr feAeTl

�) l MeAeTl LKonlfOTlTOc Y) l AvoAuol AnOlTroewv o) o LXeolOofOc e) l YAonollol - KwolKonollol

oT) o 'AeYXoc �) l nOpooool KOl l) l EYKOTooTOol - JelToupYlO.

Evilaq&poUa&� Kal xp�all&� il&Ueuva&l� ToU .lailKTuoU

http://www.isworld.org

m·TeWPQ n·TPOcOPWWV ItOW untPOuVotOIWV Ot Ot·{otC OnOu nQPOuOWO�OVTQW etIQTQ OxtTWKO It TQ m·TPOcOPWQKO LuOTrIQTQ KQW TTV TtxVO·Oy{Q TWV YnO·OyWOTWV.

http://www.brint.com

TOnOetO{Q It ItyO·T nOWKW·{Q tnWOTTIOVWKWV tPyQOWWV KQeWC KQW n·TeWPQ untPOuVotOIWV Ot yVWOTO ntPWOoWKO TOu xWPOu.

http://www.onlineinc.com/onlinemag

Online ntPWOoWKO It QnOK·tWOTWKr etIQTO·Oy{Q TQ m·TPOcOPWQKO LuOTrIQTQ.

http://www.isaca.org

TOnOetO{Q TOu OPyQVWOIOU ISACA OTO !WQo{KTuO nOu QOxO·t{TQW It TTV QVOnTu�T KQW TTV QOcO·tWQ m·TPOcOPWQKWV LuOTTIOTWV.

http://www.colorado.edu/infs/jcb/class/syll4130.html

XPrOWItC n·TPOcOP{tC QnO TO nQVtnWOTrIWO TOu Colorado OTWC H.m.A. loWQ{TtPO tVoWQctPOV txOuV OW nQPOuOWOOtWC TWV IQeTIOTWV nOu OxtT{�OVTQW It TQ m·TPOcOPWQKO LuOTrIQTQ.

http://www.cbs.curtin.edu.au/corp/unitout/is/index.html

XPrOWIO u·WKO QnO TQ IQerIQTQ nOu oWoOOKOVTQW OTO TIrIQ m·TPOcOPWQKWV LuOTTIOTWV TOu mQVtnWOTTI{Ou TOu Curtin.

250

m.TPOcOPIaKU IuOT�laTa

BlpAloYpaqIa

E. KlouvTou�rc, M&eoioAoYI&� AvoAUaI� Kal Ix&ilaalou nAIpoqoplaKwv IUaTIloTwv, EKoOoelc E. MnENOY, A0HNA, 1997

mQVtnWOTTIWQKO OUyyPQIIQ, tuQVOyVWOTO KQW KQ·O tVTItPWItVO. mQPOuOWO�tW TQ �TTrIQTQ QVOnTu�TC TWV m.L.

E. LKopoOAoKlc, ElaaYwY� aTIv T&xvoAoYIa JoYlallKou, EKoOoelc LYMMETPIA, A0HNA, 1991

mQVtnWOTTIWQKO OUyyPQIIQ, nOu QVQctPtTQW Ot �TTrIQTQ QVOnTu�TC ·OyWOIWKOU.

E. IlOKoufoKlc, T&xvoAoYIa JoYlallKou, EKoOoelc A. LTAMOYJHL A0HNA. 1994

mQVtnWOTTIWQKO OUyyPQIIQ, nOu QVQctPtTQW Ot �TTrIQTQ QVOnTu�TC ·OyWOIWKOU.

L. Long, N. Long, Introduction to Computers and Information Systems, EKoOoelc Pvrn ilr Haii 1996

EWOQyWyr OTOuC YnO·OyWOTtC KQW TQ m·TPOcOPWQKO LuOTrIQTQ. LxtT{�tTQW TOOO It TO KtcO·QWO nOu QVQnTU�QIt OOO KQW It ytVWKOTtPQ etIQTQ TTC TtxVO·Oy{QC TWV unO·OyWOTWV.

P. Havmon, D.King, Expert Systems, EKoOoelc John Wiiiry and Sons 1985

EWOQyWyr OTQ 'IntWPQ LuOTrIQTQ.

E. KlouvTou�r, AaqoA&la nAIpoqoplaKwv IUaTIloTwv, EKoOoelc E. MnENOY, A8rvO, 1993

m·rPtC nQVtnWOTTIWQKO OUyyPQIIQ It tIcQOT OTOV TOItQ TTC QOcO·tWQC TWV m·TPOcOPWQKWV LuOTTIOTWV. KQ·UnTtW n·TeWPQ etIOTWV.

9 OMA AMMAZOYN!

9.1 e&TIK&� KaI apvITIK&� nA&up&� O& Ko9& KaIvoTolfa . . . . . . . . . . 255

9.2 nA&ov&KT�laTa ano TI Xp�OI TI� nAIpoqopIK�� T&XvoAoyfa� . 255

9.2.1 blfoolo blo(Klol - 0pYovlofo( Kolvrc wqeAeloc . . . . . . . . 256

9.2.2 MeToqopec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256

9.2.3 IoTplKr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257

9.2.4 EmloTrfec & 'peuvo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258

9.2.5 BloflXov(o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259

9.2.6 EKmo(oeuol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259

9.2.7 TeXvl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260

9.3 npopAIlaTIOlof - KoIvwvIK&� &nInTwO&I� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261

9.3.1 AoqoAelo mAlpoqoplwv - npoowmlKo omopplTo . . . . . . . .262

9.3.2 Av8pwmlvl oufmeplqopo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262

9.3.3 0pYovwol Kol KoTofeplofoc epYoo(oc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264

9.4 .IalopqwOI v&a� To�I� npayloTwv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266

9.5 O poAo� Tou OIl&pIvou noAfTI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266

AvaK&qaAafwOI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267 EpwT�O&I� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268 EviIaq&pouO&� KaI Xp�OIl&� iI&u9uvO&I� Tou .IaiIKTuou . . . . 270 BIpAIoypaqfa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .271

n.a a..d(OuV!

elAo oelAo oTlc opXec Tlc oeKoeT(oc Tou '80 Kol eKToTe fe evTumwoloKo emlToXuvofevouc pu8fouc, ol umoAoYloTec eXouv eloXwproel Tooo oTo Xwpo Tlc oouAeloc, ooo Kol oTo om(Tl, oe Ko8e olfe(o Tou mAovrTl.

H fe(wol Tou oYKou Touc, l fo�lKr mopoYwYr Touc fe mopoAAlAl fe(wol Tou KooTouc, l e�omAwol Twv eqopfoYwv Touc oe oAec oXeoov Tlc opooTlploTlTec, l ou�eu�r Touc fe Tlc TlAemlKolvwv(ec Kol l evTumwoloKr e�eAl�l eqopfoYwv fe Tlv TeXvoAoY(o Twv moAufeowv eqepov To flXovrfoTo ouTo, fe Tov evo r Tov oAAo Tpomo, KovTo oe Ko8e oXeoov ov8pwmo.

Ta novTa aAAo�ouv, &fvaI aA�9&Ia! To 8efo e(vol KoTo mooo ouTr l Ko8oAlKr oAAoYr emlpeo�el Tlc ouvr8elec Kol Tlc oXeoelc Twv ov8pwmwv, fe molo Tpomo Kol oe molo �o8fo. E(fooTe eTolfol Ylo TeToloc eKToolc oAAo-Yec; AuTo 8o e�eToooufe oTlc evoTlTec mou oKoAou8ouv, mpoomo8wvToc vo epflveuooufe Tlc feTo�oAec mou rol �lwvoufe Kol vo p(�oufe qwc oTo epwTlfoTlKo mou Yevvouv.

'Tov, oTlc opXec Tou mpolYoufevou olwvo, Xplolfomolr8lKov ol mpwTec fl-Xovec oTlv oKfo�ouoo ToTe uqovToupY(o oTlv AYYA(o, moAAo( epYoTec eXooov Tl oouAelo Touc, fo�( Kol Tlv luXpolf(o Touc, Kol KlvlTomolr8lKov ouomelpwfevol Ylo vo Tlc KoTooTpelouv. H ovomTu�l, ofwc, Tlc uqovToupYl-Krc �loflXov(oc euvoloe Tlv euooK(flol Tlc �loflXov(oc eTolfwv evoufo-Twv, l omo(o fe Tl oelpo Tlc eowoe veo w8lol oTlv mopoYwYr uqoofoTwv Kol oAAwv ouvoqwv mpo·ovTwv. 0 KuKAoc ouToc olfloupYloe moYKoof(wc moAAomAoolec veec 8eoelc epYoo(oc Kol mpoKoAeoe veec ouvr8elec Kol oTooelc wc mpoc Tlv o�(o -uAlKr Kol l8lKr- Tlc evouolc. AvoAoYo qolvofevo mopouolooTlKov Kol oTlv eKflXovlol Twv oYpoTlKwv ep-Yoolwv Ko8wc Kol oe oAAouc mopoYwYlKouc Tofe(c. H �loflXovlKr emovooTool emeqepe �o8lo Tofr oTlc KolvwvlKec oofec Kol mpo-KoAeoe moAAec ovooToTwoelc, oTo TeAoc ofwc olKolw8lKe fe Tl olfovTlKr ovooo Tou �loTlKou emlmeoou mou olfelw8lKe oTo Xpovlo mou oKoAou8loov. Le Ko8e KolvoTof(o, oTlv e�eAl�l Tlc ov8pwmoTlToc, eXouv umop�el Tooo ol 8eTlKec, ooo Kol ol opvlTlKec mAeupec. AAAol umepTov(�ouv Tlc mpwTec Kol oA-Aol Tlc oeuTepec. Oc Twpo, ofwc, l Kolvwv(o eXel emloe(�el feYoAo �o8fo mpooopfooTlKoTlToc: feTe�eA(ooeTol, omoppoqwvToc Touc Kpoooofouc. Il' ouTo KoAo e(vol vo e�eTo�el Kove(c To mpoYfoTo omo omooTool, Xwp(c vo mopoYvwp(�el To oqeAl, oAAo ouTe Kol vo umoTlfo Touc Klvouvouc Kol Tlv mpoomo8elo mou Xpelo�eTol Ylo Tlv ovTlfeTwmlor Touc. Kup(wc, ofwc, oev 8o mpemel vo eXoufe eK mpoolf(ou opvlTlKr oTool omevovTl oTlv e�eAl�l, l omo(o oolYe( fe fo8lfoTlKr oKp(�elo oe veec e�eA(�elc.

0l 8eTlKec emlopooelc Tlc nAlpoqoplKrc oe oAouc Touc Tofe(c e(vol oolof-qlo�rTlTec. eo Kovoufe flo mpoomo8elo vo ouvol(ooufe emlYpoffoTlKo To oqeAl.

Amo Tlc mpwTec eqopfoYec Tlc nAlpoqoplKrc oTl blfoolo blo(Klol Kol oTlc Tpome�ec eYlve olo8lTr l mpooqopo umlpeolwv ullAoTepou emlmeoou, mou e(Xov wc ouvemelo Tl fe(wol Tlc YpoqeloKpoT(oc Kol Tlv KoAuTepl e�umlpeTlol Twv moAlTwv. TeTolec umlpeo(ec e(vol:

�: H KoTo�oAr flo8wv Kol ouvTo�ewv feow flXovoYpoqlfevwv oloolKoolwv.
�: H omoTeAeofoTlKoTepl AelToupY(o AoqoAloTlKwv Tofe(wv, K.o.

LTlc feYoAoumoAelc, To oloYKoufevo KuKAoqoploKo mpo�Alfo oe oAo To feoo ovTlfeTwm(�eTol fe eAeYXo Kol pu8flol Tlc KuKAoqop(oc omo feYoAo mAlpoqoploKo ouoTrfoTo.

�: LTouc ouToKlvlToopofouc feYoAec llqloKec mlvoK(oec, ouvoeoefevec fe ovlXveuTec oloqopwv Tumwv, evlfepwvouv Touc oolYouc Ylo KuKAoqoploKo 8efoTo fe oToXo Tlv em(Teu�l ooqoAouc oorYlolc Kol Tl oleuKoAuvol Tlc ofoArc KuKAoqop(oc Twv oXlfoTwv. AvoKolvwvouv Ylo mopooelYfo ouofeve(c KoTooTooelc omo KolplKec ouv8rKec (of(XAl, oepo, oAlo8lpoTlTo opofou), mpo�ArfoTo ou�lfevlc KuKAoqop(oc r KAe(olfo Awp(ooc (oTuXlfo, epYo) K.o. Kol o(vouv oolY(ec Ylo fe(wol Tou op(ou ToXuTlToc r Ylo oAAoYr mope(oc, ouf�oAAovToc oTlv omoqu-Yr Twv Klvouvwv mou mpoKoAouv oTuXrfoTo.
�: Me KoToAAlAo KuKAwfoTo, povTop Kol Kofepec, eAeYXeTol l oolKr ou

fmeplqopo Twv oolYwv, fe oKomo Tl fe(wol Twv mopo�ooewv mou 8eTouv oe K(vouvo Tlv ooqoAelo Twv

To�lolwTwv.

•� LTlc feYoAec moAelc ovompooopfo�eTol ouTofoTo l olop-Kelo Twv qwTelvwv olfoTooo-Twv, ovoAoYo fe Tov oYKo Tlc K(vlolc, Ylo Tlv omoquYr Ku-KAoqoploKrc oufqoplolc.

•� LTlv oepomAo�o Kol vouolmAo�o mpooolop(�eTol To oT(Yfo Tou oKoqouc omo umoAoYloTlKo ouoTrfoTo ouvoeoefevo fe povTop Kol ovToAAoooovTol evlfepwTlKo flvufoTo r oolY(ec Ylo oAAoYr mope(oc.

n.a a..d(OuV!

� LTlc ololpoopoflKec ouYKolvwv(ec ouTofoTomole(Tol o eAeYXoc Twv opofoAoY(wv Kol l oAAoYr ololpoTpoXloc.

LTlv uYe(o eXouv �eATlw8e( evTumwoloKo ol fe8oool mpoAlllc, oloYvwolc Kol 8epome(oc, Xopl oTl �or8elo elolKwv mAlpoqoploKwv ouoTlfoTwv.

npoAI�I

Me Tlv e�eAl�l Tlc �lo·oTplKrc TeXvoAoY(oc ovoKoAumTovTol olopKwc veol mopoYovTec mou emlopouv oTl AelToupY(o Tou ov8pwmlvou opYovlofou, ouf

�oAAovToc oTlv ovomTu�l fe8oowv mpoAlllc.

Me Tl �or8elo elolKwv umoAoYloTlKwv ouoTlfoTwv Kol ouoKeuwv mou TeAelomolouvTol ouveXwc, mopeXeTol ouvoToTlTo Ylo oAo Kol mlo e�elolKeufevec e�eTooelc, fe omoTeAeofoTo feYoAlc oKp(�eloc.

.IoyvwOI

H olfloupY(o �ooewv oeoofevwv oXeTlKo fe Tl oufmTwfoToAoY(o mo8oAoYlKwv meplmTwoewv evloXuel olfovTlKo To epYo Tou YloTpou oTlv o�loAoYlol Twv e�eTooewv Kol oTlv TeKflp(wol floc op8rc oloYvwolc, lolo(Tepo oe ouoKoAec Kol omovlec meplmTwoelc.

e&pan&fa

LTo meo(o Tlc 8epome(oc eXouv em(olc olfelw8e( oAfoTo, fe Tl �or8elo Tlc loTplKrc TeXvoAoY(oc, l omo(o emlTpemel vo mpoYfoTomolouvTol fe oKp(�elo Kol ol ouoKoAoTepec emef�ooelc, evw l Xprol TeXvlTwv opYovwv eXel owoel moAAec �wec Kol eXel ouf�oAel olfovTlKo oTlv KolvwvlKr emovevTo�l ov8pwmwv fe elolKec ovoYKec. H oloTrplol, TeAoc, opXe(wv fe To loToplKo Twv oo8evwv mpooqepel Tl ouvoToTlTo eYKolplc emef�oolc oe mep(mTwol eKToKTou meploToTlKou.

H ouvoToTlTo ouYKevTpwolc Kol ovoAuolc feYoAou oYKou oeoofevwv Kol l

mpoo�ool oe Tpome�ec nAlpoqoplwv oleuKoAuvouv Tlv e�eAl�l Tlc epeuvoc Kol Tlv ovomTu�l Twv emloTlfwv oe

mpOOOJO{wOT FYXF{pTOTr

oAouc Touc Tofe(c.

rmaTOr

•H H mpoYvwol Tou Kolpou, mou Y(veTol fe lKovomollTlKr oKp(�elo Ylo feYo-Ao XpovlKo olooTlfo, �oo(�eTol oTl

ouAAoYr Kol eme�epYoo(o evoc TepooTlou oYKou feTproewv, ol omo(ec ouYKevTpwvovTol omo mo

Auopl8fouc em(Yelouc Kol oopuqoplKouc feTewpoAoYlKouc oTo8fouc.

mpOOOJO{wOT KpaVlOJFTwmlKrr •HH epeuvo oTlv OKeovo-FmtJfaOTr. MF TO YOVTl OFOOYpoq(o oTlp(�eTol oTlv JtVwV aVlXVFUFTal TO TplOOlOeme�epYoo(o mAlpoqo-

OTaTO FlKOVlKO KpaV{O.

plwv mou ouYKevTpwvovTol fe TlAeKoTeu8uvofevec ouoKeuec.

H ApXoloAoY(o umooTlp(�eTol omo elolKo mAlpoqoploKo ouoTrfoTo Ylo Tov mpoooloplofo Tlc emoXrc, Tou Tomou mpoeAeuolc Kol oAAwv Xopo-KTlploTlKwv Twv e�eTo�ofevwv euplfoTwv.

H e�epeuvlol Tou olooTrfoToc 8o rTov oouvoTl, Xwp(c Tl AelToupY(o Twv olooTlfomAo(wv Kol Tov e�omAlofo Touc fe umoAoYloTlKo ouoTrfoTo Ylo Tl ou-YKevTpwol Kol eme�epYoo(o mAlpoqoplwv.
• H feAeTl voflKwv 8efoTwv, l ouYKplol oloqopeTlKwv ouoTlfoTwv Kol l moY(wol Kolvwv 8eofwv oe oloKpoTl-Ko em(meoo Ko8(oToTol eql-KTr Xopl oTlv opYovwol Tlc NoflKrc emloTrflc feoo omo TepooTlec Tpome�ec nAlpoqoplwv.

H eYKAlfoToAoY(o eXel Kovel TepooTlec mpoooouc, fe Tlc veec fe8ooouc ov(Xveuolc ouolwv, evw l olfloupY(o �ooewv oeoofevwv fe To XopoKTlploTlKo oeolfoofevwv oTofwv (ooKTuAlKo omoTumwfoTo, K.o.) oleuKoAuvel moAu Tov evTomlofo Tou opooTl evoc eYKArfoToc.

n.a a..d(OuV!

H ouTofoTomo(lol Tlc mopoYwYrc Kol o moloTlKoc eAeYXoc Twv mpo·ovTwv oTl �loflXov(o ouve�oAov oTlv oq8ov(o Twv oYo8wv, oTl �eAT(wol Tlc moloTlToc Touc Kol oTl fe(wol Tou KooTouc Touc.

A{eOUOa F.tYXOU mUpTVlKOU FpYOOTaO{OU OTO mFV.U TTr fa..{ar

LTlv eKmo(oeuol ovomTuooeTol AoYloflKo Ylo umoAoYloTec flKpou KooTouc (Kup(wc flKpoumoAoYloTec) Ylo To oXoAlKo mepl�oAAov Ko8e �o8f(ooc, oAAo Kol Ylo feYoAuTepo e�elolKeufevo ouoTrfoTo Ylo Tlv emoYYeAfoTlKr eKmo(oeuol, To omo(o umooTlp(�el Tlv mpooeYYlol Tlc Yvwolc Kol Tlv ovToAAoYr loewv fe molK(Aouc Tpomouc oe oAec Tlc �o8f(oec:

• Me eYKuKAomo(oelec Te- XvoAoY(oc mo- Aufeowv fmope( Kove(c vo oel Tov Tpomo fe Tov omo(o AelToupYe( flo flXovr, mwc Klve(Tol Kol oufmeplqepeTol evo oYplo �wo, vo oKouoel To KeAololfo evoc mouAlou, Tov rXo evoc fouolKou op-

Yovou, oe(YfoTo omo Tlv TomlKr fouolKr floc meploXrc, KAm., Kol oAo ouTo fe evo oloKoKl olofeTpou foAlc 12 eK.

Me AoYloflKo mou euvoe( Tlv mpooeYYlol evvolwv Kol Tlv ovoKoAull Tlc Yvwolc feoo omo melpofoTlKec KoTooTooelc mou mpoTe(vel To (olo To mpoYpoffo r olfloupYe( o fo8lTeuofevoc eKqpo�ovToc Tlc olKec Tou loeec Kol Touc olKouc Tou mpo�AlfoTlofouc.
Me AoYloflKo mpooofo(wolc olfloupYouvTol elKovlKo epYooTrplo oe eKmoloeuTrplo, feAeTwvTol qolvofevo fe Xpovo e�eAl�lc umep�oAlKo fl-Kpo r ovT(8eTo umep�oAlKo feYoAo Ylo To ov8pwmlvo feTpo Kol Tlc ovo-YKec Tlc eKmo(oeuolc r Tlc epeuvoc, K.o.

•H Me olKTuoKo ouoTrfoTo mou euvoouv

LTlv TeXvl, fe To Klvoufevo YpoqlKo Kol Tlc TeXvlKec feTofopqwolc o umo-AoYloTrc Kovel To oveqlKTo vo qo(veTol om(oTeuTo mpoYfoTlKo, evw o fouol-Koc TeAelomole( oAoKAlpec opXloTplKec ouv8eoelc, Xwp(c vo Xplolfomolroel Kovevo fouolKo opYovo.

Av oe oAo ooo ovoqep8lKov mopomovw ouvumoAoY(oel Kove(c Kol Tlc ouvo-ToTlTec emlKolvwv(oc mou mpooqepouv ol TeXvoAoY(ec olKTuwv Kol moAufeowv To oeKomevTe TeAeuTo(o Xpovlo, eXoufe Tlc om(oTeuTec euKoA(ec Kol ouvoToTlTec mou olfoToooTouvTol omo Ae�elc fe To oflplKo em(pplfo �TlAe�, olAoor foKplo, wc mpwTo ouv8eTlKo:

• TlAe-e�umlpeTlol oe oAo To em(meoo: mopoXec umlpeolwv oAAo Kol mo-poYYeA(o oYo8wv, To omo(o fmopoufe vo e�eToooufe omo Ko8e omoll

n.a a..d(OuV!

-olo8lTlKr, AelToupYlKr, olKovoflKr, K.o.- oTlv o8ovl Tou umoAoYloTr foc

TlAe-fopqwol, TlAe-mAlpoqoplol: mAlpoqoplol omo omooTool Kol ovo�rTlol oXl fovo AeKTlKwv oAAo Kol oA- Alc fopqrc mAlpoqoplwv omo Tpome
�ec nAlpoqoplwv oTo mepoTo Tlc uopoYe(ou, feow ole8vwv olKTuwv

TlAe-loTplKr, fe Tl �or8elo efmelpwv ouoTlfoTwv Kol pofmoT, mou eqopfo�eTol oe elolKec meplmTwoelc, Kup(wc oe omofovwfevec r ouo�oTec meploXec
TlAe-ouveoplooelc, mou eKfloev(�ouv To mpo�Alfo Tlc omooToolc Kol eml- Tpemouv Tlv e�olKovoflol Xpovou Kol XplfoTwv
TlAe-emloToo(o oe ouoTrfoTo eAeYXou olKlwv, KoTooTlfoTwv, KAm.

oAAo Kol veec fopqec ov8pwmlvlc emlKolvwv(oc Kol ouvepYoo(oc omwc:

• To lAeKTpovlKo ToXuopofe(o

To e� omooTooewc ofoolKo molXv(olo oe mpoYfoTlKo Xpovo
Tlc ofooec Kolvwv evoloqepovTwv, K.o.

Ilo moAAo omo To mpolYoufevo emlTeuYfoTo oloTumwveTol fe loXupo emlXelprfoTo Kol o ovT(AoYoc. AvT(AoYoc Ylo Tl ouYKevTpwol mpoowmlKwv mAlpoqoplwv, emlquAo�elc Ylo Tlv e�omAwol Kol elo�oAr Twv umoAoYloTwv oTl �wr foc, ovlouX(o Ylo To feAAov Twv ov8pwmlvwv oXeoewv, Ylo To feAAov Tlc epYoo(oc, Ylo To feAAov Tou (olou Tou ov8pwmou. To ovTemlXelprfoTo mou oloTumwvovTol, omwc 8o ooufe oe ouTrv Tlv evoTl-To, oev e(vol movTo o�oolfo Kol o�lo meplqpovlolc. E(vol mpo�AlfoTlofo( mou mpemel vo evoloqepouv Ko8e ov8pwmo, o omo(oc eml8ufe( vo eXel KplTlKr oTool omevovTl oTo mpoYfoTo Kol vo ouf�oAel, fe Tov Tpomo Tou, oTlv mpo-Alll r ovTlfeTwmlor Touc.

Touc mpo�AlfoTlofouc Ylo Tlc opvlTlKec emlmTwoelc Tlc TeXvoAoY(oc 8o fmopouoofe vo Touc ouvol(ooufe 8efoToAoYlKo oe Tpelc Kup(wc Tofe(c: • oTlv ooqoAelo Twv mAlpoqoplwv mou ouYKevTpwvovTol Kol oloKlvouvTol feow Twv �ooewv Kol Twv olKTuwv

• oTlv em(opool Twv feTo�oAwv mou mpoKoAe( l e�omAwol Tlc nAlpoqoplKrc oTlv (olo Tlv mpoowmlKoTlTo Tou ov8pwmou -olofopqwol veoc oufmeplqopoc, veou Tpomou oKellc Kol olompoowmlKwv oXeoewv

• oTlv eKTomlol Tou ov8pwmou omo To flXovrfoTo oTo Xwpo Tlc epYoo(oc, fe ofeol ouvemelo Tl fe(wol Twv 8eoewv epYoo(oc Kol Tlv ou�lol Tlc ovepY(oc.

eo mpoomo8rooufe vo e�eToooufe ouTec Tlc emlmTwoelc ovo Tofeo, oloTumwvovToc To epwTlfoTlKo mou eXouv Te8e( KoTo mep(mTwol.

H ouYKevTpwol Kol l oloK(vlol mAlpoqoplwv Ko8e quoewc 8eTel oo�opoToTo epwTlfoTlKo oXeTlKo fe To evoeXofevo mopo�(oolc Ko8lepwfevwv Kovovwv:

noloc e(vol ouToc mou ouYKevTpwvel mAlpoqop(ec Kol YloT(;
noloc eYYuoTol Ylo Tlv ou8evTlKoTlTo Twv mAlpoqoplwv mou oloKlvouvTol feow olKTuwv;
noloc eYYuoTol Ylo To omopplTo Twv mAlpoqoplwv oplofevwv �ooewv

oeoofevwv, lo(wc oTov mpoKelTol Ylo mpoowmlKec mAlpoqop(ec; To 8efo e(vol l8lKo Kol voflKo, lo(wc oTov 8(YeTol To npoOwnIKo anoppITo. H ouYKevTpwol mAlpoqoplwv fmope( vo eXel Y(vel fe Tl ouYKoTo8eol Tou oTofou Kol Ylo oplofevo oKomo, evw ol mAlpoqop(ec ouTec fmope( vo XplolfomolouvTol ev oYvo(o Tou omo oAAouc, Ylo oloqopeTlKouc oKomouc. To loToplKo evoc oo8evouc, Ylo mopooelYfo, fmope( vo omooelX8e( Xprolfo Kol owTrplo Ylo Tl �wr Tou oe mep(mTwol eKToKTou loTplKou meploToTlKou, fmope( ofwc vo �Aolel To oufqepov Tou, ov Y(vel YvwoTo oTlv ooqoAloTlKr Tou eTolpe(o. To (olo fmope( vo ouf�e( Kol fe omoloormoTe oAAl mpoowmlKr mAlpoqop(o -omwc e(vol l olKovoflKr Tou KoTooTool, ol KoTovoAwTlKec Tou ouvr8elec, KAm.- mou eXel KoToXwploTe( oe Komolo �ool oeoofevwv.

Ilo Tlv ovTlfeTwmlol TeTolwv mpo�AlfoTwv omolTe(Tol ouoTlpo voflKo mAo(olo, mou 8o eml�oAAel Tl Arll Kol Tlv Trplol feTpwv ooqoAe(oc, woTe vo flv mopo�lo�ovTol Kol vo flv KoTooTpeqovTol euKoAo opXe(o fe omopplTec mAlpoqop(ec, 8o mpo�Aemel Tl o(w�l Kol Tlv Tlfwp(o Twv mopo�oTwv Kol, Te-Aoc, 8o olooqoA(�el Tlv mpoo�ool Kol Tov eAeYXo Ko8e evoloqepofevou oe mAlpoqop(ec mou Tov oqopouv.

noAAec feTo�oAec mou eXouv emeA8el omo Tl Xprol Tlc TeXvoAoY(oc evoeXe-Tol mpoYfoTl vo emlpeo�ouv Tooo Tl oufmeplqopo Tou ov8pwmou, ooo Kol Tov Tpomo oKellc Tou. Eow umeloepXovTol olfovTlKo( mpo�AlfoTlofo(, mou oqopouv veo qolvofevo, omwc:

H ouvoToTlTo emlKolvwv(oc omo omooTool oTouc meploooTepouc Tofe(c opooTlploTrTwv (TlAeolooKelelc, molXv(olo feow olKTuou, lAeKTpovlKo ToXuopofe(o, K.o.) oleuKoAuvel Tl ouvepYoo(o Kol Tlv ovToAAoYr omolewv Kol foAloTo fe moAu feYoAuTepo mAr8oc ov8pwmwv Kol ouf�oAAel oTlv e�olKovoflol Xpovou, XprfoToc Kol ouvofewv fe Tlv omoquYr Twv feToKlvroewv. Amo Tlv oAAl, ofwc, oTepe( Tov ov8pwmo omo Tlv ofeooTlTo Tlc mpoowmo fe mpoowmo emlKolvwv(oc fe Touc ouvov8pwmouc Tou. nolec emlmTwoelc fmope( vo eXel ouTo oTov luXlofo Kol oTl oufmeplqopo Tou;

n.a a..d(OuV!

OJaOlKO malXV{Ol JtOw OlKTUOU

H e�omAwol Twv umlpeolwv emlKolvwv(oc feow Twv oloolKTuwv mpooqepel Tl ouvoToTlTo ovToAAoYrc moAlTloTlKwv oTolXe(wv, YeYovoc mou 8ewplTlKo 8o mpemel vo efmAouT(�el Tlc efmelp(ec Kol vo ovo(Yel veouc op(�ovTec. H ovToA-AoYr, ofwc, ouTr oev e(vol looTlfl. 0l olKovoflKo loXupoTepec Kolvwv(ec olo8eTouv meploooTepo feoo Ylo Tlv mpo�oAr Tou mveufoTlKou Touc moAlTlofou Kol moAAec qopec emlpeo�ouv fovofepwc Tl olofopqwol Tou moYKooflou moAlTlofou. To qolvofevo ouTo eXel lolo(Tepl olfoo(o oTo 8efo Tlc YAwoooc. AveKo8ev To mpo�Alfo Tlc YAwoolKrc emlKolvwv(oc ovofeoo oe moA(Tec oloqopeTlKwv Xwpwv e�ploKe Tlv em(Auor Tou movToTe elc �opoc Twv AlYoTepo olooeoofevwv YAwoowv. �wp(c vo umoTlfo Kove(c Tlv o�(o Tlc eKfo8lolc �evwv YAwoowv, oev mpemel vo mopolTe(Tol Kol omo To avaqafp&To iIKafwla va &Kqpo�&TaI OTI lITpIK� Tou yAwOOa. AuTo orfepo e(vol meploooTepo omo Ko8e oAAl qopo eqlKTo, fe Tlv e�eAl�l Twv TeXvlKwv feToqpoolc mou umooTlp(�ovTol omo Tlv TeXvoAoY(o, Kol oev mpemel vo To oqrooufe oveKfeToAAeuTo.

H ToXuTlTo oleKmepo(wolc epYoolwv fe Tl �or8elo Tou umoAoYloTr, l ou-YKeXufevl mAeov oloKplol ovofeoo oTlc wpec epYoo(oc Kol oTlc wpec ovomouolc fe Tl feToqopo Twv emoYYeAfoTlKwv umo8eoewv oTouc Xwpouc Tlc olKoYeveloKrc eoT(oc feow Twv olKTuwv Kol ol ou�ovofevec ovoYKec efmAo-Krc fe oYKouc mAlpoqoplwv evTe(vouv olopKwc Tlv evepYlTlKoTlTo Tou oTofou, fe oAec Tlc YvwoTec �Ao�epec ouvemelec. 'Tov ovoqepofooTe oe ToXuTlTec KuKAwfoTwv Tlc To�ewc Twv vovooeuTepoAemTwv, mpemel vo eXoufe wc feTpo ovoqopoc To YeYovoc oTl o Xpovoc 0 umepKoTovoAwTlofoc e(vol qolvofevo mou eXel emlolfov8e( Kol oXoAlooTe( evTovo oTov olwvo foc. npemel vo eXel Kove(c loXupo XopoKTrpo, Ylo vo ovTloTo8e( oTo �of�opolofo Twv oloqlf(oewv Kol vo olo8eTel KplTlKo mveufo, Ylo vo fmope( vo Kp(vel fovoc Tou Tlv o�(o Kol Tlv ovoYKoloTlTo Twv Ko-TovoAwTlKwv oYo8wv. noAu meploooTepo Twpo, mou o �of�opolofoc ouToc emeKTe(veTol Kol oTo bloo(KTuo, mepo omo To MME, Kol eXel oXeol Kol fe To (olo To mpo·ovTo Tlc nAlpoqoplKrc TeXvoAoY(oc. Me oYwv(o eml8ufoufe Tlv omoKTlol Tou veou umeploXupou eme�epYooTr r Tlc veoc eKooolc Twv mpo·ovTwv AoYloflKou, Xwp(c Tlc meploooTepec qopec vo eml�oAAeTol ouTo omo Tlc mpoYfoTlKec foc ovoYKec.

Av To mpolYoufevo mpo�ArfoTo mou Te8lKov omoTeAouv Ylo Komolouc AemTofepelec rooovoc olfoo(oc, To 8efo Tlc ou�ovofevlc moYKoof(wc ovepY(oc 8ewpe(Tol omo oAouc ove�olpeTwc moAu oo�opo Kol KoToAoY(�eTol omo Tl ouvTplmTlKr mAelollq(o Tou Koofou oTlv e�eAl�l Tlc TeXvoAoY(oc. Kove(c oev ofqlo�lTe( oTl ol flXovec Kol l TeXvoAoY(o ovTlKo8loTouv oe moA-Aec epYoo(ec Tov ov8pwmo r oTl eXouv Y(vel olT(o vo KoTopYl8ouv moAAo mopooooloKo emoYYeAfoTo. H ovepY(o, ofwc, oev emlpeo�eTol omoKAeloTlKo omo ouTov Tov mopoYovTo, oAAo Kol omo oAAouc meploooTepo ouv8eTouc Kol AlYoTepo oloqove(c, mou oXeT(�ovTol fe eupuTepouc feTooXlfoTlofouc mou ouvTeAouvTol oTlv Kolvwv(o Kol fe Tl feToTomlol mopooooloKwv o�lwv, omwc:

0l YprYopol pu8fo( ovomTu�lc Y(vovTol olT(o vo 8ewpouvTol �emepoofevec ol Yvwoelc Kol ol elolKoTlTec feTo Tlv mopeAeuol moAu flKpou XpovlKou olooTrfoToc oe oXeol fe Tl olopKelo Tlc �wrc Tou ov8pwmou. AuTo ouvemoYe-Tol Tlv ovoYKl floc olo �(ou eKmo(oeuolc, mpoKelfevou vo oloTlpe( Kove(c Tl ouvoToTlTo omooXoAlorc Tou oe Komolo epYoo(o. H ovoYKoloTlTo Tlc eXel emlolfov8e( eow Kol Xpovlo Kol Y(veTol mpoomo8elo opYovwolc Tlc olo �(ou eKmo(oeuolc oAAo Kol Tou emoYYeAfoTlKou emovompooovoToAlofou oe oAec Tlc ovemTuYfevec Kolvwv(ec, oXl fovo oe e8vlKo em(meoo, oAAo Kol oe eupuTepl KA(foKo.

0l oAAoYec mou ooloKomo ouvTeAouvTol oTl olop8pwol Tlc Kolvwv(oc (ou-YKevTpwol mAl8uofwv oe feYoAo ooTlKo KevTpo, ovToYwvlofoc oTlv oYopo mpo·ovTwv, K.o.) mopoAAlAo fe Tlv TeXvoAoYlKr ovomTu�l eXouv ofeol ouvemelo oTlv oAAoYr Tou e(oouc Kol Tlc quolc Tlc epYoo(oc:

blfloupYouvTol olopKwc veo emoYYeAfoTo, To omo(o oAo Kol AlYoTepo oXeT(�ovTol fe ouTr Ko8eouTr Tlv mopoYwYlKr oloolKoo(o, olAoor fe Tov mpwToYevr Kol Tov oeuTepoYevr Tofeo. 0l flXovec Kol ol ouTofo-Tomollfevec oloolKoo(ec mopoYwYrc mopofep(�ouv Tov ov8pwmo, o omo(oc KoAe(Tol vo ooXoAl8e( fe To oXeoloofo Kol Tl olo(Klol Tlc mopoYwYlKrc oloolKoo(oc Ko8wc Kol fe Tlv mpooqopo umlpeolwv Ylo Tlv opYovwol Tlc Kolvwv(oc, olAoor fe Tov TplToYevr Tofeo. To veo emoY-YeAfoTo eXouv oXeol fe Tlv TeXvoAoY(o olXfrc (ovoAuTec AoYloflKou, epeuvlTec �loTeXvoAoY(oc, elolKo( emloTlfovlKrc epeuvoc, K.o.), fe Tlv opYovwol Tou eAeu8epou Xpovou (luXoYwY(o, TouploTlKo emoYYeAfo-To), fe Tlv Kolvwv(o Tou 8eofoToc Kol Tlc oloqrflolc (TeXvlKo( omTlKooKouoTlKwv elolKoTrTwv), fe Tlv moAlTloTlKr KAlpovoflo (ouvTrplol epYwv TeXvlc, umoooXr Kolvou), fe Tlv mpooToo(o Kol oloTrplol quol-Kwv meploXwv (eAeYXo foAuvolc, ouvTrplol mpoolvou), fe Tlv opYovwol Tlc emlXe(plolc (ouf�ouAeuTlKec umlpeo(ec, elolKo( olfoo(wv oXeoewv, opfoolol oe 8efoTo emevouoewv, ouf�ouAol olo(Klolc emlXelproewv, elolKo( oTo fopKeTlvYK) r fe Tlv opYovwol Tlc Ko8lfeplvrc
�wrc (meplmo(lol mololwv Kol umeplA(Kwv, olKloKec epYoo(ec).

To meploooTepo omo To emoYYeAfoTo mou mpoovoqep8lKov eXouv fe-YoAec omolTroelc oe KoTopTlol Kol e�elo(Keuol. 0 ovoAuTrc ouoTlfo-Twv, Ylo mopooelYfo, oqe(Ael vo eXel Yvwoelc omo Tov emloTlfovlKo KAooo Tlc 0pYovwolc Twv EmlXelproewv, woTe vo KoTovoe( Tlc omolTroelc Twv meAoTwv, Yvwoelc Tlc AelToupY(oc Twv umoAoYloTwv Kol Twv olKTuwv, woTe vo eml�Aemel Tlv ovomTu�l Tou epYou oAAo Kol emlKolvwvloKec lKovoTlTec, woTe vo fmope( vo ouvepYo�eTol Kol vo ouvTov(�el.
EKToc omo To e(ooc Kol Tlc omolTroelc Ylo Ko8e epYoo(o, eXouv ovomTuX8e( Kol veec fopqec Tlc oYopoc epYoo(oc. KAe(vovTol 8eoelc Ylo omooXoAlol meploplofevlc olopKeloc Kol Ylo oplofevo epYo, omo Tlv mpooqopo mpooovTwv TeXvoYvwo(oc mou mpoYfoTomole(Tol feoo omo o(-KTuo.

Mlo oAAl olfovTlKr oAAoYr, mou omoppeel omo Tlv moAumAoKoTlTo Tlc olfeplvrc Kolvwv(oc Kol emlopo ofq(opofo oTlv opYovwol Kol Tov KoTofeplofo Tlc epYoo(oc, e(vol l KoTovofr Tlc o�(oc Twv mopoYofevwv oYo8wv. 'vo moAu flKpo fepoc Tlc o�(oc ouTrc ovoAoYe( mAeov oTo KooToc mopoYw-Yrc, olAoor oe ouTouc mou olo8eTouv To feoo mopoYwYrc Kol evepYeloc. To feYoAuTepo mooooTo oloT(8eTol Ylo e�elolKeufevouc oXeoloofouc, olmAwfo-To eupeolTeXv(oc, mveufoTlKo olKolwfoTo, oloqrflol, KAm.

0l mopoYovTec mou Ko8op(�ouv To KevTpo ooKlolc Tlc e�ouo(oc eXouv oA-Ao�el. AAAoTe rTov o olKovoflKoc mAouToc mou emeTpeme Tl XelpoYwYlol Twv olKovoflKo oo8eveoTepwv. Lrfepo e(vol KoTo Kuplo AoYo o eAeYXoc Twv Te-XvoAoYlwv olXfrc, mou emlTpemel Tl ouYKevTpwol mAlpoqoplwv Kol Tov eAeY-Xo Tlc oloXe(plorc Touc, feow Twv umlpeolwv Kol Twv Meowv Mo�lKrc Evlfepwolc. To em(meoo TeXvoYvwo(oc Kol l ouvoToTlTo ouYKevTpwolc Kol oloXe(plolc Tlc mAlpoqop(oc omoTeAouv, feTo�u oAAwv, ouo omo Tlc Ko8oploTlKec mpoumo8eoelc Ylo Tl olofopqwol KevTpwv e�ouo(oc, Kl ouTo oXl fovo ovofeoo oTo KpoTl oAAo Kol feoo oTouc KoAmouc Tou (olou Tou KpoTouc.

Amo To mpolYoufevo eml�e�olwveTol oTl l poYoo(o ovomTu�l Tlc TeXvoAoY(oc eXel mpoKoAeoel pl�lKec feTo�oAec oe oAouc Touc Tofe(c Tlc KolvwvlKrc opoolc. eo fmopouoe vo loXuploTe( Kove(c oTl ol e�eA(�elc foc eXouv �emepooel. 0l oofec eXouv oAAo�el, Xwp(c vo eXouv mpooopfooTe( ovoAoYwc Kol ol 8eofo(, YeYovoc mou omoTeAe( Tov KuploTepo mopoYovTo ovooqoAeloc. To TeAoc Tou 20ou olwvo oqpoY(�eTol fe Tlv emlquAo�l Tou ov8pwmou omevovTl oTo TeXvoAoYlKo opofo mou olfloupYr8lKe mplv mevrvTo Xpovlo. 'Ao ouTo To mpo�ArfoTo, mou Y(vovTol olT(o vo mopoYvwp(�ovTol ol euepYeTlKec emlopooelc Tlc TeXvoAoY(oc, omeoel�ov oTl T(moTo oev oAoKAlpwveTol Xwp(c Tl ouffeToXr Twv (olwv Twv moAlTwv. neploooTepo omo Ko8e oAAl qopo, o moA(Tlc eXel Xpeoc vo ovooelX8e( oe evepYr Kol ouvelolTr fovooo feoo oTlv Kolvwv(o. No emlolwKel Tlv evlfepwor Tou Kol vo ovomTuooel oqolplKo Tlv KplTlKr Tou oTool omevovTl oTo Te-KTolvofevo, oleKolKwvToc To oqeAoc mou Tou ovoAoYe( omo Tlv e�eAl�l Tlc TeXvoAoY(oc oe oAouc Touc Tofe(c. AuTo mpoumo8eTel olopKr evlfepwol, feAeTl Twv KolvwvlKwv qolvofevwv, ouffeToXr oTl olofopqwor Touc Kol Kup(wc oe�oofo oTov (olo Tou Tov eouTo. E(vol olKr Tou eu8uvl l ovomArpwol Twv �mopevepYelwv� Tlc TeXvoAoY(oc: l meplqpouplol Kol o�lomo(lol Tou eAeu8epou Xpovou Tou, l ouolooTlKr luXoYwY(o Tou wc �oYwYr Kol KoAAlep-Yelo Tlc luXrc� Kol oXl omAo wc omoToAl olo8eolfou Xpovou, l emlo(w�l mpoowmlKwv oXeoewv Kol TeAoc l owfoTlKr ooKlol Kol l qpovT(oo Tlc owfoTlKrc Tou uYe(oc. 0l TeXvoAoYlKec e�eA(�elc oev e(vol oKomoc oAAo To feoo Ylo Tl �eAT(wol Twv ouv8lKwv �wrc oTov mAovrTl foc, mpoc oqeAoc Tou ouvoAou Tlc ov8pwmoTlToc Kol oXl Twv oA(Ywv. E(vol ovoYKl vo ouvelolTomolrooufe oTl mpemel vo o�lomolrooufe Tlc TeXvoAoYlKec e�eA(�elc oTl oloolKoo(o olKoooflolc floc Kolvwv(oc mou Tl XopoKTlp(�el o oe�oofoc oTl quol Kol l oYoml mpoc Tov ov8pwmo.

n.a a..d(OuV!

AvaK&qaAafwOI

blovuoufe flo feTo�oTlKr mep(ooo, oTlv omo(o ol KolvwvlKo( 8eofo( oev eXouv oKofo mpooopfooTe( oTlc pl�lKec oAAoYec mou oloopofoT(�ovTol oe oAo To KolvwvlKo meo(o. To YeYovoc ouTo olfloupYe( ovooqoAelo Kol Y(veTol olT(o vo mopoYvwp(�ovTol ol 8eTlKec emlopooelc Tlc TeXvoAoY(oc.

MeplKo omo To Kuplo 8efoTo mou eXouv mpoKulel omo Tlv e�eAl�l Tlc TeXvoAoY(oc Kol omolTouv ofeol ovTlfeTwmlol e(vol:

H ooqoAelo Twv mAlpoqoplwv Kol To mpoowmlKo omopplTo
H ev(oXuol Twv ov8pwmlvwv oXeoewv
H opYovwol Kol o KoTofeplofoc Tlc epYoo(oc.

0 olfeplvoc moA(Tlc mpemel vo ovooelXTe( oe evepYr Kol ouvelolTr fovooo feoo oTlv Kolvwv(o, fe evlfepwol, KplTlKr oTool Kol oleKo(Klol Tou oqe-Aouc mou Tou ovoAoYe( omo Tlv e�eAl�l Tlc TeXvoAoY(oc. TeAlKoc Tou oToXoc mpemel vo e(vol oXl fovo l �eAT(wol Tlc mpoowmlKrc Tou 8eolc oAAo Kol l ouveloqopo oTo eupuTepo KolvwvlKo ouvoAo, oTlv ov8pwmoTlTo, oTlv uqrAlo.

EpwT�O&I�

�0uoev KoKov oflYec KoAou��. E(vol owoTo vo e�eTo�oufe Tlc opvlTlKec fovo emlmTwoelc evoc qolvofevou, oYvowvToc To feYe8oc Kol Tlv o�(o Twv omolwvormoTe 8eTlKwv Tou oTolXe(wv;
nolec omo Tlc opvlTlKec emlmTwoelc Tlc TeXvoAoY(oc eXouv oToflKo Kol molec Yevl-Ko XopoKTrpo, KoTo Tl Yvwfl ooc;
nwc Kol omo molouc fmopouv vo evloXu8ouv ouTo( mou 8(YovTol ofeoo omo Tlc KolvwvlKec feTo�oAec;
Ilo Tlv KoToXplol Twv mAlpoqoploKwv Kol olKTuoKwv ouvoToTrTwv eu8uveTol l TeXvoAoY(o r o ov8pwmoc;
Le Tl e(oouc oqeAl fmope( vo omo�Aemel flo evoeXofevl mopo�(ool Tou mpoowml-Kou omopprTou; AvoqepeTe feplKec meplmTwoelc lolo(Tepo eml�rflec Ylo To oTofo mou mpoo�oAAeTol omo f(o TeTolo mpo�l.
nolo 8efoTo 8o mpemel vo meplAof�ovovTol oe evo voflKo mAo(olo, woTe vo olooqoA(�eTol l oKepoloTlTo Twv llqloKwv mAlpoqoplwv Kol To mpoowmlKo omopplTo;
Me molouc Tpomouc fmopoufe vo olooqoA(ooufe fovol foc To opXe(o mou omooTeAAoufe feow lAeKTpovlKou ToXuopofe(ou;
Me molouc Tpomouc fmopouv vo ovTloTo8floTouv ol opvlTlKec emlopooelc Tlc e� omooTooewc ouvepYoo(oc;
Mmope( euKoAo To oTofo vo eAeY�el op8oAoYlKo Kol vo umoTo�el Tlc KoTovoAwTlKec Tou ouvr8elec; nolouc melpoofouc mpemel vo �emepooel Kol molo KplTrplo mpemel vo ovomTu�el;

nwc fmope( o umoAoYloTrc vo �eATlwoel r vo eAoTTwoel Tlv moloTlTo �wrc;
H Xprol Tlc TeXvoAoY(oc mpooqepel TeAlKo meploooTepo eAeu8epo Xpovo;
To omoAAoYfevo omo XopTlo Ypoqe(o 8o e(vol eqlKTo oTlc emofevec Yevlec;
nolol mopoYovTec ouvTeAouv oTlv ou�lol Tlc ovepY(oc;
No ovoqepeTe feplKo mopooooloKo emoYYeAfoTo mou eXouv KoTopYl8e(.
No ovoqepeTe feplKo omo To veo emoYYeAfoTo mou olfloupYr8lKov omo Tlc omol-Troelc Tlc TeXvoAoY(oc.
nolol e(vol ol veol mopoYovTec mou ouf�oAAouv Ko8oploTlKo oTl ouYKevTpwol e�ouo(oc;
IloT( e(vol KoTooTpoqlKo vo emevouel Kove(c omoKAeloTlKo oTo oToflKo Tou oqeAoc; Mmope( vo umop�el oe eupe(o KA(foKo oToflKo oqeAoc, Xwp(c ovemTuYfevec KolvwvlKec oofec;
nolo poAo fmope( vo mo(�el l moloe(o oTl olofopqwol umeu8uvwv moAlTwv;

nloTeueTe oTl o TepooTloc oYKoc mAlpoqoplwv mou e(vol olo8eolfoc oTo eupu Kolvo fe Tl �or8elo Tlc TeXvoAoY(oc oolYe( oTl Yvwol;
n.a a..d(OuV!

Me molouc Tpomouc fmope( Kove(c vo ovTlfeTwm(oel Tlv ovepY(o mou oqe(AeTol oTlv e�omAwol Tlc Xprolc Twv umoAoYloTwv;
IloT( Kp(veTol ovoYKo(o l Yvwol opYovwolc Twv emlXelproewv omo emoYYeAfoT(ec Tlc nAlpoqoplKrc;

EviIaq&pouO&� KaI Xp�OIl&� iI&u9uvO&I� Tou .IaiIKTuou

http://www.gunet.gr

llFUeUVOT OTTV OmO{a fp{OKOVTal KaTaXwplOJtVa Ta mFplOOOTFpa F..TVlKO maVFmlOTTJlaKO lOpUJaTa aVwTtpwV Kal aVwTOTwV OmOUOWV.

http://www.primeminister.gr

H OlFUeUVOT TOU '..TVa mpweUmOUpYOU, OTTV OmO{a UmOpXOUV apKFTtr m.TpOcOp{Fr Yla TTV mO.lTlKr TTr XWpar Jar OTOV TOJta TTr m.TpOcOplKrr KaeWr Kal KaTO.OYOr JF Tlr T.FKTpOVlKtr OlFUeUVOFlr TwV UmOUpYF{wV.

http://www.gspa.gr

TO YmOUpYF{O EOwTFplKWV, lTJOOlar llO{KTOTr Kal AmOKtVTpwOTr OTO llaO{KTUO.

http://www.yme.gr

TO YmOUpYF{O MFTacOpWV Kal EmlKOlVwVlWV OTO llaO{KTUO.

270

n.a a..d(OuV!

BIpAIoypaqfa

Jeremy Rifkin, To T&Ao� TI� &pyaOfa� KaI To l&AAov TI� , EKoooelc �Neo Luvopo�, A8rvo 1995

mpOKFlTal Yla Jla OF fOeOr JF.tTT TwV OUVFmFlWV TTr F�t.l�Tr TTr TFXVO.OY{ar OTTV amaOXO.TOT Kal TTV FpYaO{a.

NlKoAoc NeYpomovTlc, lIqIaKo� KoOlo� , EKoooelc KooTovlwTl, A8rvo 1995

'Va mO.U Ka.O flf.{O JF OKtLFlr Yla TO Jt..OV TTr KOlVwV{ar TTr m.TpOcOplKrr, amO KOmOlOV mOU OUJfO..Fl OTT OlaJOpcwOr TTr.

Edgar Morin & Sami Nair, MIa noAITIK� noAITIOlou, EKoooelc �Neo Luvopo�, A8rvo, 1998

Mla mpaYJaTF{a mOVw OTTV Kp{OT TTr lOtar TTr mpOOOOU Kal Jla KpaUYr Yla TTV amOKaTOOTaOT TOU aVepWmlVOU OVTOr, wr aVTlKFlJtVOU Kal UmOKFlJtVOU TTr mO.lTlKrr.

Noof ToofoKl, OI &XovT&� KaI oI lI KaT&XovT&� , EKoooelc KooTovlwTl, A8rvo, 1999 Noof ToofoKl, .uvol&I� KaI npoonTIK&� , EKoooelc Neo Luvopo, A8rvo 1999

H JF.tTT TFKJTplwJtVwV amOLFwV mOU mpOtpXOVTal amO OlaKFKplJtVOUr FmlKplTtr TOU OUOTrJaTOr, Omwr F{Val O KOpUca{Or AJFplKaVOr KaeTYTTrr (l.OOOc{ar Kal f.wOOO.OY{ar OTO TFXVO.OYlKO IVOTlTOUTO TTr MaOaXOUOtTTr NOaJ TOOJOKl, OlFUpUVFl TT OKtLT Jar Kal aVamTUOOFl TTV lKaVOTTTO Jar Va FJfaeUVOUJF Kal OF O..a KOlVwVlKO calVOJFVa, Omwr F{Val aUTO mOU OUXVO XapaKTTp{�OVTal wr FmlmTWOFlr TTr TFXVO.OY{ar.

S. KATSlKAS, D. GRlTZALlS, Information Systems Security, EKoooelc Chapman and Hall, A8rvo, 1996

OOTYOr Yla TTV aOcO.Fla TwV m.TpOcOplaKWV LUOTTJOTwV

b. IKp(T�oAlc, AOqoA&Ia OTI� T&XvoAoyf&� nAIpoqopIwv KaI EnIKoIvwvIwv, EvvoIoAoyIK� e&l&AfwOI, EKoooelc Newv TeXvoAoYlwv, A8rvo, 1996

maVFmlOTTJlaKO OUYYpaJJa OTa m.a{Ola TOU mpOYpOJJaTOr ERASMUS Kal INFOSEC. m.rpTr Kal KaTaVOTTr FVVOlO.OYlKr eFJF.{wOT.

b. IKp(T�oAlc, L. IKp(T�oAlc, AOqoA&Ia M&IToupyIKwv IuOTIloTwv Unix-DOS, EKoooelc Newv TeXvoAoYlwv, AeHNA, 1994

maVFmlOTTJlaKO OUYYpaJJa JF tJcaOT OTOV TOJta TTr aOcO.Flar TwV .FlTOUpYlKWV OUOTTJOTwV UNIX Kal DOS.

ECAPM0rEI THI nJHP0C0PiKHI ITiI EniITHMEI, ITiI TEXNEI KAi ITHN EKnAI.EYIH . 0 unoAoYIOT�� OTI iIoX&fpIOI KoI &n&�&pYoOfo nAIpoqopIiv 275

10.1.1 LUOTrfOTO YlO olfloUpYlO KOl OUvTrplOl TpOne�wv nAlpoqoplwv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .275

10.1.2 LUOTrfOTO Ono8rKeUOlc, OvoKTlOlc, ene�epYOOlOc KOl nOpoUOlOOlc nAlpoqoplwv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276

10.1.3 LUOTrfOTO YlO Tl OTOTlOTlKr OvoAUOl KOl ene�epYOOlO oeoofevwv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276

10.1.4 LUOTrfOTO npoOofolwOlc - ElKovlKo nepl�oAAovTO . . . .277

10.1.5 LUOTrfOTO OvOYvwplOlc npoTLnwv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278

.2 0 unoAoYIOT�� OTI� EnIOT�I&� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279

10.2.1 EqOpfoYec ToU UnoAoYlOTr OTlc Ov8pwnlOTlKec enlOTrfec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279

10.2.2 O UnoAoYlOTrc OTlc 8eTlKec enlOTrfec . . . . . . . . . . . . . .280

.3 0 unoAoYIOT�� OTI� T&Xv&� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284

10.3.1 MoUOlKr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284

10.3.2 ElKOOTlKec TeXvec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .285

10.3.3 KlvlfOToYpoqoc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .285

.4 0 unoAoYIOT�� OTIv T&XvoAoYfo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286

10.4.1 LXeolOOl fe Tl �or8elO UnoAoYlOTr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286

10.4.2 KOTOOKeUr npo'ovTwv fe Tl �or8elO ToU UnoAoYlOTr . . 287

10.4.3 EqOpfoOfevl flXOvlKr fe Tl �or8elO UnoAoYlOTr . . . . 288

10.4.4 OAoKAlpwfevl nOpOYwYr fe Tl �or8elO UnoAoYlOTr . . 289

10.4.5 Ol XprOelc Twv TeXvoAoYlwv CAD, CAM, CAE . . . . . . . . .289

.5 EnIIopqwOI, &Knofi&uOI KoI KoTapTIOI &� onoOTaO&w� . . . . 29

10.5.1 noloUc �ol8o l e� OnoOToOewc eKnOloeUOl; . . . . . . . . 290

10.5.2 LLYXpovO npoYpoffOTO YlO e� OnoOToOewc eKnOloeUOl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .291

10.5.3 H TlAeoloOKell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293

AvoK&qoAofwOI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295 EpwT�O&I� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296 rAwOOapIo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299 EviIoq&pouO&� KoI Xp�OII&� iI&ueUvO&I� OTo .IoifKTuo . . . . 3 BIPAIoYpoqfo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

EcaPlOytc TTc m.TPOcOPIK�c OTIc TnIOT�lTcO OTIc TteVTc KaI OTTV TKnaeuTTOT

TO npolYoLfevO KeqoAOlO YvwplOOfe feplKec Ono Tlc eqOpfoYec ToU UnoAoYlOTr, KUplwc OTlv KO8lfeplvr �wr KO8wc KOl Tlc enlnTw-Oelc noU fnopel vO eXoUv OUTec OTov Tpono Tlc �wrc fOc. LTo KeqoAOlo OUTo 8O OOXoAl8oLfe fe TO oqeAl noU npoKLnToUv

Ono Tl XprOl ToU UnoAoYlOTr OTo Xwpo Twv enlOTlfwv, Twv TeXvwv KOl Twv TeXvoAoYlKwv elolKoTrTwv KOl 8O e�eToOoUfe To OlfOvTlKo poAo noU enOl�e KOl nOl�el o UnoAoYlOTrc OTlv e�eAl�r ToUc.

H OUf�oAr ToU UnoAoYlOTr OTl olOXelplOl KOl ene�epYOOlO nAlpoqoplwv elvOl lolOlTepO OlfOvTlKr. IlO To OKono OUTo XplOlfonoloLvTOl elolKec TeXvlKec KOl OUOTrfOTO ene�epYOOlOc oeoofevwv, noU eXoUv eqOpfoYec Oe noAAoLc Tofelc.

MeplKo Ono TO �OOlKoTepO OUOTrfOTO noU XplOlfonoloLvTOl elvOl�

TO OUOTrfOTO YlO olfloUpYlO KOl OUvTrplOl TpOne�wv nAlpoqoplwv
TO OUOTrfOTO Ono8rKeUOlc, OvoKTlOlc KOl ene�epYOOlOc oeoofevwv
TO OUOTrfOTO YlO Tl OTOTlOTlKr OvoAUOl KOl ene�epYOOlO oeoofevwv
TO OUOTrfOTO npoOofolwOlc
TO OUOTrfOTO OvOYvwplOlc npoTLnwv.

H feAeTl KolvwvlKwv KOl qUOlKwv qOlvofevwv, lOToplKwv YeYovoTwv KOl oA-Awv enlOTlfovlKwv 8efoTwv OnOlTel noAAec qopec Tlv OvO�rTlOl KOl Tl OU-YKevTpwOl nAlpoqoplwv KO8wc KOl oAAoU XprOlfoU UAlKoL. H OnOlTlOl OU-Tr oorYlOe OTl olfloUpYlO OUAAoYwv KOToAAlAoU UAlKoL, To onolo OTlv Op-Xr rTOv XelpoYpOqo, OAAo fe Tlv e�eAl�l KOl Tl oloooOl ToU UnoAoYlOTr opYOvw8lKe KOl Oe lAeKTpovlKr fopqr. O opoc Tpan&�o r BaOI nAIpoqopIiv XplOlfonolr8lKe OTl oeKOeTlO ToU '70 YlO vO XOpOKTlplOel flO OUAAoYr OpXelwv, noU neplAof�Ove KUplwc ooflfevec nAlpoqoplec -Kelfevo, elKovec, K.o.- Ono8lKeUfevec Oe UnoAoYlOTlKo OUOTrfOTO, Ono onoU fnopoLOe vO Tlc OvOKTrOel Ko8e evolOqepofevoc. Te-Tolec OUAAoYec opYOvw8lKOv Oe �l�Alo8rKec, Oe KevTpO epeUvwv KOl OAAoL. H e�eAl�l Tlc TeXvoAoYlOc Twv UnoAoYlOTwv, KOl wc npoc To UAlKo KOl wc npoc To AoYlOflKo, npoOeqepe Tl oUvOToTlTO UllAoTepoU �O8foL opYovwOlc, wOTe vO e�OOqOAl�eTOl eUKoAoTepl OvoKTlOl OpXelwv, onoTe nAeov YlO Tlc OUAAoYec OUTec XplOlfonolr8lKe o opoc BaOI .&ioI&vwv. LTl Olfeplvr enoXr ol oLo evvolec eXoUv TOUTlOTel, OAAo o opoc Tpone�O nAlpoqoplwv e�OKoAoU8el vO XplOlfonolelTOl YlO Tlc OUAAoYec noU elvOl olO8eOlfec lAe-KTpovlKo OTo eUpL Kolvo. YnopXoUv noAAec Tpone�ec nAlpoqoplwv, Ono onoU, fe flKpo KoOToc -OUvr8wc KonolO OUvopofr- r KOl noAAec qopec owpeov, fnopoLfe vO OvTArOoUfe nAlpoqoplec YlO To 8efO noU fOc evolOqepel. TO TeAeUTOlO XpovlO eXoUv OvOnTUX8el lOXUpo epYOAelO OvO�rTlOlc, TO onolO nOpeXoUv Tl oUvOToTlTO eLKoAlc OvoKTlOlc nAlpoqoplwv fe Tl XprOl KonoloU OUvoAoU OXeTl�ofevwv opwv r A&�&wvKKA&IiIiv (key-words).

MlO Ono Tlc �OOlKoTepec OvoYKec ToU enlOTlfovlKoL KoOfoU elvOl l OUYKevTpwOl KOl l ene�epYOOlO nAlpoqoplOKoL UAlKoL, epYOOlO noU elvOl Xpovo

�opO KOl enlnovl. To loOvlKo epYOAelo, noU felwvel Tov OnOlToLfevo Xpovo KOl Kono YlO Tlv enlTeU�l ToU OKonoL OUToL, elvOl o UnoAoYlOTrc, o onoloc Oe OUvoUOOfo fe To KOToAAlAo AoYlOflKo OnoTeAel evO OLOTlfO noU oleUKo-ALvel ToUc enlOTrfovec �

vO Ono8lKeLoUv eLKoAO To nAlpoqoplOKo UAlKo ToUc (epeUvec, �l�Alo-YpOqlO, feAeTec KOl oloqopO oAAO OTolXelO)
vO enlAeYoUv KOl vO OvOKToLv YprYopO TO OTolXelO noU Xpelo�ovTOl Ko8e qopo
vO ene�epYo�ovTOl TO OTolXelO OUTo fe feYoAl TOXLTlTO KOl OKpl�elO
vO efqOvl�oUv KOl vO eKTUnwvoUv TO OnoTeAeOfOTO OUTrc Tlc feAeTlc ToUc Oe flO eUnOpoUOlOOTl fopqr.

EnlOlc l e�onAwOl Twv flKpo�noAoYlOTwv KOl ToU �lOolKTLoU KO8wc KOl l OvonTU�l AoYlOflKoL noU oleUKoALvel Tlv OvO�rTlOl (IIXov&� ovo��TIOI�

-searching engines), eneTpelOv OToUc enlOTrfovec�

vO OvO�lToLv nAlpoqoplec Ono neplOOoTepec nlYec
vO Ono8lKeLoUv Tlc nAlpoqoplec OUTec OTO olKo ToUc Ono8lKeUTlKo feOO
vO npo�oAAoUv KOl vO olOolooUv To epYo ToUc feOO Ono To �lOolKTUo.

H OTOTlOTlKr ene�epYOOlO OTolXelwv OnoTeAel Oe oplOfevoUc enlOTlfovlKoLc KAoooUc evO feYoAo TfrfO Tlc epYOOlOc Twv enlOTlfovwv. Enelor o oYKoc Twv OTolXelwv noU npenel vO ene�epYo�ovTOl elvOl noAL feYoAoc KOl ol Uno-AoYlOfol elvOl noALnAoKol, l XprOl ToU UnoAoYlOTr oleUKoAUve To epYo

ToUc, KUplwc YlOTl eneTpele Tl OUOXeTlOl noAAwv nOpOfeTpwv KOl Tlv eqOpfoYr elol-Kwv eAeYXwv op8oTlTOc.

�TOl, OvOnTLX8lKOv noAAo OUOTrfOTO YlO

Tl OTOTlOTlKr ene�epYOOlO oeoofevwv TO onolO XplOlfonoloLvTOl Oe Ko8e elooUc enl-OTlfovlKec epeUvec, onwc n.X. olfoOKonr-Oelc, epeUvec OYopoc r npoYvwOTlKo eKAoYwv. Me Tl �or8elO ToU KO-ToAAlAoU AoYlOflKoL, onwc elvOl TO OTOTlOTl-Ko nOKeTO, TO AoYlOTlKo qLAAO, KAn., ol enlOTrfovec fnopoLv�

EcaPlOytc TTc m.TPOcOPIK�c OTIc TnIOT�lTcO OTIc TteVTc KaI OTTV TKnaeuTTOT

vO Tono8eToLv Oe nlvOKec, eLKoAO KOl fe noAAoLc TponoUc, TO OTolXel-O noU feAeToLv Ko8e qopo KOl eTOl vO TO TO�lvofoLv KOl vO TO OUOXe-Tl�oUv �oOel noAAOnAwv KplTlplwv
vO oleUKoALvovTOl OTlv O�lonollOl KOl fl Opl8flTlKwv OTolXelwv, onwc YlO nOpooelYfO noloTlKwv XOpOKTlplOTlKwv
vO ene�epYo�ovTOl TO OTolXelO OUTo noAL YprYopO KOl fe feYoAl OKpl�elO
vO nOpoUOlo�oUv TO OnoTeAeOfOTO Tlc ene�epYOOlOc OUTrc fe nOpO-OTOTlKo olOYpoffOTO, KOl
vO npOYfOTonoloLv nAr8oc oAAwv �ol8lTlKwv epYOOlwv.

noAAec qopec l OUAAoYr KOl o eAeYXoc Konolwv OTolXelwv elvOl noAL oLOKo-Ao vO npOYfOTonoll8oLv KOl o nelpOfOTlOfoc OveqlKToc YlO npOKTlKoLc r l8lKoLc AoYoUc. IlO nOpooelYfO, oev elvOl oUvOTov vO n�OvO�rOelK KOvelc Tl foXl ToU MOpO8wvO r vO KOTOOTpelel Tlv nOvloO KOl

Tl XAwploO flOc Alfvlc YlO vO feAeTrOel Tlv enlopOOl Tlc foAUvOlc Oe OUTec. ElvOl oUvOTov, ofwc, vO olfloUpYrOoUfe oUvOflKo fO8lfOTlKo fovTeAO npOYfOTlKwv KOTOOToOewv, TO onolO fe OAAlAenlopOOTlKec fe8oooUc enlTpenoUv Tlv nOpOKoAoL8lOl Tlc e�eAl�lc TeTolwv KOTOOToOewv, OAAo�ovTOc fovo Tlc Tlfec Konolwv nOpOfeTpwv. H noAUnAoKo-TlTO OUTwv Twv fovTeAwv KO8wc KOl l e�eTOOl noAAwv feTO�AlTwv, KO8lOToLv Tov UnoAoYlOTr To �OOlKo epYO-Aelo YlO TeToloU elooUc ene�epYOOlec.

Mnopel, YlO nOpooelYfO, fe Tl XprOl elolKoL AoYlOflKoL vO olfloUpYl8el OTov UnoAoYlOTr flO nelKovlKrK Alfvl. To elKovlKo OUTo nepl�oAAov enlTpenel Tl feAeTl Twv OUvenelwv OTo qUTlKo KOl �wlKo �OOlAelo Tlc Alfvlc OnAo TpononolwvTOc TO noOoOTo KOl TO elol Tlc foAUvOlc, Xwplc vO Tl8eTOl Oe npOYfOTlKo KlvoUvo l qUOlKr lOopponlO Tlc Alfvlc. Me OvoAoYo Tpono fnopoLfe vO olfloUpYrOoUfe OvTlOTolXO nepl�oAAovTO KOl Oe oAAoUc Tofelc KOl vO npoXwpoLfe OTl feAeTl qOlvofevwv YprYopO KOl fe noAL XOflAo KoOToc. Be�OlO KoTl TeTolo oev elvOl novToTe eLKoAo, OAAo, fe Tlv e�eAl�l ToU UAlKoL KOl ToU AoYlOflKoL KOl Tlv TeXvo-

YvwOlO noU eXel OvOnTUX8el, oAo KOl neplOOoTepO elKovl-Ko nepl�oAAovTO XTl�ovTOl KO8lfeplvo. AUTo TO nepl�oAAovTO Oe KOflO neplnTwOl oev fnopoLv vO OvTlKOTOOTrOoUv Tlc npOYfOTlKec OUv8rKec evoc qOlvofevoU, OAAo feAeTec KOl epeUvec eXoUv oel�el oTl TO OUfnepoOfOTO noU e�oYovTOl Ono nnelpofOTOK Oe KOAo opYOvwfevO elKovlKo nepl�oAAovTO oev OnoKAlvoUv noAL Ono Tlv npOYfOTlKoTlTO.

H OvOYvwplOl npoTLnwv elvOl flO KO8lfeplvr volTlKr AelToUpYlO noU enlTeAel

o Ov8pwnlvoc eYKeqOAoc �OOl�ofevoc OTl �lwfOTlKr efnelplO. H efnelplO OU-

Tr olfloUpYelTOl Ono Tl AoYlKr olepYOOlO noU enlTe-AelTOl OTo OLvoAo Twv OlO8lTlplwv epe8lOfoTwv noU oeXeTOl o Ov8pwnlvoc eYKeqOAoc Ono To e�wTeplKo nepl�oAAov. �TOl, o ov8pwnoc elvOl lKOvoc vO OvOYvwpl�el oloqopO npoTUnO KOl vO TO KOTOToOOel Oe KOTl-Yoplec. TO npoTUnO OUTo fnopel vO OvOqepovTOl Oe elKovec, rXoUc, KelfevO, K.o. H Ov8pwnlvl OUTr efnelplO eYlve npoOno8elO vO feTOqep8el KOl OTov UnoAoYlOTr. �XoUv, Aolnov, OvOnTUX8el elolKo UnoAoYlOTlKo OUOTrfOTO, TO onolO fnopoLv vO OvO�lToLv KOl vO OvOYvwpl�oUv oplOfevO XOpOKTlplOTlKo, OUYKplvovToc TO fe oAAO noU o

TO neplOOoTepO OU-OTrfOTO llqlonoll-Olc KOl onTlKrc OvO-YvwplOlc XOpOKTrpwv neplAOf�ovoUv OUvr8wc flO OU-OKeUr onTlKrc Oopw-Olc YlO Tlv OvoYvw-Ol ToU KelfevoU, KOl elolKo AoYlOflKo YlO Tlv OvoAUOl Twv el-Kovwv. TO neplOOo-TepO OUOTrfOTO onTlKrc OvOYvwpl-Olc XOpOKTrpwv XplOlfonoloLv evO OUvoUOOfo e�elol-KeUfevoU UAlKoL KOl AoYlOflKoL YlO vO OvOYvwpl�oUv XOpO-KTrpec, Ov KOl KonolO XOflAoL Ko-OToUc OUOTrfOTO XplOlfonoloLv fovo AoYlOflKo. �loqopO e�eAlYfevO OUOTrfO-TO onTlKrc OvOYvwplOlc XOpOKTrpwv eXoUv Tl oUvOToTlTO vO OvOYvwpl�oUv KelfevO feYoAlc nolKl-AlOc YpOffOToOelpwv, OAAo OKofO OvTlfeTwnl�oUv oU-OKoAlec fe TO Xelpo-YpOqO KelfevO.

ov8pwnoc eXel KO8oplOel wc npoTUnO. H OvOYvwplOl npoTLnwv fe Tl �or8elO UnoAoYlOTr YlveTOl fe Tlc TeXvlKec Tlc llqlOKrc ene�epYOOlOc OrfOToc, ol onolec Xwpl�ovTOl OUvr8wc Oe oLo feYoAec KOTlYoplec�

Tl OTOTlOTlKr OvOYvwplOl, noU eqOpfo�eTOl YlO Tov npoOoloplOfo KOl Tlv OvOYvwplOl Twv npwToYevwv ooflKwv OTolXelwv ToU npoTLnoU
Tl ooflKr OvOYvwplOl, noU eqOpfo�eTOl oTOv To npoTUno elvOl OLv8eTo

KOl OnOlTelTOl eKToc Ono Tlv TO�lvoflOl KOl neplYpOqr Tlc oofrc ToU. Ol eqOpfoYec OTlc onolec OnOlTelTOl OvOYvwplOl npoTLnwv fe Tl �or8elO UnoAoYlOTlKwv OUOTlfoTwv elvOl noAAec. MeplKec Ono OUTec elvOl� H ovoYvipIOI KoI KoTIYopIonofIOI &IKovwv ��Xwv� H olepYOOlO OUTr enlTUYXoveTOl fe Tl �or8elO flOc UnopXoUOOc �oOlc oeoofevwv, OTlv onolO elvOl OUYKevTpwfevo UAlKo YlO OLYKplOl fe TO npoc OvOYvwplOl OvTlKelfevO. EqOpfoYec UnopXoUv noAAec, onwc, YlO nOpooelYfO, l neplnTwOl evoc �w-YpOqlKoL nlvOKO noU fnopel vO Onooo8el OTov nl8Ovo olfloUpYo ToU, flO qwToYpOqlO r evO oOKTUAlKo OnoTLnwfO OTo oTofo noU OvrKel, evO TpOYoLol OTo OUv8eTl ToU r vO npOYfOTonoll8el TO�lvoflOl rXwv OTlv ene�epYO-OlO Tlc qUOlKrc YAwOOOc. EqopIoY&� OTIv ioTpIK� � H ene�epYOOlO KOpoloYpOqlfoTwv, eYKeqOAo-YpOqlfoTwv, UneplXoYpOqlfoTwv, O�ovlKwv KOl fOYvlTlKwv TofoYpOqlwv

�ol8o OTl OLvoeOl OUYKeKplfevwv eUplfoTwv fe nl8Ovec OO8evelec. AOqoA�� Koeoi�YIOI poInoT OTo Xipo� Me Tl �or8elO ne�UnvwvK OAYopl8fwv YlveTOl ene�epYOOlO Twv onTlKwv OlfoTwv noU AOf�ovovTOl Ono ToUc OlO8lTrpec ToU flXOvrfOToc, wOTe vO npoOolopl�eTOl fe Tov KOALTepo Tpono l fopqr Twv OvTlKelfevwv KOl, KOTo OUvenelO, vO OnoqeLYeTOl l OLYKpoU-Ol fe OUTo. AvoYvipIOI K&II&vou� EnlTUYXoveTOl fe TO elolKo npoYpoffOTO OnTlKrc AvOYvwplOlc �OpOKTrpwv (�C�), fe TO onolO onwc eXoUfe OvOqepel enlTUY-XoveTOl l OvOYvwplOl Twv XOpOKTrpwv noU OUv8eToUv evO evTUno Kelfevo, To onolo npolYoUfevwc eXel llqlonoll8el feOw OUOKeUwv llqlonollOlc, onwc OOpwTwv, K.o.

EcaPlOytc TTc m.TPOcOPIK�c OTIc TnIOT�lTcO OTIc TteVTc KaI OTTV TKnaeuTTOT

ApXlKo o UnoAoYlOTrc OXeoloOTlKe Ono enlOTrfovec YlO enlOTrfovec, KUplwc Twv 8eTlKwv enlOTlfwv. H XprOl ToU, ofwc, eneKTo8lKe OTl OUveXelO Oe oAo KOl neplOOoTepoUc Tofelc ToOo Twv Ov8pwnlOTlKwv oOo KOl Twv 8eTlKwv enlOTlfwv.

O UnoAoYlOTrc XplOlfonolelTOl eUpewc KOl OTo Xwpo Twv Ov8pwnlOTlKwv enlOTlfwv, onwc�

LTlv iOTopfo, XplOlfonolelTOl YlO Tlv npoOofolwOl olOqopwv lOToplKwv Ye-YovoTwv, KO8wc fe OAAlAenlopOOTlKec fe8oooUc ol enlOTrfovec fnopoLv vO feAeTrOoUv nl8Ovec olOqopeTlKec e�eAl�elc Twv YeYovoTwv OUTwv. IlO nOpooelYfO, nolO 8O rTOv l eK�OOl Tlc foXlc Twv �epfonUAwv, Ov o �ewvloOc elXe eqOpfoOel olOqopeTlKr OTpOTlYlKr r Ov o EqloATlc oev elXe oolYrOel ToUc nepOec Ono To KpUqo fovonoTl;

LTl NoIIK� , o UnoAoYlOTrc XplOlfonolelTOl eUpewc YlO Tlv OvoKTlOl OTol-Xelwv Ono Tpone�ec nAlpoqoplwv. O oYKoc Twv voflKwv nAlpoqoplwv elvOl TepoOTloc, KO8wc l vofoAoYlO KOl l vofo8eOlO OAAo�oUv OUXvo KOl olOqepoUv Ono XwpO Oe XwpO. EnlOlc o UnoAoYlOTrc XplOlfonolelTOl KOl OTl OLvTO�l eYYpoqwv, eqoOov noAAo voflKo KelfevO, onwc qopfec OUf�oAOlwv, OlTrOelc, OYwYec r flvLOelc, eXoUv OTepeoTUnl olOTLnwOl.

LTl JoYoT&Xvfo, o UnoAoYlOTrc XplOlfonolelTOl ToOo Ono Tov epeUvlTr oOo KOl Ono To OLYXpovo AoYoTeXvl. O epeUvlTrc fe Tl �or8elO ToU UnoAoYlOTr fnopel vO OvO�lTrOel nAlpoqoplOKo UAlKo, onwc 8efOToAoYlKr �l�AloYpOqlO, epYoYpOqlO OUYYpOqewv, KU-KAoqoplO TlTAwv Ono eKooTlKoLc olKoUc, lfepoAoYlo 8eOTplKwv epYwv, feAe-Tec KOl OXoAlO YlO flO OUYKeKplfevl AoYoTeXvlKr neplooo, KAn. noAL eLKoAO enlOlc fnopel o feAeTlTrc vO npOYfOTonolrOel KOl OvoAUOl Kelfevwv Ono AeKTlKr, OUvTOKTlKr r eKqpOOTlKr onoll. Ano Tov Opl8fo efqovlOlc OUYKeKplfevwv TLnwv Ae�ewv KOl eKqpoOewv fnopel vO e�OYoYel evolOqepovTO OUfnepoOfOTO YlO To AoYoTeXvlKo Lqoc ToU OUYYpOqeO, YlO Tlv enoXr OTlv onolO YpoqTlKe To Kelfevo KOl noAAo oA-AO. Mnopel enlOlc vO nl8OvoAoYrOel Tlv nOTpoTlTO evoc KelfevoU OUYKplvovTOc To Lqoc ToU fe To Lqoc Kelfevwv YvwOTwv OUYYpOqewv. O OLYXpovoc AoYoTeXvlc fe Tl �or8elO ToU UnoAoYlOTr fnopel vO eKTeAeOel noAAec epYOOlec, onwc�

vO Ypolel KOl vO OvOfopqwOel TO Kelfevo ToU noAAec qopec feXpl To TeAlKo npo'ov, fe Tl XprOl Twv OLYXpovwv ene�epYOOTwv KelfevoU r
vO OvO�lTrOel nAlpoqoplOKo UAlKo noU fnopel vO elvOl�

�: OTolXelO YlO Tlv enoXr OTlv onolO eKTUAlOOeTOl To epYo ToU -r8l, e8lfO, evoLfOTO , K.o.
�: Ae�elc KOl qpoOelc Ono YevlKo r elolKo Ae�lKo -OUvwvUfO, OvTwvUfO, lolwfOTlOfoLc, KAn.

O �lKlYoplKoc LLA-AoYoc A8lvwv eXel olfloUpYrOel flO Tpone�O nAlpoqoplwv fe Tlv onolO TO feAl ToU fnopoLv vO OUvoe8oLv Ono Tov UnoAoYlOTr ToU YpOqeloU ToUc KOl vO OvTArOoUv nAlpoqoplec YlO Tlv EA-AlvlKr KOl Tlv Kolvo-TlKr vofoAoYlO KOl vofo8eOlO.

LTlv KoIvwvIoAoYfo, o UnoAoYlOTrc fnopel vO XplOlfonoll8el YlO OTOTlOTl-Kr OvoAUOl r YlO npoOofolwOl. Me Tl �or8elO KOToAAlAoU AoYlOflKoL YlveTOl ene�epYOOlO oeoofevwv noU eXoUv OXeOl fe KolvwvlKo qOlvofevO -KOTOvOAwTlKol oelKTec, nAl8UOfol felovoTrTwv, K.o. Me Tl �or8elO Twv OUOTlfoTwv npoOofolwOlc ol enlOTrfovec fnopoLv vO npoOofolwOoUv KOl vO feAeTrOoUv oloqopO qOlvofevO, onwc l e�eAl�l Tlc e8vlKrc olKovoflOc, o eAeYXoc Tlc nAl8UOflOKrc e�eAl�lc felovoTrTwv, l KO-TOvOAwTlKr OUfneplqopo, TO enlXelplOlOKo nOlXvlolO, KAn.

LTlv AvepwnoAoYfo, o UnoAoYlOTrc fnopel vO XplOlfonoll8el YlO Tlv npo-OofolwOl KOTOOToOewv KOl Tlv OvOYvwplOl fopqwv.

�TOl ol enlOTrfovec elvOl Oe 8eOl vO KovoUv epeUvec KOl feAeTec YlO Tl YeveOAoYlKr e�eAl�l ToU Ov8pwnoU, YlO Tlv O�loAoYlOl Ov8pwnoAoYlKwv eUplfoTwv, YlO Tlv OAAlAenlopOOl noAlTlOfwv KOl YevlKo YlO Tlv e�eAl�l Twv Kolvwvlwv. ElolKo fe Tl XprOl e�eAlYfevwv npoYpOffoTwv OvOYvwplOlc rXwv KOl npo-YpOffoTwv ene�epYOOlOc qUOlKrc YAwOOOc fnopoLv vO KovoUv OvOALOelc KOl feAeTec OXeTlKo fe Tlv e�eAl�l Twv YAwOOwv noU XplOlfonolel o ov8pwnoc. nOpoAAlAO KOl fe Tl XprOl Twv OUOTlfoTwv OvOYvwplOlc Kelfevwv KOl OXlfoTwv fnopoLv vO feAeToLv n.X. elolKo KelfevO KOl YpOqec, Tlv e�eAl�l Twv OAqO�rTwv r Tlv e�eAl�l Twv TeXvwv OToUc oloqopoUc AOoLc.

EKToc Ono Tlc OUvl8lOfevec XprOelc ToU UnoAoYlOTr Ono ToUc enlOTrfovec -olAOor Tl XprOl ToU UnoAoYlOTr YlO eKnOloeUOl, Ono8rKeUOl KOl OvoKTl-Ol OTolXelwv, OvO�rTlOl OTolXelwv Ono Tpone�ec nAlpoqoplwv KOl Ono To

�lOolKTUo, OTOTlOTlKr OvoAUOl OTolXelwv, K.o.- OTlc 8eTlKec enlOTrfec eXoU-

LTO MoeIIoTIKa o Uno-

AoYlOTrc �plOKel noAAec

eqOpfoYec, KO8wc eXel

Tl oUvOToTlTO vO eKTeAel

Opl8flTlKec npo�elc no-

AL YprYopO KOl fe feYo-

Al OKpl�elO. EnlOlc,

fnopel vO XplOlfonoll

8el KOl YlO oAAec epYOOl

ec, onwc l feAeTl YpOql-

Kwv nOpOOToOewv fe Tl

XprOl KOToAAlAoU AoYl-

OflKoL, l olepeLvlOl Ye

wfeTplKwv npo�Alfo

EcaPlOytc TTc m.TPOcOPIK�c OTIc TnIOT�lTcO OTIc TteVTc KaI OTTV TKnaeuTTOT

Twv, l Onooel�l 8ewplfoTwv onoU OnOlTelTOl enlAUOl noALnAoKwv TLnwv, l enlAUOl e�l-OwOewv, l feAeTl npo�Alfo-Twv Tlc OTOTlOTlKrc, l olfloUpYlO OXlfoTwv noU ol

floUpYoLvTOl fe OvOopoflKec olOol-KOOlec, n.X. fractals, K.o. LTl CuOIK� KOl OTl XII&fo, o UnoAoYlOTrc XplOlfonolelTOl eUpewc YlO Tlv UnoOTrpl�l Twv epYOOTlplwv. AAO OXeoov TO opYOvO Twv epYOOTlplwv OUTwv r OnoTeAoLv fepl elolKo OXeolOOfevwv UnoAoYlOTlKwv OUOTlfoTwv r OUvoeovTOl fe UnoAoYlOTr YlO Tl YprYopl KOl OKpl�r e�OYwYr OnoTeAeOfoTwv.

AKofl o UnoAoYlOTrc fnopel vO XplOlfonoll8el Ono ToUc enl-OTrfovec Twv OvTl-OTolXwv elolKoTrTwv �

IlO Tlv npoOofolwOl nelpOfoTwv noU elvOl OoLvOTo r noAL oLOKoAo vO feAeTl8oLv OTlv npo�l. n.X. OUv8rKec eAAelllc �OpLTlTOc, OnoTeAe- OfOTO nUplvlKrc eKpl�lc, qOlvofevO noU OUf�OlvoUv Oe lolOlTepO feYoAo r flKpo XpovlKo oloOTlfO.
IlO Tlv UnoOTrpl�l OU- OKeUwv noU XplOlfonoloLvTOl YlO Tlv OvlXveUOl OTol- Xelwv noU oev elvOl ofeOO OvTlAlnTo Ono Tov ov8pwno, onwc l LnOp�l Uneplwowv r UnepL8pwv OKTlvwv, ooOfwv Oeplwv, K.o.

o umoAoyLanlc ano tpyaanlpLo

IlO Tov eAeYXo olOTo�ewv noU eKTeAoLv enlKlvoUvec AelToUpYlec r enl-KlvoUvO nelpofOTO, n.X. eAeYXoc nUplvlKwv OvTlopOOTrpwv.
IlO Tl feAeTl oloqopwv qUOlKwv qOlvofevwv.
IlO Tov eAeYXo KOl Tl OwOTr AelToUpYlO noALnAoKwv nelpOfOTlKwv olO-To�ewv, n.X. enlTOXUvTec OwfOTlolwv.

LTlv AOTpovoIfo, o oYKoc Twv nAlpoqoplwv noU Xpelo�ovTOl YlO Tlc feAeTec ToUc ol OOTpovofol elvOl TepoOTloc, evw l ene�epYOOlO ToUc OnOlTel noALnAoKoUc UnoAoYlOfoLc. H OUf�oAr ToU UnoAoYlOTr OTo neolo OUTo elvOl OvUnoAoYlOTl.

To OLaanTlLKo nTAtaKomLo Hubble

O Olfeplvoc epeUvlTrc ToU olOOTrfOToc oev elvOl UnoXpewfevoc vO nOpO-Tlpel OUveXwc TO KoOflKo OTolXelO. lOXUpo TlAeOKonlO TO onolO eAeYXovTOl Ono UnoAoYlOTlKo OUOTrfOTO epeUvoLv TO ooUTO ToU OLfnOvToc KOl KOTO-YpoqoUv fepO KOl vLXTO nOpOTlprOelc, noU 8O rTOv lOwc KOl OoLvOTo vO YlvoUv OvTlAlnTec Ono Tov ov8pwno. TO OTolXelO OUTo OvOALovTOl fe Tl �or8elO UnoAoYlOTlKwv OUOTlfoTwv, OpXelo8eToLvTOl Oe elolKec Tpone�ec nAlpoqoplwv r feTO�l�o�ovTOl Oe oAAec enlOTlfovlKec ofooec KOl epeUvlTlKo KevTpO YlO nepOlTepw feAeTl. EnlOlc, fe Tl �or8elO ToU UnoAoYlOTr ol enlOTrfovec fnopoLv vO olepeUvr-OoUv nelpOfOTlKo KOl fe Tl �or8elO npoOofolwOlc oloqopec 8ewplec KOl vO

EcaPlOytc TTc m.TPOcOPIK�c OTIc TnIOT�lTcO OTIc TteVTc KaI OTTV TKnaeuTTOT

enlXelprOoUv vO owOoUv OnOvTrOelc OTO epwTrfOTO noU Tl8evTOl OXeTlKo fe Tl YeveOl ToU OLfnOvToc K.o.

LnTV tLKoVa apLantpO tLKoV{�tnaL no nTAtaKomLo «AM» nou EeVLKou AantpoaKomt{ou nTc EKma{OtuaTc «EuOo

�oc» mou {p{aKtnaL nomoetnTltVo ano opoc A{Voc (1628l) nTc Vlaou KtcaAATV{ac. To EeVLKo AantpoaKomt{o nTc EKma{OtuaTc «EuOo�oc» OTlLoupyleTKt KaL umoanTp{�tnaL amo no EKE(E «fT loKpLnoc», nTV AVWnOnT LXoAl NaunLKwV foK{lWV (LNf), no Ymoupyt{o naLOt{ac, nTV NolapXLaKl AunoOLo{ KTaT KtcaAATV{ac KaL leOKTc Ka{ no naVtmLanllLo AeTVwV (nTfE), lt nTV aulmapOanaaT nTc noAtlLKlc At pomop{ac.

LTl M&T&wpoAoYfo, o UnoAoYlOTrc XplOlfonolelTOl KUplwc YlO ene�epYOOlO OTolXelwv. nOp' oAo noU ol fO8lfOTlKol TLnol noU XplOlfonoloLvTOl YlO Tlv npo�Aell Twv KOlplKwv qOlvofevwv rTOv YvwOTol eow KOl noAAo XpovlO, fo-Alc npoOqOTO KOl fe Tl XprOl lOXUpwv UnoAoYlOTwv eYlve oUvOTo vO ToUc eKfeTOAAeUToLfe KOl vO ene�epYOOToLfe TO OnoTeAeOfOTo ToUc. IlO Tlv OKpl�eOTepl npo�Aell ToU KOlpoL npenel vO npOYfOTonoll8el evOc OUvoUO-Ofoc evepYelwv ToU Ov8pwnoU KOl ene�epYOOlOc oeoofevwv Ono Tov UnoAo-YlOTr, wc e�rc�

• EnlOTrfovec Ono oloqopec neploXec Tlc Ylc OUYKevTpwvoUv OTolXelO YlO Tlv KOToOTOOl Tlc OTfoOqOlpOc -n.X. 8epfoKpOOlO, UYpOOlO, TOXLTlTO Ovefwv- fe Tl �or8elO enlYelwv, 8OAoOOlwv KOl oopUqoplKwv OTO8fwv

MtntWpoAoyLKoc XOpnTc

• TO OTolXelO OUTo feTO�l�o�ovTOl, feOw YprYopwv TlAenlKolvwvlOKwv ol-KTLwv, Oe elolKo feTewpoAoYlKo KevTpO, onoU fe Tl XprOl nOvlOXUpwv UnoAoYlOTwv YlveTOl l ene�epYOOlO ToUc KOl fe Tl XprOl fO8lfOTlKwv fovTeAwv npoKLnTel l npo�Aell ToU KOlpoL YlO Ko8e neploXr. MoAlOTO TO TeAeUTOlO XpovlO fe Tl XprOl e�eAlYfevoU AoYlOflKoL l npo�Aell YlveTOl oAo KOl nlo OKpl�rc KOl KOALnTel feYOALTepl XpovlKr neplooo.

Ol feTewpoAoYlKol XopTec noU oelXvoUv Tlv npo�Aell Ko8e neploXrc elvOl eTolfol feOO Oe flKpo Xpovo KOl fnopoLv vO olOTe8oLv Oe Ko8e evolOqepofevl OpXr -AlfevlKec OpXec, UnlpeOlec Oepoopoflwv, feOO fO�lKrc evlfepw-Olc, UnlpeOlec �lOolKTLoU, K.o.

H oUvOToTlTO noU npoOqepel o UnoAoYlOTrc OTl olOXelplOl olOqopeTlKwv elowv oeoofevwv, -KelfevO, elKovec, rXol, �lvTeo- Tov KO8lOTo XprOlfo epYOAelo Oe oAec OXeoov Tlc TeXvec. MoAlOTO l TOXLTlTO KOl l OKpl�elO fe Tlv onolO o UnoAoYlOTrc ene�epYo�eTOl TO oeoofevO OUTo, olvel Tl oUvOToTlTO OTo Olfeplvo KOAAlTeXvl vO nelpOfOTlOTel novw Oe olOqopeTlKec loeec, feXpl vO KOTO-Ar�el OTo TeAlKo olfloLpYlfO.

H foUOlKr elvOl Ono ToUc npwToUc XwpoUc Tlc TeXvlc onoU �prKe eqOpfo-

Yr o UnoAoYlOTrc. LTO TeAl Tlc oeKOeTlOc ToU '50 KOl OTlc OpXec Tlc oeKOeTlOc ToU '60 ol foUOlKol XplOlfonollOOv Tov UnoAoYlOTr wc �ol8lTlKo epYOAelo OTl olOolKOOlO Tlc OLv8eOlc, KUplwc YlO Tlv nOpOYwYr vewv TLnwv rXwv r YlO Tlv enlTeU�l OUvoUOOfwv rXwv. �TOl OLvTofO OvOnTLX8lKe evO veo elooc foUOlKoL opYovoU, o Ouve&TIT�� (synthesizer), noU elvOl eqoolOOfevo fe UnoAo-YlOTr KOl XplOlfonolelTOl oXl fovo YlO Tlv nOpOYwYr OAAo KOl YlO Tlv ene�epYOOlO rXwv. MoAlOTO OvOnTLX8lKe KOl evO elooc foUOl-Krc noU �OOlOTlKe OTo opYOvo OUTo, l IA&KTpovIK� IouOIK� .

LTl Olfeplvr enoXr o foUOlKoc fnopel vO nYpolelK evO foUOlKo epYo, Ono8lKeLovTOc OTl fvrfl ToU UnoAoYlOTr Tlc nvoTecK Twv foUOlKwv opYovwv Oe lAeKTpovlKr fopqr. LTl OUveXelO, fnopel�

To OKoLOel oAoKAlpo r onoloornoTe TfrfO ToU Oe npOYfOTlKo rXo
vO To TpononolrOel
vO To eKTUnwOel OTo XOpTl Oe fopqr nOpTlToLpOc
vO To eYYpolel Oe TOlvlO, KOOeTO, onTlKo olOKo r onoloornoTe npoOqopo feOo Ono8rKeUOlc.

O UnoAoYlOTrc nOl�el OlfOvTlKo poAo KOl OTlv nOpoUOlOOl-oloooOl Tlc foUOlKrc. IlO nOpooelYfO ol foUOlKol nOpOYwYol XplOlfonoloLv flXOvrfO-TO noU eAeYXovTOl Ono UnoAoYlOTr, YlO vO opYOvwOoUv KOl vO nOpoUOloOoUv Tl foUOlKr elTe Oe pOoloqwvlKec KOl TlAeonTlKec eKnofnec elTe Oe KevTpO olOOKeoOOlc, foUOlKec OKlvec, OUvOUAlec KOl OAAoL.

EcaPlOytc TTc m.TPOcOPIK�c OTIc TnIOT�lTcO OTIc TteVTc KaI OTTV TKnaeuTTOT

LTlc elKOOTlKec TeXvec o UnoAoYlOTrc fnopel vO XplOlfonoll8el wc �ol8lTlKo epYOAelo YlO Tl feAeTl Twv epYwv TeXvlc. Me Tl XprOl elKovoAlnTlKwv OUOKeUwv (Kofepec) KOl OUOKeUwv llqlonollOlc (OOpwTec) elKovec epYwv TeXvlc elOoYovTOl OTov UnoAoYlOTr. AKoAoL8wc fe Tl XprOl ToU KOToAAl-AoU AoYlOflKoL ol feAeTlTec ene�epYo�ovTOl OTolXelO -evTonlOl neplYpOffo-Twv, OvoAUOl Uqrc, K.o.- KOl e�oYoUv XprOlfO OUfnepoOfOTO, onwc n.X. YlO TO XOpOKTlplOTlKo, Tlv TO�lvoflOl r Tlv nOTpoTlTO ToU epYoU. nOpoAAlAO o UnoAoYlOTrc XplOlfonolelTOl KOl YlO Tl olfloUpYlO elKOOTlKwv epYwv, onoTe TO TeAeUTOlO XpovlO flAofe YlO Tlv T&XvI I& YnoAoYIOT� (Computer Art). EKToc Ono TO OUOTrfOTO CAD noU XplOlfonoloLvTOl -onwc rol YvwplOOfe - KUplwc YlO Tl olfloUpYlO OpXlTeKTovlKwv OXeolwv, Unop-XoUv KOl npoYpoffOTO AoYlOflKoL fe TO onolO fnopoLfe vO olfloUpYrOoUfe KOl vO ene�epYOOToLfe OXeolO KOl elKovec. Tlc oUvOToTlTec Twv npoYpOffoTwv OUTwv eKfeTOAAeUofOOTe KOl YlO Tl olfloUpYlO epYwv TeXvlc. Me Tl XprOl ToUc fnopoLfe vO olfloUpYrOoUfe olOoloOTOTec r TplOoloOTOTec OnelKovlOelc OvTlKelfevwv, XplOlfonolwvTOc OAYopl8flKo r fl OUOTrfOTO. noAAo Ono OUTo TO npoYpoffOTO -r oAAO Ove�opTlTO- enlTpenoUv, fe Tl XprOl elolKwv feTOOXlfOTlOfwv, Tlv OAAolwOl Twv npOYfOTlKwv XOpOKTlpl-OTlKwv flOc eTolflc elKovOc r flOc qwToYpOqlOc. �TOl, fnopel vO OAAo�oUfe flO elKovO, wOTe vO folo�el oTl eXel OvoYAUql Uqr, vO folo�el noAUKOlpl-Ofevl, K.o. Ol feTOOXlfOTlOfol OUTol AeYovTOl qfATpo r IaOK&� . TeToloU elooUc npoYpoffOTO �plOKoUv feYoAl eqOpfoYr KOl OTlc eqOpfoOfevec Te-Xvec, onwc elvOl l qwToYpOqlO KOl l YpOqlOTlKr.

LTov KlvlfOToYpoqo o UnoAoYlOTrc XplOlfonolelTOl ToOo wc 8efOTlKo OvTl-Kelfevo, oOo KOl wc epYOAelo Uno�or8lOlc. Le oAec OXeoov Tlc

TOlvlec enlOTlfovlKrc qOvTOOlOc UnopXoUv UnoAoYlOTec, ol onolol noAAec qopec e-XoUv npwTOYwvlOTlKo poAo. Enl-Olc o UnoAoYlOTrc fnopel vO XplOlfonoll8el KO8' oAl Tl olopKelO Tlc nOpOYw-Yrc flOc KlvlfOTo-YpOqlKrc TOlvlOc. nplv To YLplOfO, ol OUvTeAeOTec Tlc TOlvlOc fnopoLv fe Tl XprOl ToU vO OUvoUoOoUv KelfevO, rXoUc, KlvoLfevec elKovec KOl OKlTOO KOl vO olfloUpYr

nH OUvevwOl Tlc TeXvlc KOl ToU Yno-AoYlOTr enlolwKel Ono Tl OUvovTlOl ToU UnoKelfevlKoL qOvTOOTlKoL KOl ToU qOvTOOTlKoL evoc TeXvlTo eUqUoLc OUTofoToU, Tl YevvlOl flOc OlO8lTlKrc olfloUp-YlKoTlTOc evoc veoU TLnoU. O YnoAoYlOTrc� MlO flXOvr YlO vO olOTUnwvelc ovelpO. AUToc elvOl

o veoc opofoc noU npenel vO olOvol

�oUfeK. OfooO nTeXvl KOl YnoAoYlOTecK ToU 8oU nOvenlOTlfloU nOplOlwv, OpXec oeKOeTlOc ToU �70.

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vO Ylvel ene�epYOOlO Tlc OpXlKrc elKovOc OAAo�ovTOc XpwfOTO, npoO8eTovTOc r OqOlpwvTOc npoOwnO r OvTlKelfevO
vO Ylvel ene�epYOOlO ToU OpXlKoL rXoU
vO Ylvel lAeKTpovlKo fovTo�, K.o. EnlOlc o UnoAoYlOTrc eXel XplOlfonoll8el KOl XplOlfonolelTOl YlO Tov enOvOXpwfOTlOfo OOnpofOUpwv TOlvlwv.

LTl Olfeplvr enoXr UnoAoYlOTrc KOl e�eAl�l TeXvoAoYlOc elvOl oLo evvolec opplKTO OUvoeoefevec. �ev UnopXel TofeOc Tlc TeXvoAoYlOc o onoloc, Oe KonolO qoOl ToU, vO fl XplOlfonolel Tov UnoAoYlOTr. Ano To OXeolOOfo KTlplwv KOl npo'ovTwv feXpl Tl olOolKOOlO KOTOOKeUrc, nOpOYwYrc KOl TeAlKoL eAeYXoU l �or8elO ToU UnoAoYlOTr elvOl OlfOvTlKr, wOTe oAO vO YlvovTOl YprYopO KOl fe OKpl�elO.

LTlc fepec fOc TO neplOOoTepO KTlplO KOl npo'ovTO OXeolo�ovTOl fe Tl �or8elO ToU UnoAoYlOTr. IlO To OKono OUTo XplOlfonolelTOl evOc OUvoUOOfoc UAlKoL KOl AoYlOflKoL (OUOTIIo CAD -Computer Aided Design) noU �ol8o ToUc flXOvlKoLc, ToUc OpXlTeKTovec KOl YevlKo ToUc OXeolOOTec vO OXeolo

�oUv YewfeTplKec nOpOOToOelc YlO Ko8e elooUc OvTlKelfevo, Ono �loec, enlnAO, OnlTlO, feXpl UnepwKeovlO, OeponAovO KOl nUpOLAoUc.

LXtO{aaT lt nT {oletLa nou umoAoyLanl

EcaPlOytc TTc m.TPOcOPIK�c OTIc TnIOT�lTcO OTIc TteVTc KaI OTTV TKnaeuTTOT

�vO OLOTlfO CAD eKToc Ono To elolKo AoYlOflKo OnOlTel KOl lOXUpo UnoAo-YlOTlKo OLOTlfO eqoolOOfevo fe o8ovl UllArc OvoAUOlc YlO nlo OwOTr OnelKovlOl, qwToYpOqloO, llqlonollTr YlO nlo eLKoAl OXeolOOl KOl elolKo eKTUnwTr r OXeoloYpoqo YlO Tlv eKTLnwOl Twv OXeolwv. MeXpl TO feOO Tlc oeKOeTlOc ToU '80, evO TeTolo OLOTlfO OnOlToLOe elolKrc KOTOOKeUrc UnoAo-YlOTec, onoTe rTOv noAL OKpl�o KOl XplOlfonoloLvTOv Ono feYoAoUc opYOvlOfoLc r feYoAec �loflXOvlec. LrfepO, ofwc, fnopel KOvelc vO XplOlfonolrOel Yl' OUTr Tl ooUAelo OKofO KOl npoOwnlKoLc UnoAoYlOTec. IlO Tl OXeolOOl evoc npo'ovToc, elOoYovTOl OTov UnoAoYlOTr ol npoolOYpOqec ToU (olOOToOelc, OXrfO, fopqr, K.o.) KOl fe Tl XprOl e�eAlYfevwv npo-YpOffoTwv efqOvl�eTOl OTlv o8ovl flO YewfeTplKr nOpoOTOOr ToU olOolo-OTOTl r Oe npoonTlKr Tplwv olOOToOewv. Ano Tl OTlYfr noU ol npoolOYpOqec evoc npo'ovToc elOOX8oLv OTov UnoAoYlOTr, o OXeolOOTrc eXel Tl oUvO-ToTlTO vO enef�Olvel KOl vO Tlc Tpononolel fe feYoAl eUKoAlO, evw fnopel vO

�Aenel TO OnoTeAeOfOTO Twv TpononolrOewv OUTwv noAL YprYopO OTlv o8ovl. nOpoAAlAO feOw Twv olKTLwv UnoAoYlOTwv fnopel vO OTeAvel Tlc loeec ToU OUTec KOl Oe oAAoUc OXeolOOTec KOl flXOvlKoLc noU �plOKovTOl Oe oAAO OlfelO YlO nepOlTepw feAeTl r ooKlfr.

Me Tov opo OUOTIIo CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) evvooLfe evO OLvoAo epYOAelwv KOl flXOvlfoTwv -epYOAeloflXOvec- TO onolO eAeYXovTOl Ono UnoAoYlOTr KOl XplOlfonoloLvTOl YlO Tlv KOTOOKeUr npo'ovTwv. TO OU-OTrfOTO CAM OUvoeovTOl OUvr8wc fe OUOTrfOTO CAD, onoTe flAofe YlO oAoKAIpwI&vo OuOT�IoTo CADCCAM. LTO OUOTrfOTO OUTo TO e�OYofevO ToU CAD XplOlfonoloLvTOl wc npoolOYpOqec elOoooU OTo OLOTlfO CAM. Ol npoolOYpOqec OUTec elvOl OnOpOlTlTec YlO Tov npoYpOffOTlOfo Twv epYO-AeloflXOvwv noU KOTOOKeUo�oUv To npo'ov.

LuanTla CAD/CAM O npoYpOffOTlOfoc OUToc YlveTOl fe Tlv OvonTU�l elolKwv OpXelwv noU nepleXoUv TO KOToAAlAO oeoofevO YlO Tlv oorYlOl Twv epYOAeloflXOvwv KOl OnoTeAoLv evO EIiIKo IUOTIIo ApIeIITIKoU EA&YXou (Computerized Numerical Control). H OvonTU�l Twv elolKwv OUTwv OpXelwv OnOlTel e�elolKeUfevec lKOvoTlTec KOl Yl' OUTo TO TeAeUTOlO XpovlO OlYo OlYo OvTlKO8lOTOvTOl Ono elolKo AoYlOflKo, To onolo OnoTeAel To OUvoeTlKo KplKo OvofeOO OTO CAD KOl CAM OUOTrfOTO.

LTO OLYXpovO epYoOToOlO TO UnoAoYlOTlKo OUOTrfOTO eAeYXoUv Tlv KlvlOl flXOvlOfwv ol onolol qepoUv elolKoLc OlO8lTrpec. TO OUOTrfOTO OUTo, fe Tl XprOl elolKoL AoYlOflKoL, ene�epYo�ovTOl TO OrfOTO Twv OlO8lTrpwv, OKoAoL8wc nOnoqOOl�oUvK KOl OTl OUveXelO nolvoUv evToAecK YlO Tlv KlvlOl Twv TflfoTwv Twv flXOvwv noU XplOlfonoloLvTOl YlO Tlv KOTOOKeUr Twv npo'ovTwv.

ToUc flXOvlOfoLc OUToLc OUvl8l�oUfe vO ovofo�oUfe poInoT KOl Tov KAooo Tlc enlOTrflc noU OOXoAelTOl fe Tl olfloUpYlO KOl Tlv e�eAl�l Twv flXOvwv OUTwv PoInoTIK� .

LUvr8wc, TO pofnoT XplOlfonoloLvTOl YlO epYOOlec noU OnOlToLv feYoAl OKpl�elO, onwc elvOl l OUYKoAAlOl KOl l OUvOpfoAoYlOl e�OpTlfoTwv, r YlO epYOOlec noU elvOl enlKlvoUvec r oev fnopoLv vO YlvoUv Ono Tov ov8pwno, onwc elvOl l OvLlwOl feYoAwv qopTlwv, o KO8OplOfoc To�lKwv Ono�ArTwv,

K.o.

EKToc Ono TO oAoKAlpwfevO OUOTrfOTO CAD�CAM UnopXel KOl flO oAAl KO-TlYoplO oAoKAlpwfevwv OUOTlfoTwv noU XplOlfonoloLvTOl YlO To OXeolO-Ofo KOl Tov eAeYXo npo'ovTwv. ElvOl TO OuOT�IoTo CADCCAE, onoU TO e�O-YofevO ToU OUOTrfOToc CAD, elvOl npoolOYpOqec elOoooU YlO To OLOTlfO CAE (Computer-Aided Engineering).

EcaPlOytc TTc m.TPOcOPIK�c OTIc TnIOT�lTcO OTIc TteVTc KaI OTTV TKnaeuTTOT

LTo OLOTlfO OUTo fnopel KOvelc, fe Tl XprOl e�eAlYfevwv npoYpOffoTwv npoOofolwOlc, vO feAeTrOel Tl OUfneplqopo evoc OvTlKelfevoU -OTlv npo

�l Tl YewfeTplKr ToU OvOnOpoOTOOl noU olfloUpYelTOl Ono To OLOTlfO CAD- KoTw Ono Ko8e elooUc KOTOnovlOl (flXOvlKr, 8epflKr, K.o.) IlO nOpooelYfO, fe evO TeTolo OLOTlfO OXeolo�oUfe ToUc KUAlvopoUc evoc KlvlTrpO eOwTeplKrc KOLOlc KOl nOU�ovovTOcK, Oe evOv Ono OUToLc, Tl 8epfoKpOOlO feXpl vO nKOTOOTpOqelK ooKlfo�oUfe Tl 8epflKr KOl Tl flXOvlKr OvToXr ToU. �TOl fnopoLfe vO �YoAoUfe TO OUfnepoOfOTo fOc YprYopO KOl Xwplc vO KOTOOTpeloUfe evOv npOYfOTlKo KlvlTrpO.

Me Tov opo oAoKAIpwI&vI nopoYwY� I& TI Po�e&Io unoAoYIOT� (Computer Integrated Manufacturing-CIM) evvooLfe OXeolOOfo KOl nOpOYwYr npo'ovTwv fe OUTofOTec olOolKOOlec noU enlTUYXovoUfe eKfeTOAAeUofevol Tlc nfe Tl �or8elO ToU UnoAoYlOTrK TeXvoAoYlec -CAD, CAM, CAE- Oe OUvoUOOfo fe oAAec, n.X. pofnoTlKr. nOpoAAlAO o UnoAoYlOTrc XplOlfonolelTOl YlO eAeY-Xo Ono8efoTwv, KoOToAoYlOl npo'ovTwv, KAn.

�vO epYoOToOlo OUTrc Tlc TeXvoAoYlOc eXel feYoAl eUeAl�lO OTlv nOpOYw-Yr KOl fnopel vO OvTOnoKpl8el noAL YprYopO KOl OnoTeAeOfOTlKo OTlc OnOl-TrOelc Tlc OYopoc KOl OTlv OvonTU�l vewv npo'ovTwv.

AunolanomoLTltVo auanTla mapayWylc aunoKLVlnWV

Ol TeXvoAoYlec CAD, CAM, CAE �plOKoUv eqOpfoYr Oe noAAoLc Tofelc, onwc YlO nOpooelYfO�

OTl flXOvoAoYlKr, flXOvlKr OXeolOOl KOl KOTOOKeUr
OTlv lAeKTpoAoYlKr, lAeKTpovlKr OXeolOOl KOl KOTOOKeUr
OTlv KOTOOKeUr olKooofwv, eYKOTOOToOewv, epYwv Unooofrc
OTl OXeolOOl XOpTwv. Ol TeXvoAoYlec CAD KOl CAM Oe OUvoUOOfo fe eqOpfoYec r&wYpoqIKiv IuK OTIIaTwv nAIpoqopIiv (Geographic Information Systems -GIS) XplOlfonoloLvTOl YlO To OXeolOOfo KOl Tlv nOpOYwYr noAlTlKwv KOl YewqUOlKwv XOpTwv. EnlOlc XplOlfonoloLvTOl YlO Tl XOpToYpoqlOl ToU UneooqoUc, KUplwc Ono neTpoXlflKec eTOlpelec KOl YewoUvOflKo lvOTlToLTO.

TO IewYpOqlKo LU-OTrfOTO nAlpoqoplwv elvOl UnoAoYl-OTlKo OUOTrfOTO, TO onolO, fe To KOToA-AlAo AoYlOflKo, Xpl-OlfonoloLvTOl YlO Tl OUAAoYr, Ono8rKeUOl, eAeYXo, oAoKArpwOl, OvoAUOl, efqovlOl KOl YlO Tl olO-XelplOl oeoofevwv noU eXoUv OXeOl fe Tono8eOlec OTlv enlqovelO Tlc Ylc.

Me Tov opo &� onoOTaO&w� &Knofi&uOI (distance learning), onwc rol OvOqep8lKe, evvooLfe Tov Tpono eKnOloeUOlc KOTo Tov onolo eKnOloeUTrc KOl eKnOloeUofevoc �plOKovTOl Oe OnoOTOOl KOl o oeLTepoc fnopel vO OnoKTr-Oel YvwOelc Xwplc vO nOpOKoAoU8rOel fO8rfOTO OTlv Ol8oUOO oloOOKOAl-Oc. H fe8oooc OUTr �eKlvlOe fe TO fO8rfOTO nol� OAAlAoYpOqlOcK, onoU o eKnOloeUofevoc nOpOAof�Ove To OvTlKelfevo oloOOKOAlOc Oe evTUnl fopqr -OUvr8wc Kelfevo KOl elKovO- feOw ToU TOXUopofeloU, To feAeToLOe, OnOvToLOe Oe evO qLAAo O�loAoYlOlc KOl To eneOTpeqe fe Tov lolo Tpono OTov eKnOloeUTr ToU. Me Tlv e�eAl�l Tlc TeXvoAoYlOc KOl elolKo fe Tlv OvonTU�l Twv TlAenlKolvwvlwv To oloOKTlKo UAlKo fnopoLOe vO eXel KOl oAAl fopqr, n.X. rXoc r �lvTeo. EKnOloeUTrc KOl eKnOloeUofevoc elXOv nlO Tl oUvOToTlTO vO OvTOAAoOOoUv nlo eLKoAO KOOeTec rXoU KOl �lvTeo r qO� KOl vO eXoUv TlAeqwvlKec OUvolOAe

�elc. novTO, ofwc, UnrpXOv neploplOfol, KUplwc XpovlKol, AoYw Tlc OnoOTO-Olc. �npene eKnOloeUTrc KOl eKnOloeUofevoc vO �plOKovTOl Oe flO AoYlKr OnoOTOOl KOl YlO Tlv enlKolvwvlO ToUc XpelO�oTOv evO eLAoYo XpovlKo oloOTlfO. �ev fnopoLOOv novTwc vO enlKolvwvrOoUv fe OAAlAenlopOOTlKec fe8oooUc Oe npOYfOTlKo Xpovo.

�TOl qToOOfe OTl Olfeplvr enoXr, onoU XplOlfonolelTOl o UnoAoYlOTrc KOl ol olKTUOKec TeXvoAoYlec YlO Tlv e� OnoOToOewc enlfopqwOl, eKnOloeUOl KOl KOTopTlOl, noU �ol8oLv vO UnepvlKrOoUfe ToUc nOpOnovw neplopl-OfoLc. Me Tl XprOl ToU UnoAoYlOTr KOl feOw ToU lAeKTpovlKoL TOXUopofeloU, Twv lAeKTpovlKwv nlvoKwv OvOKolvwOlc, Twv lAeKTpovlKwv olfoOlwv OU�lTrOewv KOl Twv noOlc qLOewc TlAeolOOKelewv, UnopXel l oUvOToTlTO, fe OAAl-AenlopOOl eKnOloeUTr KOl eKnOloeUofevwv, vO OvTOAAOYoLv eLKoAO KOl Ypr-YopO oAO eKelvO TO OTolXelO noU elvOl OnOpOlTlTO YlO Tlv npOYfOTonollOl Tlc e� OnoOToOewc eKnOloeUOlc -Kelfevo, elKovO, rXoc, �lvTeo, K.o. �TOl o eKnOloeUTrc fnopel vO npoOqepel fe OnoTeAeOfOTlKo Tpono YvwOelc KOl TponoUc e�oOKlOlc Oe oTofO TO onolO fnopel vO elvOl olOOKopnlOfevO Oe oloqopO OlfelO Tlc Ylc.

H e� OnoOToOewc eKnOloeUOl �eKlvlOe YlO vO npoOqepel oAAl flO eUKOlplO eKnOloeUOlc KUplwc Oe evrAlKec, ol onolol, elTe AoYw neploplOfevoU XpovoU elTe oloTl �plOKovTOv fOKplo Ono eKnOloeUTlKo KevTpO, oev elXOv Tl oUvOTo-TlTO vO nOpOKoAoU8rOoUv fO8rfOTO feOO OTlv Ol8oUOO oloOOKOAlOc. LrfepO l fe8oooc OUTr eneKTelveTOl KOl XplOlfonolelTOl Ono oAo KOl neplO-OoTepoUc evolOqepofevoUc, onwc Ono�

• qolTlTec KOl OnoUoOOTec, ol onolol oev fnopoLv vO �plOKovTOl oAo To Xpovo OTO eKnOloeUTlKo KevTpO

• oTofO fe elolKec OvoYKec, TO onolO oev fnopoLv vO eXoUv eLKoAl npo-O�OOl OTlc Ol8oUOec oloOOKOAlOc r eXoUv olKo ToUc pU8fo Onoppoql-Olc Tlc YvwOlc

EcaPlOytc TTc m.TPOcOPIK�c OTIc TnIOT�lTcO OTIc TteVTc KaI OTTV TKnaeuTTOT

eTOlpelec noU enl8UfoLv vO enlfopqwOoUv ToUc UnOAArAoUc ToUc, Xwplc vO ToUc feTOKlvrOoUv Ono ToUc XwpoUc epYOOlOc
fO8lTec oUOnpoOlTwv neploXwv, noU YlO onoloornoTe AoYo -OUvr8wc KOKec KOlplKec OUv8rKec- oev eXoUv npoOneAOOl OTo OXoAelo.

�vO OLYXpovo npoYpOffO YlO Tlv e� OnoOToOewc eKnOloeUOl OUvr8wc neplAOf�ovel evO OUOTIIo &Knofi&uOI� PoOIOI&vo OTov unoAoYIOT� (C�T Computer �ased Training) KOl oAo Tov e�onAlOfo noU elvOl OnOpOlTlToc YlO Tl olOvofr ToU oloOKTlKoL UAlKoL r YlO Tl olfloUpYlO flOc nelKovlKrcK Ol8oUOOc oloOOKOAlOc.

Me Tov opo OUTo evvooLfe To OLvoAo Twv eKnOloeUTlKwv eqOpfoYwv noU XplOlfonoloLv Tov UnoAoYlOTr elTe wc enonTlKo feOo oloOOKOAlOc, elTe wc epYOAelo YlO Tl olfloUpYlO ToU eKnOloeUTlKoL UAlKoL, elTe wc epYOAelo YlO Tlv KOALTepl nOpOKoAoL8lOl Tlc eKnOloeUTlKrc olOolKOOlOc.

Ol eqOpfoYec fnopoLv vO XwplOToLv Oe oLo feYoAec KOTlYoplec�

eKelvec fe Tlc onolec nOpeXeTOl eKnOloeUOl fe Tl �or8elO ToU UnoAo-YlOTr (CAI -Computer Assisted Instruction) KOl
eKelvec fe Tlc onolec YlveTOl olOXelplOl Tlc eKnOloeUOlc fe Tl XprOl

ToU UnoAoYlOTr (CMI -Computer Managed Instruction). LTlv npwTl KOTlYoplO evToOOovTOl ol eqOpfoYec OTlc onolec XplOlfonolel-TOl o UnoAoYlOTrc npwTO YlO Tl olfloUpYlO ToU eKnOloeUTlKoL UAlKoL KOl LOTepO wc epYOAelo YlO Tlv nOpoUOlOOl ToU UAlKoL OUToL, fe OKono vO enlTeUX8oLv OUYKeKplfevol OAAo neploplOfevol eKnOloeUTlKol OToXol. TeTolec eqOpfoYec fnopel vO elvOl ol oolYol eKfo8lOlc evoc 8efOToc (tutorials), ol e�ofolwTec (simulators), eKnOloeUTlKo lAeKTpovlKo nOlXvlolO, K.o. LTl oeLTepl KOTlYoplO evToOOovTOl ol eqOpfoYec eKelvec noU XplOlfonoloLvTOl YlO Tlv opYovwOl Tlc eKnOloeUTlKrc olOolKOOlOc KOl Tlv nOpOKoAoL8lOl Tlc npooooU Twv eKnOloeUofevwv, fe Tlv eKfeToAAeUOl Twv Tepo-OTlwv oUvOToTrTwv ToU UnoAoYlOTr YlO Ono8rKeUOl KOl YprYopl OvoKTlOl nAlpoqoplwv,

Be�OlO, Tlc neplOOoTepec qopec XplOlfonoloLvTOl eqOpfoYec noU eKfeTOA-AeLovTOl Tlc oUvOToTlTec KOl Twv oLo KOTlYoplwv -eqOpfoYec CA��CM�. TO TeAeUTOlO XpovlO eXel Kovel Tlv efqovlOr Tlc flO veO KOTlYoplO eKnOloeU-TlKwv eqOpfoYwv. ElvOl ol eqOpfoYec noAuI&Owv nou PoOf�ovToI OTov unoAoYIOT� (Computer Based Multimedia). Me Tl �or8elO Tlc TeXvoAoYlOc Twv UnoAoYlOTwv OUvoUo�ovTOl Kelfevo, elKovO, rXoc, �lvTeo KOl olfloUpYoLvTOl oAoKAlpwfevec eKnOloeUTlKec eqOpfoYec. Ol eqOpfoYec OUTec elTe olOvefovTOl noAL eLKoAO feOw olKTLwv UnoAoYlOTwv, elTe eYKO8lOTOvTOl Oe KevTplKoLc UnoAoYlOTec, OToUc onoloUc fnopoLv vO eXoUv npoO�OOl OnofO-KpUOfevol XprOTec.

HA&KTpovIKO TaxuCpof&io

HA&KTpovIKoi TivaK&C avaKoivWCIC

naYKOCfIoC JCTOC

TO KUploTepO epYOAelO noU XplOlfonoloLvTOl YlO Tl olOvofr ToU oloOKTlKoL UAlKoL r YlO Tl olfloUpYlO nelKovlKwvK Ol8oUOwv oloOOKOAlOc elvOl�

TO olKTUO UnoAoYlOTwv KOl
TO olKTUO TlAenlKolvwvlwv.

.fKTuo unoAoYIOTiv

TO TeAeUTOlO XpovlO elvOl evTUnwOlOKr l OvonTU�l Twv olKTLwv UnoAoYl-OTwv, TO onolO npoOqepoUv Tl oUvOToTlTO vO UnopXoUv olKTUOKec eqOpfo-Yec fe veO OAAlAenlopOOTlKo feOO KOl vO UnoOTlpl�oUv Tlv e� OnoOToOewc eKnOloeUOl. MoAlOTO eXoUv OvOnTUX8el KOl OvOnTLOOovTOl eqOpfoYec noU oleUKoALvoUv Tlv enlKolvwvlO feTO�L Twv UnoAoYlOTwv KOl �ol8oLv vO �enepOOToLv ol neploplOfol Tlc OnoOTOOlc KOl ToU XpovoU. Ol eqOpfoYec OU-Tec neplYpoqovTOl fe Tov opo &nIKoIvwvfo I& TI iIoI&OoAaPIOI unoAoYIK OT� (Computer Mediated Communication -CMC) KOl wc nOpOoelYfOTO fnopoLv vO OvOqep8oLv To lAeKTpovlKo TOXUopofelo, ol lAeKTpovlKol nlvOKec OvOKolvwOlc KOl o nOYKoOfloc lOToc (WWW -World Wide Web). nOpOKoTw 8O ooLfe nlo OvOAUTlKo nwc XplOlfonoloLvTOl ol eqOpfoYec OU-Tec OTlv e� OnoOToOewc eKnOloeUOl.

Me To IA&KTpovIKo ToXuipoI&fo (electronic mail) UnopXel l oUvOToTlTO vO OnoOTeAAovTOl oloqopec fopqec nAlpoqoplwv -Ono Tov eKnOloeUTr OToUc eKnOloeUofevoUc KOl OvTlOTpoqO. �TOl o eKnOloeUTrc fnopel vO opYOvwOel To oloOKTlKo OvTlKelfevo ToU Oe onolO fopqr Kplvel OUToc npoOqopl KOl fO

�l fe To qLAAo O�loAoYlOlc vO To OnoOTelAel OToUc eKnOloeUofevoUc. O Ko8e eKnOloeUofevoc AOf�ovel To OvTlKelfevo ToU, To feAeTo, OnOvTo OTo qLA-Ao O�loAoYlOlc KOl To enlOTpeqel OTov eKnOloeUTr ToU.

Me Tov opo IA&KTpovIKo� nfvoKo� ovoKofvwOI� (Electronic Bulletin Board) evvooLfe Tlv opYovwOl KOl Tl olfloUpYlO flOc �oOlc oeoofevwv fe nAlpoqoplec, fe Tlv onolO Ko8e XprOTlc OUvoeeTOl YlO vO olO�o�el r vO Oqrvel flvLfOTO YlO ToUc oAAoUc XprOTec. LTlv e� OnoOToOewc eKnOloeUOl o eKnOloeUTrc fnopel vO opYOvwOel To OvTlKelfevo oloOOKOAlOc KOl vO To Ono8lKeLOel Oe evOv TeTolo nlvOKO, Oe UnoAoYlOTr ToU eKnOloeUTlKoL KevTpoU. O eKnOloeUofevoc, fe Tl XprOl ol-KTLoU, OUvoeeTOl fe Tov UnoAoYlOTr OUTo KOl elTe eKnOloeLeTOl OTo OvTlKelfevo OUTo elTe Uno�oAAel epwTrOelc KOl OXoAlO. AnOvTrOelc OTlc epwTrOelc OUTec fnopel vO owOel, feOw ToU olKTLoU, elTe o eKnOloeUTrc elTe oAAol eKnOloeUofevol. nOpoAAlAO o eKnOloeUTrc fnopel vO Uno�oAAel epwTrfOTO el-Te Oe OToflKo elTe Oe ofOolKo enlneoo KOl ol eKnOloeUofevol vO OnOvToLv.

�TOl YlveTOl KOl TOUToXpovl O�loAoYlOl Twv eKnOloeUofevwv. EnlOlc eKnOloeUTrc KOl eKnOloeUofevol fnopoLv vO opl�oUv Kolvec wpec OLvoeOlc OTo olKTUo KOl vO npOYfOTonoloLv IA&KTpovIK&� iIIoOI&� Ou�IK T�O&I� (electronic forums) OXeTlKec fe To OvTlKelfevo noU npOYfOTeLovTOl.

O nOYKoOfloc lOToc elvOl evO 8OUfOOTo nnOpo8UpoK OTov KoOfo. Me Tl �or8elo ToU ol XprOTec ToU �lOolKTLoU eXoUv eLKoAl npoO�OOl Oe flO feYoAl nolKlAlO Ono nAlpoqoplec noU elvOl Ono8lKeUfevec Oe UnoAoYlOTec OUvoeoefevoUc OTo �lOolKTUo KOl fnopel vO �plOKovTOl Oe oAoKAlpo Tov KoOfo.

EcaPlOytc TTc m.TPOcOPIK�c OTIc TnIOT�lTcO OTIc TteVTc KaI OTTV TKnaeuTTOT

Anwc 8O YvwplOoUfe OTO enofevO KeqoAOlO, eKnOloeUTlKo lopLfOTO onwc nOvenlOTrflO r OXoAelO, feYoAol opYOvlOfol r KOl OnAol noAlTec fnopoLv vO OUvoeovTOl fe TO feYOALTepO epeUvlTlKo KevTpO ToU KoOfoU, n.X. Tlc �ALA, KOl vO eXoUv npoO�OOl OTlc TeAeUTOlec e�eAl�elc Tlc enlOTrflc. Tl oUvOToTlTO OUTr fnopoLfe vO eKfeTOAAeUToLfe KOl OTlv e� OnoOToOewc eKnOloeUOl, onoU ol eKnOloeUofevol, KoTw Ono Tlv KO8oorYlOl ToU eKnOloeUTr ToUc r KOl fe olKr ToUc npwTo�oUAlO, OvO�lToLv Tl YvwOl OTlc nlYec Tlc.

.fKTuo TIA&nIKoIvwvIiv

H OvonTU�l Twv TlAenlKolvwvlOKwv olKTLwv eowOe Tl oUvOToTlTO vO feTOqepeTOl Oe feYoAec OnoOToOelc, noAL eLKoAO KOl YprYopO, feYoAoc oYKoc oeoofevwv. �TOl, eKToc Ono Tlv eUKoAoTepl OLvoeOl Twv olKTLwv UnoAoYl-OTwv, eneTpele vO npOYfOTonoloLvTOl KOl TlAeolOOKelelc, YlO Tlv npOYfO-TonollOl Twv onolwv ol OUffeTeXovTec oev �plOKovTOl OTov lolo Xwpo.

Me Tov opo TIA&iIaOK&�I (teleconference) evvooLfe Tlv npOYfOTonollOl OUvoloOKellc feOw TlAeqwvlKrc YpOffrc r feOw olKTLwv UnoAoYlOTwv. TO TeAeUTOlO XpovlO UnopXel l oUvOToTlTO vO OvTOAAoOOeTOl Oe npOYfOTlKo Xpovo eKToc Ono rXo KOl KlvoLfevl elKovO. �TOl fnopoLv vO npOYfOTonoloLvTOl TlAeolOOKelelc, onoU o Ko8e OUvoflAlTrc flAoel fnpoOTo Oe flO KofepO. O rXoc KOl l elKovO KO8evoc feTOqepovTOl feOw ToU olKTLoU Twv UnoAo-YlOTwv KOl, Ov Xpelo�eTOl, feOw ToU TlAeqwvlKoL olKTLoU OTov UnoAoYlOTr ToU oAAoU OUvoflAlTr. IlO OUTov Tov Tpono OUvoloOKellc XplOlfonolr8lKe KOl o opoc PIvT&oiIaK OK&�I (videoconference) OAAo OTl Olfeplvr enoXr enlKpoTlOe o opoc TlAeoloOKell. IlO Tlv npOYfOTonollOl Tlc TlAeoloOKellc Xpelo�eTOl vO opYOvw8oLv Xwpol onoU 8O OUYKevTpwvovTOl ol OUffeTeXovTec, ToUc onoloUc OUvr8wc ovofo�oUfe OToUvTIo. LToUc XwpoUc OUToLc eYKO8lOTOTOl o OnOpOlTlToc e�onAlOfoc, noU neplAOf�ovel UnoAoYlOTec OToUc onoloUc elvOl OUvoeoefevO TO OnOpOlTlTO neplqepelOKo, onwc �lvTeoKofepec, flKpoqwvO, lXelO, K.o. Le feplKec neplnTwOelc o e�onAlOfoc fnopel vO neplAOf�ovel KOl nlo e�eAlYfevO epYOAelO, onwc &IKovoTIA&qwvo (videophone), YIYovTooeov&� (videowall), K.o.

IlO nOpooelYfO, Oe flO TlAeoloOKell fnopoLv Tpelc r neplOOoTepol OUvoflAlTec vO OUOKeq8oLv Oe flO elKovl-Kr oloOKell KOl vO enlKolvwvoLv fe-TO�L ToUc OOv vO KO8oTOv o evOc olnAO OTov oAAo YLpw Ono To lolo TpOne�l.

Tlc oUvOToTlTec Tlc TlAeoloOKellc eKfeTOAAeUofOOTe KOl YlO Tlv e� Ono-OToOewc eKnOloeUOl. MnopoLfe vO opYOvwOoUfe evO OToLvTlo OLfqwvO fe Tlc OvoYKec ToU eKnOloeUTr, To onolo vO OUvoeeTOl fe oAAO OToLvTlo. �TOl ol eKnOloeUofevol, Ono oloqopO OToLvTlo, fnopoLv vO nOpOKoAoU8oLv Tov eKnOloeUTr vO olooOKel To veo OvTlKelfevo KOl vO OvTOAAoOOoUv fe OUTov OAAo KOl feTO�L ToUc Onolelc, KO8wc �plOKovTOl Oe nonTlKrK KOl nlXlTlKrK enOqr. H TlAeoloOKell OnoTeAel OKofl flO olOolKOOlO fe UllAo KoOToc KOl XplOlfonolelTOl KUplwc Ono feYoAec enlXelprOelc YlO elolKec OUOKelelc. Afwc nOp' oAo To UllAo KoOToc, eXoUv OpXlOel vO eqOpfo�ovTOl Ono nOvenlOTrflO KOl oAAoUc qopelc nelpOfOTlKo npoYpoffOTO enlfopqwOlc fe Tl XprOl Tlc TlAeoloOKellc.

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AvoK&qoAofwOI

O UnoAoYlOTrc OnoTeAel To �OOlKo epYOAelo YlO Tl olOXelplOl KOl Tlv ene�ep-YOOlO nAlpoqoplwv. MeplKo OUOTrfOTO noU XplOlfonoloLfe YlO To OKono OUTo, elvOl�

TO OUOTrfOTO YlO Tl olfloUpYlO KOl Tl OUvTrplOl TpOne�wv nAlpoqoplwv
TO OUOTrfOTO Ono8rKeUOlc, OvoKTlOlc, ene�epYOOlOc KOl nOpoUOlO-Olc nAlpoqoplwv
TO OUOTrfOTO YlO Tl OTOTlOTlKr OvoAUOl KOl ene�epYOOlO oeoofevwv
TO OUOTrfOTO npoOofolwOlc
TO OUOTrfOTO OvOYvwplOlc npoTLnwv.

O UnoAoYlOTrc �plOKel noAAec eqOpfoYec OTlc enlOTrfec KOl elolKoTepO�

OTlc Ov8pwnlOTlKec -lOToplO, �oflKr, �oYoTeXvlO, KolvwvloAoYlO, Av8pwnoAoYlO, K.o.
OTlc 8eTlKec enlOTrfec -MO8lfOTlKo, �UOlKr, �lfelO, AOTpovoflO, Me-TewpoAoYlO, K.o.

EnlOlc eXoUfe noAAec eqOpfoYec ToU UnoAoYlOTr OTlc T&Xv&� onwc�

OTl MoUOlKr
OTlc ElKOOTlKec TeXvec
OTov KlvlfOToYpoqo.

LTlc T&XvoAoYIK&� &IiIKoTIT&� XplOlfonoloLfe Tov UnoAoYlOTr�

OTl OXeolOOl KTlplwv KOl npo'ovTwv (CAD)
OTlc �loflXOvlKec KOTOOKeUec (CAM)
OTov eAeYXo npo'ovTwv (CAE)
OTlv oAoKAlpwfevl nOpOYwYr npo'ovTwv (C�M).

Ol iuvoToTIT&� noU fOc npoOqepoUv ol olKTUOKec TeXvoAoYlec YlO enlfopqwOl, eKnOloeUOl KOl KOTopTlOl Ono OnoOTOOl elvOl feYoAec. LUYKeKplfevO fe Tl XprOl ToU UnoAoYlOTr, e�elolKeUfevwv eqOpfoYwv -OUOTrfOTO eKnOloeUOlc �OOlOfevO OTov UnoAoYlOTr (CB� )- Twv olKTLwv UnoAoYlOTwv KOl Twv TlAenlKolvwvlwv, olfloUpYoLfe Tlc KOToAAlAec OUv8rKec YlO vO npo-OqepoUfe eKnOloeUOl Ono OnoOTOOl Oe oOoUc YlO onolovornoTe AoYo oev fnopoLv vO �plOKovTOl feOO OTlv Ol8oUOO oloOOKOAlOc.

EpwT�O&I�

. �O OvOqepeTe TO �OOlKo OUOTrfOTO noU XplOlfonoloLfe YlO Tl olOXelplOl KOl ene�epYOOlO nAlpoqoplwv.

�O OvOqepeTe epYOOlec noU fnopoLv vO KovoUv ol enlOTrfovec fe Tl �or8elO Twv
OUOTlfoTwv Ono8rKeUOlc, OvoKTlOlc, ene�epYOOlOc KOl nOpoUOlOOlc oeoofevwv.

LUfnAlpwOTe Tlc qpoOelc noU AelnoUv. H e�onAwOl Twv flKpo�noAoYlOTwv KOl ToU �lOolKTLoU, KO8wc KOl l OvonTU�l Ao-

YlOflKoL noU oleUKoALvel Tlv OvO�rTlOl (flXOvec OvO�rTlOlc - searching engines) eneTpelOv OToUc enlOTrfovec� O) vO ....................... nAlpoqoplec Ono neplOOoTepec nlYec.

�) vO ......................... Tlc nAlpoqoplec OUTec OTO olKo ToUc Ono8lKeUTlKo feOO. Y) vO ...................... KOl vO ...................... To epYo ToUc feOO Ono To �lOolKTUo.

�O OvOqepeTe epYOOlec noU fnopoLv vO eKTeAeOoUv ol enlOTrfovec fe Tl �or8elO Twv OUOTlfoTwv YlO Tl OTOTlOTlKr OvoAUOl KOl ene�epYOOlO oeoofevwv.
nolec elvOl ol KOTlYoplec OTlc onolec Xwpl�ovTOl ol TeXvlKec Tlc llqlOKrc ene�ep-YOOlOc OrfOToc noU OKoAoU8oLvTOl YlO Tlv OvOYvwplOl fopqwv fe Tl �or8elO ToU UnoAoYlOTr;
�O OvOqepeTe eqOpfoYec OTlc onolec OnOlTelTOl OvOYvwplOl npoTLnwv fe Tl �or8elO Twv UnoAoYlOTlKwv OUOTlfoTwv.
�O enlAe�eTe Tlc OwOTec OnOvTrOelc.

Me Tl �or8elO Twv OUOTlfoTwv npoOofolwOlc ol enlOTrfovec Tlc KolvwvloAoYlOc fnopoLv vO npoOofolwvoUv KOl vO feAeToLv oloqopO 8efOTO onwc�

�: l e�eAl�l Tlc e8vlKrc olKovoflOc
�: l eAAelll �OpLTlTOc
�: o eAeYXoc Tlc nAl8UOflOKrc e�eAl�lc felovoTrTwv
�: l KOTOvOAwTlKr OUfneplqopo
�: l enlopOOl Tlc foAUvOlc OTo �wlKo KOl qUTlKo �OOlAelo flOc Alfvlc
�: TO enlXelplOlOKo nOlXvlolO

8. �O enlAe�eTe Tlc OwOTec OnOvTrOelc.

Ol enlOTrfovec Tlc Ov8pwnoAoYlOc fe Tl XprOl Twv OUOTlfoTwv OvOYvwplOlc Kelfevwv KOl OXlfoTwv fnopoLv vO feAeToLv�

�: elolKo KelfevO KOl YpOqec
�: Tlv e�eAl�l Twv OAqO�rTwv
�: Tl YpOqlKr nOpoOTOOl OUvOpTrOewv
�: Tlv e�eAl�l Twv TeXvwv OToUc oloqopoUc AOoLc
�: lOToplKo YeYovoTO

EcaPlOytc TTc m.TPOcOPIK�c OTIc TnIOT�lTcO OTIc TteVTc KaI OTTV TKnaeuTTOT

9. �O OvOqepeTe epYOOlec noU fnopel vO Kovel evOc fO8lfOTlKoc fe Tl �or8elO ToU UnoAoYlOTr.

. LTl �UOlKr o UnoAoYlOTrc XplOlfonolelTOl YlO Tlv npoOofolwOl nelpOfoTwv, TO onolO elvOl OoLvOTo r noAL oLOKoAo vO feAeTl8oLv OTlv npo�l (OUv8rKec eAAelllc �OpLTlTOc, OnoTeAeOfOTO nUplvlKrc eKpl�lc, K.o.).

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. �O neplYpoleTe nwc YlveTOl l npo�Aell ToU KOlpoL fe Tl �or8elO ToU UnoAoYl-OTr.

nwc fnopel vO XplOlfonolrOel Tov UnoAoYlOTr o foUOlKoc OTl Olfeplvr enoXr;
�O OvOqepeTe eqOpfoYec ToU UnoAoYlOTr OTov KlvlfOToYpoqo.
�O OvOqepeTe ToUc KUploTepoUc Tofelc onoU �plOKoUv eqOpfoYr ol TeXvoAoYlec CAD, CAM, CAE.
LUfnAlpwOTe Tlc qpoOelc noU AelnoUv.

O) LTO OUOTrfOTO CAD�CAM TO e�OYofevO ToU OUOTrfOToc CAD XplOlfonoloLvTOl wc ...................................... OTo OLOTlfO CAM.

�) O npoYpOffOTlOfoc Twv epYOAeloflXOvwv YlveTOl fe Tlv OvonTU�l ....... ...................... noU nepleXoUv TO KOToAAlAO oeoofevO YlO Tlv oorYlOl Twv ep- YOAeloflXOvwv KOl OnoTeAoLv evO ............................................. ............. ...................

�O OvOqepeTe epYOOlec YlO Tlc onolec XplOlfonoloLvTOl OUvr8wc TO pofnoT.
Ano Tlc nOpOKoTw qpoOelc vO OlfelwOeTe oOec fnopoLv vO 8ewpl8oLv wc OwOTec OnOvTrOelc.

MeplKo Ono TO OnoTeAeOfOTO noU npoKLnToUv Ono Tlv eqOpfoYr Tlc TeXvoAoYlOc CAD KOTo Tl qoOl Tlc OXeolOOlc elvOl�

�: TO OXeolO YlvovTOl nlo YprYopO, TpononoloLvTOl noAL eLKoAO
�: EAeYXovTOl KOALTepO ol epYOAeloflXOvec
�: IlO Tl OXeolOOl evoc nOpofoloU r evoc veoU npo'ovToc ol OXeolOOTec fnopoLv

noAL eLKoAO vO TpononolrOoUv TO rol UnopXovTO OXeolO KOl vO olfloUpYr-OoUv noAL YprYopO TO veO

8. �vO epYoOToOlo Tlc TeXvoAoYlOc C�M eXel feYoAl eUeAl�lO OTlv nOpOYwYr KOl fnopel vO OvTOnoKpl8el noAL YprYopO KOl OnoTeAeOfOTlKo OTlc OnOlTrOelc Tlc OYopoc KOl OTlv OvonTU�l vewv npo'ovTwv.

� �Ol � AXl

9.		ATOv nOpoYoUfe UAlKo fe TO OUOTrfOTO CAD�CAM eXoUfe OnOToAl OTO UAlKo, opO OU�lfevo KoOToc nOpOYwYrc. � �Ol
		� AXl
2	.	�O OUvoeOeTe TO nepleXofevO Tlc npwTlc OTrAlc fe OUTo Tlc oeLTeplc.

CAD	�
CAE	�
CAM	�
C�M	�

�: EqOpfoOfevl flXOvlKr fe Tl �or8elO UnoAoYlOTr
�: LXeolOOl fe Tl �or8elO ToU UnoAoYlOTr
�: KOTOOKeUr fe Tl �or8elO ToU UnoAoYlOTr
�: OAoKAlpwfevl nOpOYwYr fe Tl �or8elO ToU UnoAoYl-OTr

2 . �O OvOqepeTe Oe noloUc OneU8LveTOl KUplwc l e� OnoOToOewc eKnOloeUOl.

�O OvOqepeTe nOpOoelYfOTO eqOpfoYwv noU oleUKoALvoUv Tlv enlKolvwvlO feTO-�L Twv UnoAoYlOTwv KOl XplOlfonoloLvTOl OTlv e� OnoOToOewc eKnOloeUOl.
LUfnAlpwOTe Tlc qpoOelc noU AelnoUv�

O) H TlAeoloOKell OnoTeAel OKofO flO olOolKOOlO fe ........................................ KOl XplOlfonolelTOl KUplwc Ono feYoAec enlXelprOelc YlO elolKec OUOKelelc.

�) IlO Tlv npOYfOTonollOl Tlc TlAeoloOKellc Xpelo�eTOl vO opYOvwOoUfe XwpoUc onoU 8O OUYKevTpwvovTOl ol OUffeTeXovTec, ToUc onoloUc OUvr8wc ovofo�oUfe .........................................

24. LUfnAlpwOTe Tlc qpoOelc noU AelnoUv.

MnopoLfe vO XwplOoUfe Tlc eKnOloeUTlKec eqOpfoYec noU XplOlfonoloLv UnoAo-YlOTr Oe oLo feYoAec KOTlYoplec�

eKelvec fe Tlc onolec ............................ eKnOloeUOl fe Tl �or8elO ToU UnoAoYlOTr (CA� - Computer Assisted �nstruction) KOl
eKelvec fe Tlc onolec ............................................. Tlc eKnOloeUOlc fe Tl XprOl ToU UnoAoYlOTr (CM� - Computer Managed �nstruction)

25. �vO OLYXpovo npoYpOffO YlO Tlv e� OnoOToOewc eKnOloeUOl OUvr8wc neplAOf

�ovel evO OLOTlfO eKnOloeUOlc �OOlOfevo OTov UnoAoYlOTr (CB� - Computer Based �raining) KOl oAO TO epYOAelO enlKolvwvlOc noU elvOl OnOpOlTlTO YlO Tl olOvofr ToU oloOKTlKoL UAlKoL r YlO Tl olfloUpYlO flOc nelKovlKrcK Ol8oUOOc oloO-OKOAlOc.

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26. H TlAeoloOKell fnopel vO XplOlfonoll8el YlO Tlv nOpoXr e� OnoOToOewc eKnOloeUOlc.

� �Ol � AXl

EcaPlOytc TTc m.TPOcOPIK�c OTIc TnIOT�lTcO OTIc TteVTc KaI OTTV TKnaeuTTOT

rAwOOapIo

BaOI nAIpoqopIiv	�ec Tpone�O nAlpoqoplwv.
EKnofi&uOI &� onoOTaK	Me8oooc eKnOloeUOlc KOTo Tlv onolO eKnOloeUTrc KOl eKnOloeUofe
O&w�	voc �plOKovTOl ev Yevel Oe fOKplvr OnoOTOOl.
EnIKoIvwvfo I& TI iIoK I&OoAaPIOI unoAoYIK OT�	EnlKolvwvlO noU enlTUYXoveTOl fe Tl XprOl eqOpfoYwv ol onolec oleUKoALvoUv Tlv enlKolvwvlO feTO�L Twv UnoAoYlOTwv.
EqopIoOI&vI IIXovIK�	�prOl ToU UnoAoYlOTr KOl e�eAlYfevwv npoYpOffoTwv npoOofolw-
I& TI Po�e&Io unoAoYIK	Olc YlO Tl feAeTl Tlc OUfneplqopoc evoc OvTlKelfevoU KoTw Ono
OT� K CAE	Ko8e elooUc KOTOnovlOl -flXOvlKr, 8epflKr, K.o.
KoToOK&u� I& TI Bo� K e&Io Tou YnoAoYIOT� K CAM	KOTOOKeUr �loflXOvlKwv npo'ovTwv fe Tl �or8elO epYOAeloflXOvwv noU eAeYXovTOl Ono Tov UnoAoYlOTr.
0AoKAIpwI&vI nopoK YwY� I& TI Po�e&Io Tou YnoAoYIOT� K CIM	O OXeolOOfoc KOl l nOpOYwYr npo'ovTwv fe OUTofOTec olOolKOOlec noU enlTUYXovoUfe eKfeTOAAeUofevol Tlc nfe Tl �or8elO ToU UnoAo-YlOTrK TeXvoAoYlec (CAD, CAM, CAE) Oe OUvoUOOfo fe oAAec (n.X. pofnoTlKr).
PoInoTIK�	O KAoooc Tlc enlOTrflc noU OOXoAelTOl fe Tl olfloUpYlO KOl Tlv e�eAl�l Twv pofnoT.
IUOTIIo &Knofi&uOI� PoOIOI&vo OTov unoAoK YIOT� K C�T	H XprOl TeXvlKwv oloOOKOAlOc ol onolec Uno�ol8oLvTOl Ono UnoAo-YlOTlKo OLOTlfO.
IX&ifoOI I& TI Po�e&Io	LXeolOOl YewfeTplKwv nOpOOToOewv OvTlKelfevwv fe Tl XprOl ToU
Tou YnoAoYIOT� K CAD	UnoAoYlOTr KOl e�elolKeUfevoU AoYlOflKoL.
TIA&iIaOK&�I	H npOYfOTonollOl oloOKellc Ono OnoOTOOl Oe npOYfOTlKo Xpovo feOw TlAenlKolvwvlOKwv YpOffwv r KOl feOw olKTLwv UnoAoYlOTwv.
Tpan&�o nAIpoqopIiv	MlO OUAAoYr OpXelwv, noU neplAOf�ovel ofoelor OTolXelO Ono8lKeUfevO Oe UnoAoYlOTlKo OUOTrfOTO.

EviIoq&pouO&� KoI Xp�OII&� iI&ueUvO&I� Tou .IoiIKTUou

http:CCwww.robotics.comCrobots.html

lanoatA{Oa lt mATpocop{tc yLa na polmon.

http:CCwww.ph.tn.tudelft.nlCPRInfo.html

lanoatA{Oa lt mATpocop{tc yLa nTV aVayVwpLaT mponumWV.

http:CCwww.ntua.grCweatherC

lanoatA{Oa nou EMn lt ltntWpoAoyLKtc mATpocop{tc.

http:CCwww.winsite.comCinfoCpcCwin3CmiscCacropzip.exeC

LnTV LanoatA{Oa aunl lmopt{nt Va {pt{nt aKpWVulLa opWV nTc nATpocopLKlc.

http:CCwww.access.digex.netC-ikindCbabel.html

LnTV LanoatA{Oa aunl lmopt{nt Va {pt{nt aKpWVulLa opWV nTc nATpocopLKlc.

http:CCdir.yahoo.comCScienceCComputerJScienceCElectronicJComputerJAidedJDesignJJECADJC

Amo aunl nTV LanoatA{Oa nTc lTXaVlc aVa�lnTaTc ahooo lmopt{nt Va {pt{nt mATpocop{tc yLa nT aXtO{aaT lt noV umoAoyLanl.

http:CCwww.utexas.eduCworldClectureC

LuVOtaloL at atA{Otc lt tKmaLOtunLKo uALKo.

http:CCwww.ag.ndsu.nodak.eduClessonsC

Online laellana yLa na mLo OTlocLAl maKtna AoyLalLKou.

http:CCwww.yahoo.comCComputersJandJInternetCMultimediaC/ideoconferencing

Amo aunl nTV LanoatA{Oa nTc lTXaVlc aVa�lnTaTc ahooo lmopt{nt Va {pt{nt mATpocop{tc yLa nTV nTAtOLOaKtLT.

EcaPlOytc TTc m.TPOcOPIK�c OTIc TnIOT�lTcO OTIc TteVTc KaI OTTV TKnaeuTTOT

BIPAIoYpoqfo

A. PonTlc - A. PonTl, nAIpoqopIK� KoI &Knofi&uOI, A8rvO, 1997

H maLOayWyLKl a�{a nou umoAoyLanl Wc tKmaLOtunLKou ltaou KaL yVWanLKou tpyaAt{ou.

�. KwvOTOvToc, I. LfLplc, T&XvoAoYfo IA&KTpovIKiv unoAoYIOTiv, OE�B

BL{A{o ano omo{o {p{aKoult mATpocop{tc yLa nLc tcaploytc nou umoAoyLanl anT {LolTXaV{a.

�ichard Bennet, Teaching I�

o umoAoyLanlc anLc tmLanlltc KaL nTV nO�T.

Collins technology for key stage 3, What' s IT about

o umoAoyLanlc anLc tmLanlltc.

Pat Heathcote Kevin Bond, AKLE/EL COMPUTING

Ecaploytc CAD/CAM, polmonLKl KaL auanllana tAtyXou. oL umoAoyLantc anTV tKma{OtuaT.

Dick Davies, Information Technology at work

oL umoAoyLantc anT {LolTXaV{a, {LolTXaVLKO polmon.

Charles S. Parker, nAIpoqopIK� To nopov KoI To I&AAov, EKooOelc l.�Awpoc

Ecaploytc nou umoAoyLanl anT {LolTXaV{a. LuVtpyaa{a ltaW OLKnuWV, nTAtOLOaKtLT. noAu KaAl tLKoVoypOcTaT.

nOJYMEIA . BaalK&� &vvol&� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305

11.1.1 ipafflKr Kal fl ypafflKr npoO�aOl OTlv nAlpOqOp(a . .305

11.1.2 Kof�Ol Kal OuvoeOfOl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .306

11.1.3 YnepKe(feva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307

11.1.4 Ano Ta UnepKe(feva OTa UnepfeOa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308

11.1.5 nOAUfeOa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .310

11.1.6 LUfn(eOl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312

.2 .ollKa aTolx&fa &qaploy�� noAul&awv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 2

11.2.1 E(oOc Kal fOpqr oOflKwv OTOlxe(Wv nOAUfeOWv . . . . . . . .312

11.2.2 XapaKTlplOTlKo rxOU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317

11.2.3 XapaKTlplOTlKo elKovac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322

11.2.4 XapaKTlplOTlKo �(vTeO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .328

11.2.5 XapaKTlplOTlKo OUv8eTlKrc K(vlOlc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .331

11.2.6 MeTafOpqwOelc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332

.3 AvanTu�1 &qaploywv noAul&awv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334

11.3.1 <oOelc avonTU�lc eqapfOywv nOAUfeOWv . . . . . . . . . . .334

11.3.2 Ofooa avonTU�lc eqapfOyrc nOAUfeOWv . . . . . . . . . . . .336

11.3.3 E�OnAlOfoc yla eqapfOyec nOAUfeOWv . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337

11.3.4 JOylOflKo avonTU�lc eqapfOywv nOAUfeOWv . . . . . . . . .338

AvaK&qaAafwa1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344 EpwT�a&l� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346 rAwaaaplo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350 Evilaq&poua&� Kal xp�all&� il&ueuva&l� Tou .lailKTuou . . . . 35 BlpAloypaqfa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .352

mO.Ult a

l ov8pWnOl aveKa8ev enlKOlvWvOuOav fe nOAAOuc TponOUc xplOlfOnOlwvTac Tlv OflA(a, Tl ypaqr, Tl �WypaqlKr, TO TpayOuol, TO xOpo Kal yevlKo Ko8e feOO nOU oleUKoAUve Tlv enlKOlvWv(a fe TOUc OUvav8pwnOUc TOUc.

AUTov TOv nOAUfOpqlKo xapaKTrpa eKqpaOlc Kal enlKOlvWv(ac npOOno8lOe O OuyxpOvOc ov8pWnOc va feTaqepel Kal OTO en(neoO Tlc TexvOAOy(ac. =eK(vlOe olflOUpywvTac �exWplOTo epyaAe(a Kal feOa yla Ko8e TponO eKqpaOlc, onWc yla napooelyfa:

Ta fOAu�la, Ta xapTlo Kal Tlc TUnOypaqlKec flxavec yla Tl ypaqr
Ta nlveAa, Ta xpwfaTa, K.o. yla Tl �WypaqlKr
TO TlAeqWvO, TOv aOupfaTO, TOUc o(OKOUc fOUOlKrc, K.o. yla Tlv OflA(

a Kal Tl fOUOlKr. LUvexlOe, ofWc, va epyo�eTal fe OKOno Tlv enlvolOl Kal olflOUpy(a Kal oAAWv epyaAe(Wv Kal feOWv, nOU 8a TOv �Ol8OuOav e(Te va OUvoUoOel aUTOuc TOUc TponOUc eKqpaOlc, e(Te va olflOUpyrOel veOUc TponOUc napOUO(aOlc Kal napoOTaOlc Tlc nAlpOqOp(ac. Ta enlTeuyfaTa aUTwv TWv npOOna8elwv e(val O KlvlfaTOypoqOc Kal l TlAeopaOl, nOU a�lOnOlOuv nOAAo feOa eKqpaOlc KUp(Wc elKova, rxO, K.o. Ka8wc Kal veOUc TponOUc Kal vea feOa napOUO(aOlc Kal anO8rKeUOlc Tlc nAlpOqOp(ac, onWc yla napooelyfa qlAf, fayvlTlKr Talv(a, K.o.

H eqeupeOl TOU UnOAOylOTr eoWOe OTOUc av8pwnOUc Tl oUvaToTlTa va eKqpo�OvTal Kal va avTaAAoOOOUv nAlpOqOp(ec OUvoUo�OvTac Oe fla eqapfOyr TaUToxpOva nOAAec fOpqec nAlpOqOp(ac, anO8lKeUfevec Oe 4lqlaKr fOpqr, Kal foAlOTa fe oUvaToTlTa aAAlAen(opaOlc KaTo Tlv napOUO(aOr TOUc. Ol eqapfOyec aUTOu TOU e(oOUc OvOfoOTlKav &qaploy&� noAul&awv.

LTOv evolaqepOvTa Kal e�eAlOOofevO xwpO TWv nOAUfeOWv xplOlfOnOlOu vTal elolKO( opOl yla TOUc OUvoUaOfOuc TWv nOlK(AWv fOpqwv Kal avanapa OToOeWv Tlc nAlpOqOp(ac Kal yla Tlc oOfec TWv eqapfOywv nOU avanTuO OOvTal fe Tl xprOl TOUc. ila va yvWp(OOUfe Tlc lolalTepoTlTec aUTOu TOU xwpOU Kal yla va xelplOTOu fe fe eUKOA(a Ta epyaAe(a TOU, 8a npenel npOlyOUfevWc va KaTavOrOOUfe feplKec �aOlKec evvOlec nOU avaqepOvTal OTlc enofevec evoTlTec.

TO neplexofevO evoc �l�A(OU OpyavwveTal lepapxlKo Oe KeqoAala Kal napa ypoqOUc, nOU olaTlpOuv feTa�u TOUc fla vOlfaTlKr OUvexela. ila va anOKO f(Oel KonOlOc oAa aUTo nOU O OUyypaqeac npOOoOKo va TOU feTaowOel, npe nel va TO ola�oOel ano Tlv apxr Wc TO TeAOc. AUTOu TOU e(oOUc Tlv npoO�a Ol OTlv nAlpOqOp(a, olAaor fe fla npOKa8OplOfevl Oelpo, OUvl8(�OUfe va Tlv OvOfo�OUfe ypalllK� . Me Tlv e�eAl�l TOU UnOAOylOTr eylve npOOno8ela va napOUOlaOTOuv �l�A(a Oe lAeKTpOvlKr fOpqr. 'fWc Ta npwTa �l�A(a nOU napOUOloOTlKav fe Tl fOpqr aUTr, Ta Aeyofeva 1A&KTpovlKa plpAfa, aKOAOU8OuOav Tlv (ola qlAO

OOq(a fe Tlv evTUnl eKoOOr TOUc. lev rTav T(nOTa oAAO ano 4lqlaKr anO8rKeUOl TOU neplexOfevOU evoc �l�A(OU evTUnlc fOpqrc Kal OTl OUvexela fla napOUO(aOr TOU OTlv O8ovl TOU UnOAOylOTr fe ypafflKo TponO. TO 1965 O Theodor Nelson, OTlv npOOno8elo TOU va a�lOnOlrOel Tlc oUvaToTlTec TOU UnOAOylOTr OTlv OpyovWOl Kal napOUO(aOl Tlc nAlpOqOp(ac, npoTelve eva veO TponO, olaqOpeTlKo ano aUTov TWv npwTWv lAeKTpOvlKwv

�l�A(Wv. O Nelson napaTrplOe oTl O xpovOc nOU analTe(Tal yla va �pe8e( eva Tfrfa KelfevOU feOa Oe eva feyoAO apxe(O rTav nOAu feyaAuTepOc ano TO xpovO nOU xpelo�eTal yla Tl feTaqOpo TOU OUyKeKplfevOU TfrfaTOc ano TO anO8lKeUTlKo feOO OTlv Kupla fvrfl. vTOl, OKeqTlKe va OpyavwOel TO Ke(fevO fe eva npWToTUnO TponO: TO oleOnaOe Oe aUTOTeAe(c evoTlTec, wOTe Ka8ef(a va fnOpe( va npOOneAaOTe( ave�opTlTa ano Tlc oAAec. AUToc O TponOc, O l1 ypalllKO� , npOOqepel fla e�alpeTlKo oUvaflKr olaxe(plOl TOU KelfevOU, ylaT( fnOpe( Kave(c:

va feTa�e( ano TO neplexofevO flac evoTlTac OTO neplexofevO flac oAAlc, xWp(c va xpelo�eTal va olaTpe�el evolofeOa oAAO Ke(fevO
va enlOKeqTe( fla evoTlTa ano nOAAo Olfe(a olaqOpeTlKwv evOTrTWv. AUTr l loea anoTeAeOe Tlv anapxr Tlc olflOUpy(ac eqapfOywv, Ol OnO(ec neplAaf�ovOUv Ke(feva nOU oev e(val OpyavWfeva ypafflKo Kal OTa OnO(a l npOOneAaOl oe y(veTal fe fla Ka8OplOfevl Oelpo aAAo avoAOya fe Ta evolaqepOvTa TOU avayvwOTl.

Ol aUTOTeAe(c evoTlTec nOU anapT(�OUv Tl fl ypafflKo olap8pWfevl uAl e voc 8efaTOc OvOfo�OvTal KOlpol (nodes). Ko8e Kof�Oc napOUOlo�eTal OUvr 8Wc Oe eva nAa(OlO r napo8UpO Kal fnOpe( va OUvoe8e( fe KonOlOv r Ko nOlOUc oAAOUc Kof�OUc feOW OUvoeOfWv. Me Tlv evvOla auvi&alo� (link) evvOOufe Tl oOfr eKe(vl, nOU o(vel Tl oUvaToTlTa ofeOlc feTo�aOlc ano e va Olfe(O evoc Kof�OU r ano evav Kof�O Oe eva oA AO Olfe(O TOU (olOU r oAAOU Kof�OU. vvac OuvoeOfOc evepyOnOle(Tal ano OUyKe Kplfevl neplOxr TOU KOl pou aq&T1pfa� (source) fe npooplalO (destination) fla neplOxr nAlpOqOplwv TOU (olOU r oAAOU Kof�OU. EnO fevWc TeTOlec olaOUvoeOelc napexOUv oUvaToTlTa feTo

�aOlc:

ano Olfe(O Oe Olfe(O
ano Olfe(O Oe Kof�O
ano Kof�O Oe Olfe(O
ano Kof�O Oe Kof�O.

mO.Ult a

H unap�l OUvoeOfWv OTOv Kof�O nOU npO�oAAeTal OTlv O8ovl efqav(�eTal fe Tl fOpqr OlfaTOoOTwv nOU fnOpe( va e(val:

Ke(fevO nOU exel olaqOpeTlKr olafopqWOl (xpwfa xapaKTr pWv r nAalO(OU, evTOvl UnO ypofflOl, K.o.)
elKOv(olO r Ouf�OAO nOU �exW p(�el ano Ta UnoAOlna
elKova. Le eva ypaqlKo nepl�oAAOv, oTav O oe(KTlc TOU nOvTlKlOu �pe8e( OTlv neplOxr TOU OUvoeOfOU, aAAo�el fOpqr. ToTe, av naTl8e( TO nArKTpO TOU nOvTlKlOu, evepyOnOle(Tal O OuvoeOfOc, OnoTe efqav(�eTal OTlv O8ovl l neplOxr nAlpOqOplwv OTlv OnO(a Oolye(. O OlfaTOooTlc TOU OUvoeOfOU OUvl8(�eTal va anOKaAe(Tal Kal ayKupa (anchor), UnOolAwvOvTac oTl ano eKe( �eKlvo O OuvoeOfOc nOU Oolye( Oe oAAl neplOxr nAlpOqOplwv.

Me Tlv TexvlKr Kof�Wv Kal OUvoeOfWv anO8lKeUfevec nAlpOqOp(ec fnOpOuv va efnAOUT(�OvTal OTaolaKo fe Tlv npOO8rKl 8efoTWv Oe veOUc Kof

�OUc Kal Tlv KaToAAlAl olaOuvoeOr TOUc fe TOUc naAalOuc. En(Olc fnOpe( va evlfepwvOvTal TaKTlKo, aqOu e(val oUvaTov va TpOnOnOlOuvTal r va KaTapyOuvTal Kof�Ol Kal va feTa�oAAeTal avoAOya l olaOuvoeOr TOUc. H neplrylOl feTa�u TWv Kof�Wv OUvl8(�eTal va anOKaAe(Tal nAo�y1a1 (navigation).

H oUvaToTlTa neplrylOlc ano Kof�O Oe Kof�O feOa Oe fla OUAAOyr nAlpOqOplwv UnOolAw8lKe fe Tl xprOl Tlc npo8eOlc «Unep» Wc npwTOU OUv8eTlKOu. Enelor OTlv apxr Ta OUOTaTlKo aUTwv TWv nAlpOqOplwv rTav anOKAelOTlKo Ke(feva, enlKpoTlOe va xapaKTlp(�OvTal Wc un&pK&fl&va (hypertext), evw apyoTepa efnAOUT(OTlKav Kal fe oAAec fOpqec nAlpOqOp(ac, onWc elKovec, K.o.

ivWOTo napooelyfa UnepKelfevWv anOTeAOuv Ta npOypoffaTa �Or8elac (Help) TWv eqapfOywv.

Le eva UnepKe(fevO olaKp(vOUfe Ta e�rc xapaKTlplOTlKo:

Ko8e Kof�Oc anOTeAe(Tal ano eva OuvOAO nAlpOqOplwv Oe fOpqr KelfevOU.
H npoO�aOl Oe eva Kof�O fnOpe( va npayfaTOnOll8e( feOW OUvoeOfWv ano neplOOoTepOUc TOU evoc Kof�OUc.
Ko8e Kof�Oc efqav(�eTal OTO (olO r Oe olaqOpeTlKo napo8UpO OTlv O8ovl TOU UnOAOylOTr.
Ko8e xprOTlc yevlKo fnOpe( va aKOAOU8rOel Tl olKr TOU olaopOfr yla va qToOel Oe evav Kof�O.

ivWOTo napooelyfa UMe Tlv aAfaTwol e�eAl�l TOU UAlKOu Kal TOU AOylOflKOu Ol Kof�Ol evoc Unep

nepfeOWv anOTeAOuv Ol lOTOOeA(oec TOU naKelfevOU opxlOav va efnAOUT(�OvTal Kal fe elKova, rxO, ypaqlKo, �(vTeO, K.o. yKoOflOU IOTOu.

ToTe npOeKU4e evac veOc opOc nOU xapaKTlp(�el KaAuTepa fla TeTOla oOfr, O opOc un&pl&aa (hypermedia). Lrfepa, Ol ouO opOl, UnepKe(feva Kal UnepfeOa, Te(vOUv va TaUTlOTOuv, fla Kal O oeuTepOc efneplexel TOv npwTO, aAAo KUp(Wc ylaT( aUTo nOU exel lola(Tepl OlfaO(a yla Tlv npoO�aOl OTlv nAlpOqOp(a Kal enlOlfa(veTal fe TO «Unep» oev e(val O TponOc avanapoOTaOrc Tlc aAAo l napOUO(aOr Tlc Oe Kof�OUc fe OUvoeOfOUc, KoTl nOU napafevel KOlvo Kal OTlc ouO neplnTwOelc. Me oAAa Aoyla fnOpOufe va nOufe oTl Ta UnepfeOa e(val fla eneKTaOl TWv UnepKelfevWv, aqOu Ol Kof�Ol evoc UnepfeOOU eKToc ano Ke(feva fnOpOuv va neplexOUv Kal oAAec fOpqec nAlpOqOp(ac.

'nWc avaqepafe OTa npOlyOufeva, TO KUploTepO xapaKTlplOTlKo TWv eqapfOywv UnepfeOWv e(val l oUvaToTlTa nAOrylOlc avofeOa OTOUc Kof

�OUc, fe Tl �Or8ela TWv OUvoeOfWv. H oOfr flac eqapfOyrc UnepfeOWv yevlKo anOTeAe(Tal, evvOlOAOylKo, ano Tp(a en(neoa:

TO en(neoO enlKOlvWv(ac fe TO xprOTl.
TO en(neoO TWv OUvoeOfWv.
TO en(neoO anO8rKeUOlc.

LTO &nfn&io &nlKolvwvfa� l& To xp�aT1 (olenaqr xprOTl) neplAaf�ovOvTal oAa Ta nAlpOqOplKo epyaAe(a nOU TOv oleUKOAuvOUv OTlv a�lOnO(lOr Tlc. LTO en(neoO aUTo �aOlKo poAO na(�el l Oxeo(aOl TWv Kof�Wv, ano fOpqOAO ylKr Kal AelTOUpylKr onO4l feye8Oc Kal nAr8Oc Kof�Wv Ka8wc Kal l Oxeo( aOl TWv OUvoeOfWv ano onO4l OlfaO(ac, olAaor va e(val efqavrc O AoyOc unap�lc Kal xplOlfoTlToc TOUc Kal va e(val qavepo TO Olfe(O OTO OnO(O OolyOuv. vvac TponOc yla va enlTeUx8e( aUTo e(val l efqovlOl nTUOOofevWv nAalO(Wv fe ene�lylfaTlKec eTlKeTec.

LTO &nfn&io Twv auvi&alwv Ka8Op(�OvTal Ol OxeOelc feTa�u TWv Kof�Wv. LTO en(neoO, AOlnov, aUTo olflOUpye(Tal eva o(KTUO, TO OnO(O anOTeAe(Tal ano oAOUc TOUc OUvoeOfOUc nOU evwvOUv TOUc Kof�OUc TOU OUOTrfaTOc.

TO &nfn&io anoe�K&ua1� aOxOAe(Tal fe Tlv anO8rKeUOl TWv olaqopWv fOpqwv nAlpOqOp(ac nOU neplexOvTal OTlv eqapfOyr TWv UnepfeOWv Kal Tlv OpyovWOr TOUc Oe Kof�OUc.

Le fla eqapfOyr UnepfeOWv l npOOneAaOl Oe KonOla nAlpOqOp(a fnOpe( va y(vel:

fe nAOrylOl, ano Kof�O Oe Kof�O r
fe ava�rTlOl, xplOlfOnOlwvTac Ae�elcKAelolo (key words).

ila va e(val AelTOUpylKr fla eqapfOyr UnepfeOWv npenel va napexel:

�Or8ela OTlv nAOrylOl, olAaor va npO
�AenOvTal UnOoe(�elc yla TOv TponO Kal TO OKOno Tlc

nOlKlA(a olaopOfwv, olAaor va npO�AenOvTal olaqOpeTlKec olaopOfec nAOrylOlc, Tlc OnO(ec fnOpe( va aKOAOU8rOel O xprOTlc avoAOya fe Tlc yvwOelc Kal Ta evolaqepOvTo TOU

E1i1&i0 &1IK0Ivwviac f& T0 xploTI

E1i1&i0 Twv oUvieofwv

E1i1&i0 a109lK&UoIc

eAeU8ep(a OTlv enlAOyr olaopOfrc, olAaor va flv e(val UnOxpeWfevOc va nepoOel ano Kof�OUc nOU oev TOv evolaqepOUv
n(vaKa neplexOfevWv
eUpeTrplO.

O opOc noAul&aa (Multimedia) e(val evac ano TOUc nAeOv xplOlfOnOlOufe vOUc opOUc TWv lfepwv fac. TO yvWOTlKo avTlKe(fevO nOU KaAunTel fnOpe( va OUvoUo�el nOAAOuc TOfe(c, onWc aUTOuc TWv TlAenlKOlvWvlwv, TWv UnOAO ylOTwv, TWv eKooOeWv, TWv feOWv fa�lKrc evlfepWOlc, K.o. KOlvo xapaKTlplOTlKo OTlc opaOTlploTlTec TWv TOfeWv aUTwv e(val l avoyKl olaxe(plOlc 4lqlaKrc nAlpOqOp(ac, nOU napOUOlo�eTal fe olaqOpeTlKec fOpqec onWc Ke(fevO, rxOc, �(vTeO, elKova, K.o. Ka8wc Kal O oUvaflKoc Tpo nOc ava�rTlOrc Tlc. LTO xwpO Tlc nAlpOqOplKrc, O opOc nOAUfeOa xplOlfOnOle(Tal Oe oloqOpec eKqpoOelc, onWc:

EqapfOyec nOAUfeOWv.
YnOAOylOTrc nOAUfeOWv.
LUOTrfaTa nOAUfeOWv.
JOylOflKo avonTU�lc eqapfOywv nOAUfeOWv. Me Tlv eKqpaOl &qaploy&� noAul&awv evvOOufe eKe(vec Tlc eqapfOyec OTlc OnO(ec y(veTal evOWfoTWOl olaqOpeTlKwv fOpqwv nAlpOqOp(ac Oe 4lqlaKr fOpqr, nOU fnOpe( va anO8lKeUTe(, va feTaoO8e( Kal va UnOOTe( ene

�epyaO(a, xWp(c ofWc va e(val anapa(TlTO va exel oOfr UnepfeOWv. ila Tl olflOUpy(a TOUc analTe(Tal eva OuOTlfa nOAUfeOWv.

Ta auaT�laTa noAul&awv e(val UnOAOylOTlKo OUOTrfaTa fe elolKo e�OnAlOfo Oe UAlKo Kal AOylOflKo yla:

Tl olflOUpy(a Kal Tlv ene�epyaO(a TWv OTOlxe(Wv flac eqapfOyrc nOAUfeOWv, OnoTe, eKToc ano Tlc KOlvec OUOKeUec elOooOU, analTOuvTal Kal oAAec onWc O OapWTrc, l 4lqlaKr Kofepa, KAn. Ka8wc Kal elolKec OUOKeUec e�ooOU.
Tlv anO8rKeUOl TWv OTOlxe(Wv aUTwv Oe fOvooec feyoAlc xWplTlKoTlTac, onWc e(val Ol OnTlKO( o(OKOl, Ol OKAlpO( o(OKOl, K.o.
Tl Ouv8eOr TOUc Oe evla(a eqapfOyr, fe Tl �Or8ela AOylOflKOu avonTU�lc eqapfOywv nOAUfeOWv.
Tlv avanapayWyr Kal olo8eOl TOU TeAlKOu npO�ovTOc.

Ol eqapfOyec nOAUfeOWv olaKp(vOvTal Oe ilaAoylK&� Kal Oe eKe(vec nOU aqrvOUv TO xprOTl na8lTlKo 8eaTr, xWp(c va TOU enlTpenOUv va enef�el KaTo Tlv napOUO(aOl Kal v� aAAo�el Tl pOr Tlc e�eAl�rc Tlc. Le aUTOu TOU e(oOUc Tlc eqapfOyec l enlKOlvWv(a av8pwnOUflxavrc neplOp(�eTal OTlv avTfipaa1 (feed

back) TOU UnOAOylOTr fovO Oe xaflAOu enlneoOU evTOAec eK fepOUc TOU xprOTl, onWc e(val l evap�l r l nauOl Tlc eKTeAeOlc Tlc eqapfOyrc. Me Tlv e�eAl�l UAlKOu Kal AOylOflKOu enlTeux8lKe l olflOUpy(a eqapfOywv onOU Unopxel l oUvaToTlTa avaipaa1� (feedback) eK fepOUc TOU xprOTl

mO.Ult a

OTl AelTOUpy(a TOU UnOAOylOTr. llAaor Oe fla TeTOla eqapfOyr enlTpeneTal l napef�aOl TOU xprOTl yla Tlv aAAayr nOpe(ac OTlv e�eAl�l Tlc napOUO( aOlc Tlc eqapfOyrc Oe oloqOpec qo Oelc. TeTOlOU e(oOUc eqapfOyec nOAUfe OWv nOU enlTpenOUv Tlv afq(opOfl enl KOlvWv(a av8pwnOUUnOAOylOTr xapa KTlp(�OvTal Wc ilaAoylKa r aAA1A&nl ipaaTlKa noAul&aa (interactive multime dia). H uAl TOUc, nOU fnOpe( va neplAaf

�ovel Ke(fevO, elKova, K.o. e(val OUvr8Wc OpyavWfevl Oe i&vipo&li� iol� , fe npOKa8OplOfevec evaAAaKTlKec olaopOfec, onWc qa(veTal Kal OTO Oxrfa. Av fla eqapfOyr nOAUfeOWv ola8eTel oOfr fe Kof�OUc Kal OUvoeOfOUc, ToTe aUTr e(val fla eqapfOyr UnepfeOWv. Lrfepa Ol neplOOoTepec eqapfOyec exOUv aUTr Tl fOpqr Kal eTOl O opOc nOAUfeOa xplOlfOnOle(Tal yla va xapaKTlp(Oel Kal Ta UnepfeOa.

XprOl TWv nOAUfeOWv fnOpOufe va exOUfe Oe nOAAOuc TOfe(c Tlc Ka8lfe

plvrc fac opaOTlploTlTac, onWc:

LTlv 4UxayWy(a, fe Ta lAeKTpOvlKo nalxv(ola.
LTlc enlxelprOelc, yla nWArOelc, enlfopqW Ol npOOWnlKOu, TlAe olaOKe4elc, K.o.
Le OpyavlOfOuc KOl vrc WqeAelac yla nAl pOqoplOl TOU KOlvOu Oe aepOopofla, Olol pOopOflKOuc OTa8 fOuc, Alfovla, fOUOe(a, Opyavl OfOuc TlAenlKOl vWvlwv, K.o.
LTlv eKna(oeUOl, fe Tlc eqapfOyec UnO�Or8lOlc Tlc oloaOKaA(ac, fe Tlc lAeKTpOvlKec eyKUKAOna(oelec, Ta lAeKTpOvlKo Ae�lKo, Tlc npOOOfOlwOelc nepl�aAAovTWv, K.o.

oeOv:C mO TwC :Km wo:uTwKeC :C plOYeC TOu n wo YwYwKOU IvoTwTOUTOu, TOu epYOu L:wprv:C, (f l , tw vUol T oTT (uowKr, MTKTv iKOC mOMwTwolOC)

ElolKo OTlv eKna(oeUOl, Ta nOAUfeOa fnOpOuv va �pOUv feyoAl eqapfOyr OTlv avonTU�l aAAlAenlopaOTlKwv npOypaffoTWv eKna(oeUOlc, enlfopqWOlc Kal KaTopTlOlc, onOU O xprOTlc ano anAoc 8eaTrc fnOpe( va y(vel evepyoc OUffeTOxOc.

LTlc eqapfOyec nOAUfeOWv Ol elKovec, Ol rxOl Kal Ta oAAa OTOlxe(a nOU neplexOvTal �p(OKOvTal Oe 4lqlaKr fOpqr nOU OUvr8Wc exel feyoAO oyKO, yeyOvoc nOU olflOUpye( npO�ArfaTa OTlv anO8rKeUOl, OTl feTaqOpo TWv oeoOfevWv feOa ano o(KTUa Kal yevlKo OTl olaxe(plOr TOUc. ila TOv neplOplOfo TWv napanovW oUOKOAlwv exOUv avanTUx8e( aAyopl8fOl fe Tl xprOl TWv OnO(Wv e(val oUvaTov va neplOplOTe( TO feye8Oc TWv apxe(Wv aUTwv. H olaolKaO(a fe Tlv OnO(a neplOp(�eTal, fe Tl xprOl elolKwv aAyopl8fWv, TO feye8Oc evoc apxe(OU KaAe(Tal aulnf&a1 (compression). TO neplexofevO evoc TeTOlOU apxe(OU yla va Tuxel ene�epyaO(ac npenel va anOOUfnleOTe( (decompression). vTOl OUxvo, Oe fla eqapfOyr nOAUfeOWv fla elKova, eva anoOnaOfa �(vTeO,

K.o. OUfnle�eTal yla va anO8lKeUTe( r va feTaqep8e( feOW olKTuWv, evw anoaulnl&�&Tal yla va napOUOlaOTe(, va ene�epyaOTe( r va eKTUnW8e(. AvoAOya fe TOv aAyopl8fO nOU xplOlfOnOle(Tal, fnOpe( va enlTeUx8e( flKpoTepOc r feyaAuTepOc �a8foc OUfn(eOlc, nOU eKqpo�eTal ano TO AOyo aulnf&a1� .

JOyo� aulnf&a1� � oyKOc apxlKwv oeoOfevWv � oyKO OUfnleOfevWv oeoOfevWv

ila napooelyfa, OUfn(eOl 4:1 Olfa(vel oTl O oyKOc TWv OUfnleOfevWv oeoOfevWv e(val KaTo 4 qOpec flKpoTepOc TOU apxlKOu.

H avonTU�l flac eqapfOyrc nOAUfeOWv anOOKOne( OTlv napOUO(aOl evoc 8efaTOc fe Tl �Or8ela nOAAwv Kal olaqOpeTlKwv fOpqwv nAlpOqOp(ac. H olflOUpy(a, l ene�epyaO(a Kal l anO8rKeUOl TWv olaqOpeTlKwv aUTwv fOpqwv nAlpOqOp(ac, nOU anOTeAOuv Ta iollKa aTolx&fa noAul&awv Tlc eqapfOyrc, y(veTal fe Tl �Or8ela TOU KaToAAlAOU, yla Ko8e nep(nTWOl, UAl KOu Kal AOylOflKOu. H fOpqr Kal l nOloTlTo TOUc na(�OUv Ka8OplOTlKo poAO OTlv TexvlKr apTlo TlTa, olAaor, OTO KaAo AelTOUpylKo Kal alO8lTlKo anOTeAeOfa TOU TeAlKOu npO�ovTOc.

Ta e(ol TWv oOflKwv OTOlxe(Wv nOAUfeOWv nOU 8a xplOlfOnOll8Ouv Oe fla eqapfOyr Ka8wc Kal l fOpqr TOUc anOqaO(�OvTal KaTo Tl qoOl Tlc avoAUOlc Kal Oxeo(aOlc Tlc eqapfOyrc, fe OKOno Tlv oOO TO oUvaTov KaAuTepl KoAU4l TWv npOolaypaqwv nOU exOUv Te8e(.

mO.Ult a

TO UAlKo Kal TO AOylOflKo nOU analTe(Tal yla Tlv npOeTOlfaO(a TOUc e�apTo Tal ano Tlv npOeAeUOl TWv nAlpOqOplwv nOU 8a xplOlfOnOll8Ouv av e(val r oxl Oe 4lqlaKr fOpqr Kal ano Tlv ene�epyaO(a nOU npenel va UnOOTOuv, wOTe va anOKTrOOUv Tlv enl8UflTr fOpqr. novTWc, ave�opTlTa ano TO 8efa nOU olanpayfaTeueTal fla eqapfOyr nO AUfeOWv, OUvr8Wc xpelo�eTal AeKTlKr avonTU�l, lxlTlKr enevoUOl Kal OnTl Kr UnOOTrpl�l.

ila Tl A&KTlK� avanTu�1 TOU 8efaTOc fnOpe( va xplOlfOnOll8e( fovO Ke(feJ&KTIKl av61TU�I vO, OUxvo ofWc xplOlfOnOle(Tal Kal aqrylOl, fe napoAAlAl OUvr8Wc efqo vlOl KelfevOU.

Ta Ke(feva ypoqOvTal Kal fOpqOnOlOuvTal fe npOypoffaTa ene�epya O(ac KelfevOU.
H aq�y1a1 olflOUpye(Tal fe 4lqlOnO(lOl qWvrc fe Tl xprOl KaToA AlAOU e�OnAlOfOu, yla napooelyfa fe Tl �Or8ela flKpOqwvOU OUvoe oefevOU fe TOv UnOAOylOTr Kal AOylOflKOu eyypaqrc rxOU.

H 1x1TlK� &n&viua1 OUv(OTaTal OTlv npOO8rKl fOUOlKrc r rxWv nOU avTlOTOlxOuv Oe oloqOpa OUf

�ovTa KaAnaOfoc aAoyOU, 8polOfa, KAn. Ol rxOl aUTO( lxOypaqOuvTal ano TO qUOlKo nepl

�oAAOv, fe Tl �Or8ela flKpOqwvOU, onWc Kal l qWvr, r napoyOvTal fe UnOAOylOTr, fe Tl �Or8ela AOylOflKOu KaToAAlAOU yl� aUTr Tl oOUAelo.

Av Unopxel OUvoeoefevO flKpoqWvO r oAAl OUOKeUr el OayWyrc rxOU, fe TO nArKTpO eyypaqrc apx(�el l lxO ypoqlOl qUOlKrc qWvrc r fOUOlKrc. MnOpOufe:

Na pU8f(OOUfe Tlv nOloTlTa TOU rxOU, ano Tlc «IoloTlTec» OTOv KaToAOyO Ene�epyaO(a.
Na ene�epyaOTOufe TOv rxO, va TOv OUvoUoOOUfe fe oAAOUc Kal va npOO8eOOUfe oloqOpa eqe.
Na TOv anO8lKeuOOUfe Oe apxe(O Kal va TOv elOayoyOUfe Oe KonOlO eyypaqO fe Tl yvWOTr evOWfoTWOl Kal olaOuvoeOl avTlKelfevOU.

HxITIKl &1eviUoI

AmO TT ouMMOYr pX:lwv rXOu oTO COREL Gallery

LuMMOYr pX:lwv rXOu mO TO CaK:MO media Twv Windows

M: TTv Av m p YwYr nOMuleowv Twv Windows

v m paY:T w ev p-X:lO rXOu r lOuowKrC

�1TIKl U10oTlpI�I

ila Tlv onTlK� unoaT�pl�1 Tlc eqapfOyrc xplOlfOnOlOuvTal qWTOypaq(ec, OK(TOa, ypaqlKo, elKovec, �(vTeO, K.o. ila Tl olflOUpy(a TOUc analTOuvTal:

E(Te KaToAAlAec OUOKeUec, n.x. OapWTrc, 4lqlaKr qWTOypaqlKr flxavr, �lvTeOKofepa, K.o.
E(Te KaToAAlAO AOylOflKo, n.x. OxeolaOTlKo npOypoffaTa, eqapfOyec ene�epyaO(ac elKovac, AOylOTlKo quAAO, fa8lfaTlKo naKeTa, K.o.

vTOl yla napooelyfa:

a) H elOayWyr flac elKovac, nOU Unopxel Oe evTUnl fOpqr, analTe( OapWTr. YnopxOUv ofWc Kal eTOlfec OUAAOyec apxe(Wv fe OxrfaTa Kal elKovec, Oe OnTlKOuc o(OKOUc r OTO llao(KTUO Kal fnOpOuv va evOWfaTW8Ouv OTlv eqapfOyr.

H K TTYOpl
mO TT fwfMwOerKT :wKOvwv K w
oKlTowv TTC ouMMOYrC COREL	H K TTYOpl	«M:T COpeC»	mO
Gallery	TT fwfMwOerKT CwTOYp CwWv
	TTC low C ouMMOYrC
				oeOvT	mO :lmOpwKr TomOe:ol

l: ouMMOYr :wKOvwv

mO.Ult a

�) H olflOUpy(a evoc ypaq�laTo� (olAaor l ypaqlKr avanapoOTaOl apl8flTlKwv Tlfwv pa�ooypaffa, ypaqlKr napoOTaOl OUvapTrOeWv, KAn.) y(veTal ano fla eqapfOyr AOylOTlKOu quAAOU r ano fa8lfaTlKo naKeTa. Ta ypaqlKa e(val OxrfaTa Ta OnO(a e(Te olflOUpyOuvTal ano TO xprOTl, fe Tl �Or8ela TWv OxeolaOTlKwv naKeTWv nOU exOUfe avaqepel, e(Te napoyOvTal ano TOv UnOAOylOTr fe Tl �Or8ela elolKOu AOylOflKOu nOU xelp(�eTal napafeTplKec e�lOwOelc, onWc e(val TO Mathematica, K.o.

y) H olflOUpy(a pfvT&o y(veTal fe �lvTeOKofepa r anOKToTal ano OUAAOyec onOU Kave(c fnOpe( va �pel Kal va xplOlfOnOlrOel eTOlfa apxe(a �(vTeO. XplOlfOnOle(Tal yla va npOOowOel «�WvTovla» Oe oloqOpa 8efaTa nOU olanpayfaTeueTal l eqapfOyr.

M: TO avOwYl :vOC pX:lOu flvT:O vOlY:w ev m paeupO Yw TTv mpOfOMr TOu. LTO KaTw lepOC TOu m p eUpOu umapXOuv :pY M:l Yw TO �:KlvTl K w TTv m UoT TTC mpOfOMrC K w opOle C mOu m p KOMOue:l TT CaoT mpOfOMrC oTT owapK:w TOu XpOvOu. LTT lwKpr OeOvT :lC vl�:T w T owapK:w mpOfOMrC.

o) H olflOUpy(a Klvoul&vwv ax&ifwv, nOU e(val OTlv npayfaTlKoTlTa npOOOfO(WOl K(vlOlc olOoloOTaTWv r TplOoloOTaTWv Oxeo(Wv, enlTUyxoveTal fe Tl �Or8ela elolKwv npOypaffoTWv fOvTeAOnO(lOlc. Ta �aOlKo OTOlxe(a Tlc elKovac e(val OUvr8Wc anAo yeWfeTplKo OxrfaTa, OTa OnO(a o(veTal qWTOpeaAlOTlKr anelKovlOl, fe elolKr Uqr enlqovelac, qWTlOfo Kal OKloOelc nOU pU8f(�OvTal ano TO xprOTl. LTl OUvexela, Ta npOypoffaTa aUTo xelp(�OvTal Tlv elKova Wc f(a OvToTlTa, Tlv npO�oAAOUv OTlv O8ovl Oe

olaqOpeTlKec 8eOelc, Oe TpOxlo nOU npOKa8Op(�eTal ano TO xprOTl Kal fe olaqOpeTlKec OnTlKec yWv(ec, o(vOvTac eTOl Tlv evTunWOl Tlc K(vlOlc. ila Ko8e 8eOl O UnOAOylOTrc npayfaTOnOle( nOAAOuc UnOAOylOfOuc yla Tlv npOOnTlKr Oxeo(aOl Tlc fOpqrc Kal Tlv anooOOl TWv OKloOeWv.

M: TTv T:XvwKr Path Animation, K eOpl�:T w ev lOvOmaTw K w TO vTwK:ll:vO (T lmaM ) mOu e KwvTe:l o: uTO. K TaMMTMO MOYwolwKO v M lfav:w v l:T Kwvro:w TO vTw-K:ll:vO oTO lOvOmaTw uTO.

XapaKTIpIoTIK6 i0fIKWv oT0Ix&iwv 10AUfeowv

MOvT:MOmOlToT Yw TT oTlwOupYl KwvOUl:vwv TpwoowaoT Twv Yp CwKWv l: TO mpO- Yp ll Truespace

Ta oOflKo OTOlxe(a nOAUfeOWv nOU fnOpe( va UnopxOUv Oe fla eqapfOyr e(val:

TO Ke(fevO
O rxOc
l elKova
TO �(vTeO
l OUv8eTlKr K(vlOl (animation). Ol fOpqec aUTec oeoOfevWv e(val oUvaTov: a) Na npOepxOvTal ano TOv npayfaTlKo KoOfO. napaoe(yfaTa anOTeAOuv Ol

qWTOypaq(ec ano 4lqlaKr qWTOypaqlKr flxavr, Ol elKovec ano OapWTr, l 4lqlOnO(lOl elKovac �(vTeO K.o.

�) Na olflOUpyOuvTal OTOv UnOAOylOTr fe TO KaToAAlAO AOylOflKo, OnoTe anOTeAOuv OUv8eTlKo feOa. napaoe(yfaTa anOTeAOuv elKovec nOU olflOUpyOuvTal ano elolKo npOypoffaTa, TO Ke(fevO nOU nAlKTpOAOye(Tal, Ta apxe(a rxOU, l OUv8eTlKr K(vlOl, K.o.

mO.Ult a

H lxlTlKr enevoUOl flac eqapfOyrc nOAUfeOWv na(�el nOAu OlfavTlKo poAO Kal Wc npOc Tl OUvOAlKr evTunWOl nOU npO�eve(, aAAo Kal AelTOUpylKo, fe Tlv anoAaUOl, Tlv KlvlTOnO(lOl TOU evolaqepOvTOc Kal Tlv �eKOupaOl nOU npOOqepel KaTo Tl olopKela napOUO(aOlc TOU 8efaTOc. O rxOc napoyeTal ano fla nlyr, feTao(oeTal KUp(Wc feOW TOU aepa Kal y(veTal avTlAlnToc fe Tlv a(O8lOl Tlc aKOrc. KaTo Tl feTooOOl TOU rxOU, olflOUpyOuvTal neplOolKo KufaTa. Ko8e Kufa exel Tl olKr TOU OUxvoTlTa nAr8Oc olaKUfovOeWv OTl fOvooa TOU xpovOUKal TO olKo TOU nAoTOc, Ta OnO(a enlpeo�OUv Tlv aKOUOTlKr evTunWOl. LTOv UnOAOylOTr exOUfe oUo e(ol rxOU. TOv 4lqlOnOllfevO rxO Kal TOv rxO MIDI.

�1qlonof1a1 �xou

H 4lqlOnO(lOl TOU rxOU y(veTal fe oelyfaTOAl4(a Kal analTe( elolKo UAlKo Kal AOylOflKo. H 4lqlOnO(lOl TOU rxOU y(veTal, ano onO4l UAlKOu, ano evav feTaTpOnea TOU avaAOylKOu OrfaTOc Oe 4lqlaKo (ADC/Analog to Digital Converter) nOU OUxvo anOTeAe( Tfr fa evoc OAOKAlpWfevOU KUKAwfaTOc OTlv KopTa rxOU. O (olOc feTaTpOneac feTaTpenel �avo TO Orfa Oe avaAOyl Ko(DAC� Digital to Analog Converter) yla va aKOUOTe( ano Ta lxe(a TOU OUOTrfaTOc. H e(OOoOc TOU avaAOylKOu OrfaTOc OTO feTaTpOnea y(ve Tal:

e(Te fe flKpoqWvO, av npoKelTal yla rxOUc ano TO nepl�oAAOv
e(Te ano avaAOylKr OUOKeUr avanapa

yWyrc rxOU, n.x. KaOeToqWvO. O feTaTpOneac Aaf�ovel oe(yfaTa ano TO elOepxofevO avaAOylKo Orfa feTpwvTac TO nAoTOc Oe TaKTo xpOvlKo olaOTrfaTa.

TO OToolO aUTo, KaAe(Tal i&lyla

AmO TO v MOYwKO orl M l

ToA1lfa Kal O apl8foc TWv oely

favOvT w o:lYl T l: Opwole

foTWv avo oeUTepoAenTO pue

vO puelO o:wYl TOMTLl C.

lO� i&lylaToA1lfa� (sampling

ow KOKKwv:C KOuKKlo:C m pw

rate). H oelyfaTOAl4(a TOU Orfa

oTavOuv TO MTCeev o:lYl

TOc OUvr8Wc y(veTal OTlc OUxvo

TO OmOlO LTCwOmOw:lT w

TlTec 8 KHz, 11.025 KHz, 22.05 KHz, 44.1 KHz. Ol Tlfec nOU npOKunTOUv anO8lKeuOvTal (aTailo KwilKonof1a1� ) Oe fOpqr oUaolKOu apl8fOu fe npOKa8OplOfevO nAr8Oc oUaolKwv 4lq(Wv. TO nAr8Oc TWv 4lq(Wv TOU apl8fOu aUTOu KaAe(Tal &upo� i&fylaTo� (sample width) Kal Ka8Op(�el TO nAr8Oc TWv oUvaTwv Tlfwv nOU fnOpe( va anO8lKeUTOuv. TO Ouvl8ec eupOc oe(yfaTOc e(val TWv 8 Kal 16 bit. ila va anO8lKeUTOuv Ol Tlfec nOU npOKunTOUv ano Tlv oelyfaTOAl4(a aUTec

OTpOyyUAOnOlOuvTal (aTailo KpavTla1� ).

Av TO eupOc oe(yfaTOc e(val 8 bit, aUTo Olfa(vel oTl fnOpe( va npOKu4OUv 256

(2⁸) olaqOpeTlKec Tlfec. Me eupOc oe(yfaTOc 16 bit fnOpOuv va neplypaqOuv 65536 (2¹⁶) olaqOpeTlKec Tlfec.

Av Ao�OUfe Uno4l oTl TO av8pwnlvO aqT( aKOuel rxOUc ano 20 Hz fexpl 20 kHz, ToTe l OUxvoTlTa oelyfaTOAl4(ac TWv 44100 Hz fe oe(yfaTa TWv 16 bit e(val lKavOnOllTlKr yla Tlv 4lqlOnO(lOl OTepeOqWvlKrc nOloTlTac r fOUOlKrc U4lArc nlOToTlTac. AUTr l npOolaypaqr TUnOnO(lOlc e(val yvWOTr Wc ISO10149 Kal xplOlfOnOle(Tal OTlv eyypaqr TWv fOUOlKwv CD. H napanovW OUxvoTlTa e(val lKavOnOllTlKr, oloTl exel anOoelx8e( oTl yla va flv npOKunTel OUOlaOTlKr napafopqWOl OrfaTOc, npenel l OUxvoTlTa oelyfaTOAl4(ac va e(val TOUAoxlOTOv olnAoOla ano Tl feylOTl OUxvoTlTa nOU Unopxel OTO Orfa.

ila Tlv anO8rKeUOl evoc AenTOu OTepeOqWvlKrc fOUOlKrc (fe TO napanovW npoTUnO) analTOuvTal 10,1 MB, nOU npOKunTel ano TOv UnOAOylOfo: (2 KavoAla x 44100 x 16 eupOc oe(yfaTOc x 60sec) � 8.

O 4lqlOnOllfevOc rxOc exel yevlKo feyoAec avoyKec anO8rKeUOlc. napofeTpOl nOU fnOpOuv va enlpeoOOUv TO feye8Oc aUTo e(val:

O pU8foc oelyfaTOAl4(ac, TO eupOc oe(yfaTOc Ka8wc Kal O TponOc anO8rKeUOlc TWv oelyfoTWv. ila Tlv anO8rKeUOl TWv oelyfoTWv, UnopxOUv ouO �aOlKec TexvlKec. LTlv npwTl anO8lKeueTal TO Ko8e oe(yfa Wc exel, evw OTl oeuTepl anO8lKeueTal l olaqOpo TOU ano KonOlO oe(yfa avaqOpoc
l eqapfOyr fe8ooWv OUfn(eOlc oeoOfevWv. nOAAec ano aUTec �aO(�OvTal OTlv anoppl4l fl OUOlWowv oeoOfevWv.

H Ofooa MPEG (Motion Picture Expert Group) TOU ISO exel olflOUpyrOel npoTUna yla OUfn(eOl rxOU Kal �(vTeO. TO npoTUnO MPEG1, oOOv aqOpo Tl OUfn(eOl rxOU enlTUyxovel lola(Tepa feyoAO Ao yO OUfn(eOlc, xWp(c lola(Tepa avTlAlnTr anwAela OTlv nlOToTlTo TOU. YnopxOUv Tpelc napaAAayec, Ol MPEG1 Audio Layer I, II Kal III, fe Tlv TeAeUTa(a va enlTUyxovel U4lAo AoyO OUfn(eOlc Kal fe nOloTlTa nOU nAlOlo�el aUTrv TWv CD. Me TO npoTUnO MPEG1 Audio Layer III e(val KWolKOnOllfeva Ta apxe(a rxOU mp3.

ila TO xelplOfo 4lqlOnOllfevOU rxOU exel avanTUx8e( AOylOflKo nOU nape xel Tl oUvaToTlTa yla eyypaqr Kal ene�epyaO(a 4lqlOnOllfevOU rxOU Ka 8wc Kal nOAAec oAAec, onWc e(val Ta oloqOpa eqe (n.x. ev(OxUOl, napafop qWOl), l fe(�l, K.o. TeTOlO AOylOflKo e(val TO Syntrillium CoolEdit, Sonic Foundry Sound Forge, K.o., onWc Kal npOypoffaTa nOU OUvOoeuOUv Tlv KopTa rxOU. ila lxOypo qlOl KaToAAlAO e(val Kal To «HxOypoqlOl» TWv Windows.

mO.Ult a

oeOvT mO TO Cool Edit �ro, mpOYp ll Yw TT oTlwOupYl K w :m:�:pY ol LTCwOmOwTlevOu rXOu

�xo� M�D�

H 4lqlOnO(lOl avaAOylKOu lxlTlKOu OrfaTOc oev e(val l fovl nlyr olflOUpy(ac apxe(Wv rxOU. Mla oAAl e�alpeTlKo OlfavTlKr oUvaToTlTa nOU exOUv Ta TeAeUTa(a xpovla Ol UnOAOylOTec e(val l olaOuvoeOr TOUc fe lAeKTpOvlKo opyava fOUOlKrc, yla Tlv an� eU8e(ac napayWyr rxOU. H oUvaToTlTa aUTr npOeKU4e ano Tl olflOUpy(a evoc npOTunOU KWolKOnO(lOlc TWv rxWv nOU avTlOTOlxOuv Oe oloqOpa fOUOlKo opyava, TO OnO(O UnOOTlp(x8lKe ano feyoAec KaTaOKeUoOTplec eTalpe(ec. npoKelTal yla TO npoTUnO M�D� (Musical �nstrument Digital �nterface), fla olaOuvoeOl avofeOa Oe UnOAOylOTr Kal fOUOlKo opyavO, nOU OUvOoeueTal ano eva npWToKOAAO enlKOlvWv(ac, �oOel TOU OnO(OU KWolKOnOlOuvTal �aOlKec AelTOUpy(ec napayWyrc rxOU TWv lAeKTpOvlKwv fOUOlKwv OpyovWv. Ol KWolKO( MIDI fnOpOuv va napax8Ouv ano eva nAlKTpOAoylO nOU fOlo�el fe aUTo TOU nlovOU Kal va anOOTaAOuv Oe evav auve&T1T� (OUv8eOol�ep) nOU na(�el Tl voTa Oe OplOfevl evTaOl Kal yla OplOfevO xpovO.

Me elolKo AOylOflKo yla fOUOlKr Ouv8eOl ypoqOvTal KWolKO( MIDI yla Tl fe(

�l rxWv Oe olaqOpeTlKo KavoAla. AUTo oleUKOAuvel OlfavTlKo Tlv ene�epyaO(a TOUc, l OnO(a y(veTal Oe Ko8e KavoAl xWplOTo. 'Tav OUvoUaOTOuv, o(vOUv Tlv evTunWOl OAoKAlplc OpxrOTpac. JOylOflKo KaToAAlAO yl� aUTrv Tlv KaTlyOp(a e(val TO Cubase Tlc Steinberg, TO Cakewalk Pro Tlc Twelve Tone, TO Music Time Deluxe K.o.

ila Tlv anO8rKeUOl 1 AenTOu OTepeOqWvlKrc fOUOlKrc Oe apxe(O MIDI analTOuvTal fovO 4 eWc 5 KB, evw Oe apxe(O WA�, analTOuvTal, onWc e(nafe, 10,1 MB. Be�ala, oev fnOpOuv oAOl Ol rxOl va napax8Ouv Oe apxe(O MIDI. ila Tlv av8pwnlvl qWvr, yla napooelyfa, O fovOc TponOc Orfepa e(val l 4lqlOnO(lOr Tlc.

TO mpOYp ll MusicTime Deluxe mpOoCep:w OM T :pY M:l OXw lOvO Yw TT Yp Cr TTC m pTwTOUp C

KOl K w l: XpWl T MMa K w Yw TO aKOuol K w TTv :YYp Cr TOu KOll TwOU. H :wo YwYr lw C vOT C lmO

p:l v Ylv:w l: TO mOvTlKw mavw oTO m:vTaYp llO o: ouYK:KpwlevT eeoT r mO TO :wKOvwKO KM fwe TOu mwavOu. AmO TTv m MeT l: TwC vOT:C :mwMeYOul: TTv �l TTC vO-T C r TO oTl:lO MMOlwoTC K w mO TO KM fwe TT ouYK:-KpwlevT vOT . AmO TTv m MeT XpOvOu :mw-MeYOul: TO XpOvO oTOv OmOlO eeMOul: v :KT:M:lT w TO KOllaTw. tOKwla�Oul:, owOpeWvOul:, f:MTwWvOul: K w oTT ouve

X:w mOeTK:UOul: TO p-X:lO o: lOpCr MIDI.

M: TO mpOYp ll Making Waves mOu :lv w mMO oTT XproT, MMa l: :m YY:Ml Tw-KeC ouv TOTTT:C, lmOp:l v mp Yl TOmOwTe:l T oUve:oT lOuowKOU KOll TwOU o: mOM-Ma K vaMw (ow COp:TwKeC Yp lleC oTTv :wKOv ). Kae: K vaMw lmOp:l v o:XT:l p-X:lO LTCw KOU rXOu (wave) r ev midi OpY vO. M: m p oT TwKO TpOmO Opl�OvT w Ow vOT:C Kae: lOuowKOU leTpOu. H oXTl TwKr m:wKOvwoT TOu KOll TwOU :lC vl�:T w oTO o:�wO mM lowO, oXTl Tl�OvT C lw «o vTeM ». MmOp:l K v:lC v m:w OTw eXOul: TTv :wKOvwKr (virtual) lOpCr :vOC mwavOu-M Tepv C.

mO.Ult a

oeOvT mO To Re�irth, ev mpOYp ll :�OlOlwoTC :m YY:Ml TwKWv TM:KTpOvwKWv Op-Yavwv Yw oUve:oT oUYXpOvTC lOuowKrC

'OO e�eA(OOeTal l TexvOAOy(a MIDI, e(val ouOKOAO va �exWp(Oel Kave(c Tlc olflOUpy(ec fe UnOAOylOTr ano Tlv eyypaqr flac npayfaTlKrc eKTeAeOlc. novTWc Orfepa fe TO npoTUnO MIDI anO8lKeueTal fovO fOUOlKr.

LTOv n(vaKa 11.1 qa(vOvTal Ol oloqOpec KaTlyOp(ec fOpqOnO(lOlc Kal Ol TunOl apxe(Wv nOU npOKunTOUv ano aUTec.

Mopqonof1a1	En&KTaa1 apx&fou	n&plypaq�
AIFF	AIF�AIFF	Audio Interchange File Format. npoTUnO nOU xplOlfOnOle(Tal ano oAec Tlc yvWOTec nAaTqopfec.
MPEG 1 Layer III	MP3	npoTUnO apxe(Wv rxOU fe OUfn(eOl MPEG1 Layer III.
WA�E	WA�	npoTUnO 4lqlonOllfevOU rxOU. AnOTeAe( TO �aOlKo npoTUnO TWv Windows.

MIDI	MID	TO npoTUnO yla fOUOlKo apxe(a MIDI.
�MI	�MI	MOpqOnO(lOl yla fOUOlKr MIDI.

nivaKac ��.� TUmOw pX:lwv LTCwOmOwTlevOu K w rXOu MIDI

�109lK&UoI lx0U

Apx&fa l1qlonol1l&vou �xou

Apx&fa �xou M�D�

Ol xapTOypaqlKec elKovec OUvl8(�eTal va anOKaAOuvTal Kal paaT&p r l1qloypaqlK&� . vvac nlO OWOToc opOc, yla Tlc anOKaAOufevec olavUOfaTlKec elKovec e(val O opOc auve&TlK&� &lKOv&� .

H TUnlKr avoAUOl elKovWv e(val:

yla Tlv O8ovl 72 ppi
yla eKTunWOl 300 dpi.

Le oAec Tlc eqapfOyec nOAUfeOWv Ol elKovec anOTeAOuv TO nAeOv anapa(Tl TO OUOTaTlKo OTOlxe(O. YnopxOUv ouO KaTlyOp(ec elKovWv:

Ol xapToypaqlK&� Kal
Ol ilavualaTlK&� elKovec.

Ol xapTOypaqlKec e(val Ol elKovec yla Tlv avanapoOTaOl TWv OnO(Wv xplOlfOnOle(Tal evac n(vaKac KOUK(oWv (bitmapKaf�oc). Ol KOUK(oec aUTec KaAOuvTal &lKovoaTolx&fa r l1qfi&� (pixels).

X pTOYp CwKr :wKOv , OmOu o: l:YeeuvoT C lvOvT w :wKOvOoTOwX:l TTC

AvaAua1 &lKOva�

vva �aOlKo xapaKTlplOTlKo flac xapTOypaqlKrc elKovac, e(val O apl8foc TWv elKOvOOTOlxe(Wv nOU efqav(�OvTal OTl fOvooa frKOUc. O apl8foc aUToc KaAe(Tal avaAua1 (image resolution) Kal feTpleTal Oe elKOvOOTOlxe(a avo (vTOa (pixel per inch ppi). AnOTeAe( napoyOvTa nOU Ka8Op(�el TO feye8Oc TOU apxe(OU flac TeTOlac elKovac.

napooelyfa:

Mla elKova, olaOToOeWv, 1 (vTOa x 1 (vTOa, (1 (vTOa � 2,54 cm) fe avoAUOl

150 ppi neplexel 22.500 (150x150) elKOvOOTOlxe(a. H (ola aAAo fe avoAUOl

xaflAoTepl Tlc npwTlc, 72 ppi, neplexel 5184 (72x72) elKOvOOTOlxe(a.

Mla elKova efqav(�eTal OTlv O8ovl, l OnO(a exel olKr Tlc avoAUOl (avaAua1 T1� oeOv1� dots per inch, dpi), feOW avTlOTO(xlOlc TWv elKOvOOTOlxe(Wv Tlc elKovac fe aUTo Tlc O8ovlc. napofOla olaolKaO(a aKOAOU8e(Tal KaTo Tlv &KTunwa1, onOU l avaAua1 &KTunwa1� (feTpleTal Oe dpi) fnOpe( va e(val olaqOpeTlKr ano aUTr Tlc O8ovlc.

mO.Ult a

Baeo� xpwlaTo� Kal xpwlaTlKa lovT&Aa

ila Ko8e elKOvOOTOlxe(O flac elKovac anO8lKeueTal l nAlpOqOp(a TOU xpWfaTlOfOu TOU Oe evav apl8fo fe npOKa8OplOfevO nAr8Oc oUaolKwv 4lq(Wv. O apl8foc aUToc KaAe(Tal paeo� xpwlaTo� (pixel depth r color depth). vTOl, �o8Oc xpwfaTOc 2 bit Olfa(vel oTl e(val oUvaTov va Unop�OUv OTlv elKova eWc ouO xpwfaTa (o(xpWfec elKovec), yla napooelyfa faupO Kal oOnpO. Bo8Oc xpwfaTOc 24 bit Olfa(vel Tl oUvaToTlTa unap�lc 16 eKaTOffUp(Wv xpWfoTWv (2²⁴) (elKovec npaylaTlKou xpwlaTo� true color).

ila Tlv avanapoOTaOl TWv xpWfoTWv Oe fla elKova, exOUv avanTUx8e( nOAAo xpwlaTlKa lovT&Aa, nOU TO Ka8eva �aO(

�eTal Oe olaqOpeTlKec napafeTpOUc. MeplKo ano Ta fOvTeAa aUTo e(val:

TO xpWfaTlKo fOvTeAO �GB, nOU xplOlfOnOle( Tp(a �aOlKo xpwfa Ta, TO KoKKlvO, TO npoOlvO Kal TO fnAe (�ed, Green, Blue �GB) Kal fe Tlv Unep8eOl TWv OnO(Wv ol flOUpyOuvTal Ta oloqOpa xpwfa Ta. TO OuOTlfa aUTo xplOlfOnOle( Tal yla Tlv efqovlOl elKovWv OTlc O8ovec TWv UnOAOylOTwv Kal Tl AeOpoOeWv.
To xpWfaTlKo fOvTeAO CM�� nOU xplOlfOnOle(Tal KUp(Wc Oe eKTUnwOelc. Le aUTec xplOlfOnOlOuvTal Tp(a xpwfaTa feAavlwv, TO KUavo, TO nOpqUpo Kal TO K(TplvO (Cyan, Magenta, �ellow CM�) aAAo Kal eva npoO8eTO xpwfa, TO faupO (blac�) yla Tlv napayWyr TWv xpWfoTWv.

.1lloupyfa Kal &n&�&pyaafa xapToypaqlKwv &lKOvwv

Ol xapTOypaqlKec elKovec fnOpOuv:

va npOKu4OUv ano oloqOpec OUOKeUec, onWc OapWTrc, 4lqlaKr qWTOypaqlKr flxavr, O8ovl UnOAOylOTr, K.o.
va olflOUpyl8Ouv fe Tl �Or8ela elolKOu AOylOflKOu.

TO AOylOflKo nOU e(val KaToAAlAO yla Tlv ene�epyaO(a xapTOypaqlKwv elKovWv fnOpe( va e(val:

• npOypoffaTa nOU enlTpenOUv Tlv ene�epyaO(a xapTOypaqlKwv elKovWv, fe AelTOUpy(ec onWc e(val l pu8flOl �aOlKwv xapaKTlplOTlKwv Tlc elKovac qWTelvoTlTa, xpWfaTlOfoc, K.o. l aAAayr feye8OUc, l neplOTpOqr, l eqapfOyr olaqopWv eqe, l anO8rKeUOl TWv elKovWv Oe oloqOpec fOpqec, K.o.

50�

100�

�690c xpWfaT0c

XpwfaTIK6 f0vTeAa

200�

300�

M:YeeuvoT lw C X pTOYp CwKrC :wKOv C

XproT TOu ClMTpOu �lur Yw TTv maM:wLT Twv M:mTOl:p:wWv oTO lrMO TTC :wKOv C, l: TO �hotoshop TTC Ado�e

HM:KTpOvwKO KOMMa� l: TT fOre:w TOu Corel �hoto�aint 8

mO.Ult a

• npOypoffaTa eAeu8eplc Oxeo(aOlc, fe Tl oUvaToTlTa olflOUpy(ac

flac veac xapTOypaqlKrc elKovac. npOOOfOlo�OUv Tlv epyaO(a evoc �WypoqOU napexOvTac epyaAe(a onWc nlveAa, aepOypoqOUc, KAn.

AvTlnpOOWneUTlKo epyaAe(a aUTrc Tlc KaTlyOp(ac e(val Ta: ZWypaqlKr TWv Windows, Adobe Photoshop, Corel PhotoPaint, Microsoft Photo Editor, JASC Paint Shop Pro K.o.

Ol elKovec OUfnleOfevec r oxl anO8lKeuOvTal Oe apxe(a. ila Ko8e TeTOlO apxe(O Unopxel Kal fla lola(Tepl eneKTaOl OTO ovOfo TOU, nOU e(val fla avayvWplOfevl OUvTOfOypaq(a Tlc neplypaqrc TOU TunOU TOU. Mla OUvr8lc, yla napooelyfa, eneKTaOl OvofaTOc apxe(OU xapTOypaqlKrc elKovac e(val l «.bmp». ila va ene�epyaOTOufe eva apxe(O elKovac 8a npenel l eqapfOyr nOU xplOlfOnOlOufe va avayvWp(�el TOv TunO TOU.

npOTU1a a109lK&UoIc

K Ta TO avOwYl r TTv mOerK:uoT :vOC pX:lOu, lmOpOUl: v v K MULOul: mOwOw TUmOw pX:lwv umOoTTpl�OvT w mO TTv :C plOYr, mO TO mM lowO «TUmOw ApX:lwv»

TO feye8Oc evoc TeTOlOU apxe(OU e�apToTal:

ila aOUfn(eOTl elKova, ano TOv apl8fo TWv elKOvOOTOlxe(Wv nOU Tlv OUv8eTOUv (Ol olaOToOelc TOU Op8OywvlOU napaAAlAoypaffOU), Tlv avoAUOl Kal TO �o8Oc xpwfaTOc nOU xplOlfOnOle(Tal.

ila OUfnleOfevl elKova, ano TO npoTUnO Kal TOv �a8fo OUfn(eOlc nOU eqapfoOTlKe. H eqapfOyr fe8ooWv OUfn(eOlc e(val OUvl8lOfevl, fla Kal Ta feye8l TWv apxe(Wv nOU olflOUpyOuvTal (yla aOUfn(eOTec elKovec) e(val feyoAa, fe anOTeAeOfa va npOKunTOUv oUOKOA(ec ToOO OTlv anO8rKeUOl oOO Kal OTlv feTooOOr TOUc.
MeplKo npoTUna anO8rKeUOlc elKovWv e(val Ta aKoAOU8a:

TO npoTUnO BMP. npoKelTal yla npoTUnO anO8rKeUOlc xapTOypaqlKwv elKovWv. AnOTeAe( TOv �aOlKo TunO anO8rKeUOlc TeTOlWv elKovWv OTa Windows.
TO JPEG, nOU xplOlfOnOle(Tal nOAu yla Tlv evOWfoTWOl elKovWv Oe lOTOOeA(oec OTOv nayKoOflO IOTo. Ol elKovec, OUvr8Wc, OUfnle�OvTal fe aqa(peOl fl OUOlWowv nAlpOqOplwv yla Tlv efqovlOr TOUc, evw O AoyOc OUfn(eOlc fnOpe( va olaqepel Ko8e qOpo fe avoAOyO anOTeAe

napoyOvTec nOU enlpeo�OUv TO feye8Oc apxe(OU xapTOypaqlKwv elKovWv e(val:

l oloOTaOl
l avoAUOl
TO �o8Oc xpwfaTOc
Ol fe8OoOl OUfn(eOlc nOU TUxov eqapfoOTlKav.

TO npoTUnO OUfn(eOlc JPEG OxeoloOTlKe ano Tlv Ofooa Joint Photographic Experts Group Kal anOTeAe( npoTUnO TOU ISO.

Ofa OTlv nlOToTlTo Tlc. Ol OUyKeKplfevec fe8OoOl enlTUyxovOUv U4lAOuc AoyOUc OUfn(eOlc.

TO npoTUnO G�F (CompuServe Graphics Interchange) nOU OUfnle�el Tlc elKovec xWp(c anwAela nAlpOqOp(ac, olflOUpywvTac OxeTlKo flKpo apxe(a. YnOOTlp(�eTal ano oAOUc TOUc TunOUc UnOAOylOTwv, ola8eTel flKpr nOlKlA(a xpWfaTlOfwv (eWc 256 xpwfaTa) Kal exel flKpo AoyO OUfn(eOlc (4:1).
TO npoTUnO ��FF (�agged�mage File Format), nOU AelTOUpye( fe r xWp(c OUfn(eOl. AnOTeAe( eva ano Ta nlO olaoeoOfeva npoTUna Kal OUxvo xplOlfOnOle(Tal yla avTaAAayr elKovWv Oe olaqOpeTlKec nAaTqopfec.

LTOv n(vaKa 11.2 OUvO4(�OvTal OplOfeva npoTUna fOpqOnO(lOlc xapTOypaqlKwv elKovWv.

XapT0�pa�IKec &IKOv&c

Mopqonof1a1	En&KTaa1 apx&fou	n&plypaq�
�itMaP	�MP	npoTUnO xapTOypaqlKwv elKovWv. AnOTeAe( �aOlKo npoTUnO TWv Windows
Compuserve GIF	GIF	npoTUnO xapTOypaqlKwv elKovWv KaToAAlAO yla ypaqlKo Oe eyypaqa OTOv nayKoOflO IOTo. YnOOTlp(�eTal ano nOAAec nAaTqopfec.
JPEG	JPG	npoTUnO fe oUvaToTlTa U4lArc OUfn(eOlc. Iola(Tepa olaoeoOfevO yla elKovec OTOv nayKoOflO IOTo.
PICT	PCT	npoTUnO fe eUpe(a xprOl OTO nepl�oAAOv Macintosh.
TIFF	TIF	�Eva ano Ta nlO olaoeoOfeva npoTUna fe r xWp(c OUfn(eOl.

nivaKac ��.� TUmOw pX:lwv X pTOYp CwKWv :wKOvwv

Ol ilavualaTlK&� (vector) elKovec, olflOUpyOuvTal fe Tl xprOl elolKOu AOyl OflKOu. Ta apxe(a TOUc anOTeAOuvTal ano yeWfeTplKo avTlKe(feva, nOU fnO pe( va e(val anAo OxrfaTa (eU8e(ec ypaffec r KafnuAec) aAAo Kal nOAunAO Ka Oxeola r OTepeo OwfaTa. vTOl fla TeTOla elKova neplexel Ta npWTOyevr yeWfeTplKo OTOlxe(a ano Ta O nO(a anOTeAOuvTal Ta avTlKe(feva aUTo, olAaor TOUc fa8lfaTlKOuc TunOUc Kal Ta fOvTeAa fe Ta OnO(a Oxeolo�OvTal. TO neplexofevo TOUc olflOUpye(Tal Ko8e qOpo ano TOv UnOAOylOTr fe TOv U nOAOylOfo TWv TunWv aUTwv yla Ka8OplOfevec Tlfec TWv feTa�AlTwv nOU ne plexOUv Kal efqav(�eTal OTl OUOKeUr e�ooOU (O8ovl, eKTUnWTrc, K.o.).

Ol elKovec aUTOu TOU TunOU exOUv Tl oUvaToTlTa va aAAo�OUv fOpqr feye 8UvOl, Of(KpUvOl, neplOTpOqr xWp(c napafOpqwOelc, Oe avT(8eOl fe Tlc

mO.Ult a

xapTOypaqlKec elKovec. Kal aUTo oloTl Oe fla TeTOla nep(nTWOl (Oxeo(aOl evoc KuKAOU) �avaOxeolo�eTal TO Ko8e avTlKe(fevO �oOel TOU fa8lfaTlKOu TOU TunOU, aAAo fe olaqOpeTlKec Tlfec TWv feTa�AlTwv.

TO feye8Oc TWv apxe(Wv TWv olavUOfaTlKwv elKovWv npOKunTel fe olaqOpeTlKo TponO ano aUTo TWv xapTOypaqlKwv elKovWv, fla Kal aUTec anO8lKeuOUv Tlc nAlpOqOp(ec yla Tl oOfr TWv avTlKelfevWv ano Ta OnO(a anOTeAOuvTal Kal oxl nAlpOqOp(ec yla elKOvOOTOlxe(a, onWc KovOUv Ol xapTOypaqlKec elKovec. E(val ave�opTlTec avoAUOlc (resolutionindependent), fla Kal npOOapfo�OvTal aUTofaTa OTO feye8Oc Kal Tlv avoAUOl TOU feOOU (output device) nOU npO�oAAOvTal r eKTUnwvOvTal.

H evvOw TOu faeOuC XpWl TOC woXU:w K w Yw TwC ow vuol TwKeC :wKOv:C.

TO (olO lOxuel Kal yla Ta xpWfaTlKo fOvTeAa.

� :mwMOYr OmOwOuormOT: oXrl TOC mOu eX:w oTlwOupYTe:l l: TO Corel Draw v o:wKvU:w T :pY M:l X:wpw

olOU l: T OmOl lmOpOUl: v TO TpOmOmOwroOul: OMOKMTpO r lepOC TOu, va mao oTwYlr, MMa�OvT C TO oXrl , TTv KMloT, TO Xpwl TwolO K.M.m

JOylOflKo olflOUpy(ac Kal ene�epyaO(ac olavUOfaTlKwv elKovWv e(val TO CorelDraw, TO Adobe Illustrator, TO Macromedia Freehand, K.o.

LTOv n(vaKa 11.3 neplAaf�ovOvTal Ol KUploTepOl TunOl apxe(Wv olavUOfaTl

�109lK&UoI

Kwv elKovWv.

Mopqonof1a1	En&KTaa1 apx&fou	n&plypaq�
AutoCad	DXF	MOpqOnO(lOl TWv OxeolaOTlKwv naKeTWv CAD�CAM, onWc TO AutoCAD.
Coreldraw	CD�	TO npoTUnO yla Ta apxe(a TOU OxeolaOTlKOu naKeTOU CorelD�aw.
Encapsulated PostScript	EPS	npoTUnO KaToAAlAO yla eKoOTlKo OUOTrfaTa.
Windows Metafile	WMF	MOpqr yla olavUOfaTlKec elKovec TWv Windows. YnOOTlp(�el Kal xapTOypaqlKec elKovec.

nlv K C 11.3: TUmOw pX:lwv ow vuol TwKWv :wKOvwv

K Ta TO avOwYl r TTv mOerK:uoT :vOC pX:lOu, lmOpOUl: v v K MULOul: mOwOw TUmOw pX:lwv umOoTTpl�OvT w mO TTv :C plOYr, mO TO mM lowO «TUmOw ApX:lwv»

TO �(vTeO e(val l KaToAAlAl npO�OAr flac olaoOxrc ano OTaTlKec elKovec, nOU AeyOvTal Kap& (frames), fe Tlc OnO(ec neplypoqeTal l K(vlOl evoc avTlKelfevOU. ila va oO8e( l evTunWOl Tlc K(vlOlc, 8a npenel l OUxvoTlTa efqovlOlc TWv Kape va e(val TOUAoxlOTOv 15 fps (frames per second).

mO.Ult a

Mla elKova oev fnOpe( va avTlKaTaOTa8e( OTOv av8pwnlvO eyKeqaAO ano fla enofevl, nplv nepoOel 1�10 TOU oeUTepOAenTOU. L' aUTo TO xapaKTlplOTlKo OTlp(�eTal l evTunWOl Tlc OUvexOuc K(vlOlc ano Tl 8eaOl flac olaoOxrc OTaTlKwv elKovWv nOU neplypoqOUv f(a K(vlOl.

n p YwYr flvT:O l: TT fOre:w K TaMMTMOu MOYwolwKOU

B(vTeO fnOpOufe va anOKTrOOUfe:

Ano OUOKeUec, onWc e(val l �lvTeOKofepa, l OUOKeUr �(vTeO, l TlAeo paOl. H feTaqOpo TOU OrfaTOc OTOv UnOAOylOTr analTe( KaToAAlAO UAlKo Kal AOylOflKo. ila napooelyfa, OTlv nep(nTWOl avaAOylKwv OU OKeUwv (avaAOylKec �lvTeOKofepec Kal OUOKeUec �(vTeO, «KAaOlKr» Tl AeopaOl), analTe(Tal feTaTpOnr TOU avaAOylKOu OrfaTOc Oe 4lqlaKo, nOU y(veTal fe elolKr KopTa OuAAl4lc �(vTeO Kal KaToAAlAO AOylOflKo. LTlv nep(nTWOl 4lqlaKwv OUOKeUwv analTe(Tal l feTaqOpo TWv 4l qlaKwv oeoOfevWv OTOv UnOAOylOTr.
Ano nlyec fe eTOlfO 4lqlaKo �(vTeO, onWc e�UnlpeTlTec Oe o(KTUa, OnTlKO( o(OKOl K.o.

O xelplOfoc �(vTeO OTOv UnOAOylOTr y(veTal fe KaToAAlAO AOylOflKo. Ol OU

X&IpIofOc /ivT&0

vr8elc oUvaToTlTec TeTOlOU AOylOflKOu e(val l ene�epyaO(a �(vTeO, onWc yla napooelyfa TO fOvTo� olaqOpeTlKwv anOOnaOfoTWv, l eqapfOyr olaqopWv eqe, l ev8eOl T(TAWv Kal l OuAAl4l anOOnaOfoTWv KlvOufevlc elKovac (video capture) ano e�WTeplKec nlyec. TeTOla npOypoffaTa e(val TO Adobe Premiere, TO Ulead MediaStudio, TO Asymetrix Digital �ideo Producer, K.o. ila Tlv avanapayWyr �(vTeO fnOpOufe va xplOlfOnOlrOOUfe TO «AvanapayWyr nOAUfeOWv» TWv Windows r TO Quick Time Movie Player Tlc Apple K.o.

�Uf1i&oI /ivT&0

oeOvT mO TO m:pwfaMMOv �uickTime Movie �layer �or Windows TTC Apple

tTlwOupYl Twv K pe :vOC flvT:O l: TO Corel �hoto�aint

TO �(vTeO e(val fla fOpqr nOU analTe( feyoAO oyKO anO8lKeUTlKOu xwpOU. ila va y(vOvTal nlO AOylKec Ol analTrOelc Oe anO8lKeUTlKo feOa Kal va e(val oUvaTr l feTooOOl TeTOlWv apxe(Wv feOa ano o(KTUa, e(val anapa(TlTl l eqapfOyr TexvlKwv OUfn(eOlc. Ol fe8OoOl OUfn(eOlc �(vTeO nOU UnopxOUv e(val nOAAec. luO nOAu yvWOTec e(val:

l MJPEG (Motion JPEG), nOU anOTeAe( eneKTaOl Tlc JPEG yla elKovec Kal
l MPEG.

Ta npoTUna nOU aKOAOU8Ouv Tlv fe8OoO MPEG e(val Ta aKoAOU8a: TO MPEG1, yla Tl OUfn(eOl �(vTeO OUyxpOvlOfevOU fe rxO, KUp(Wc yla Tlv

mO.Ult a

anO8rKeUOr TOUc Oe CD nOU olflOUpyr8lKe TO 1992. TO MPEG2 e�eAl�l TOU MPEG1, KUp(Wc yla Tlv 4lqlaKr TlAeopaOl, nOU olflOUpyr8lKe TO 1994. TO MPEG4, nOU �eK(vlOe TO 1993 yla OUfn(eOl �(vTeO, eneKTe(vel TOUc aAyo pl8fOUc MPEG1 Kal MPEG2, wOTe va TO Ka8lOTOuv KaToAAlAO yla olKTUa Kec eqapfOyec, onWc e(val l TlAeoloOKe4l Kal l �lvTeOTlAeqWv(a. TO npo TUnO MPEG3 KaAunTeTal ano Ta npoTUna MPEG1 Kal MPEG2 Kal oev xpl OlfOnOle(Tal. LTOv n(vaKa 11.4 avaqepOvTal feplKo �aOlKo npoTUna yla Tlv ene�epyaO(a Kal anO8rKeUOl �(vTeO.

Mopqonof1a1	En&KTaa1 ovOlaTo�	n&plypaq�
Audio �ideo Interleaved	A�I	llflOUpyr8lKe ano Tlv Microsoft yla �(vTeO Kal rxO.
MPEG	MPG, MPEG	MOpqr apxe(OU rxOU r �(vTeO OufqWvl fe KonOlO npoTUnO MPEG.
QuickTime	MO�	llflOUpyr8lKe ano Tlv Apple yla �(vTeO Kal rxO.

�0p�010Ilo&Ic /ivT&0

nlv K C 11.� TUmOw pX:lwv flvT:O

H auve&TlK� Kfv1a1 (computer animation) AelTOUpye( fe TponO napofOlO fe aUTov TOU �(vTeO. 'fWc l aKOAOU8(a TWv, anapa(TlTWv yla Tl olflOUpy(a Tlc K(vlOlc, Kape enlTUyxoveTal fe KaToAAlAO npoypaffa, eTOl wOTe Ka8e va ano aUTo va neplexel Ta KaToAAlAa ypaqlKo. H K(vlOl fnOpe( va anelKOv(�eTal Oe ouO r Tpelc olaOToOelc, olAaor OTO en( neoO r OTO xwpO avT(OTOlxa, OnoTe exOUfe:

Tl OUv8eTlKr K(vlOl ouO olaOToOeWv
Tl OUv8eTlKr K(vlOl Tplwv olaToOeWv (3D animation).

To m pao:wYl TOu opOle mO TO mpOYp ll Animation �hop, TOu �aint �hop �rO

JOylOflKo yla ene�epyaO(a OUv8eTlKrc K(vlOlc e(val TO �inetix 3D Studio Max, TO Caligari Truspace , K.o.

TO TpwoowaoT TO Lapw (KaTw) oTlwOupYreTK: mO oC lp:C K w lw KOu-MOUp . H Oupa oTlwOup-Y:lT w v mO TT ll oC lp C wpeoOul: TO KOwvO KOllaTw TTC l: ll o:UT:pT, COU TTv TOmOe:TroOul: oTTv K TaMMT-MT eeoT. H TplTT oC lp m p lOpCWv:T w Yw v oXTl Tlo:w TOv KOplO, :vW mOKOmT:T w mO TT lUTT KOllaTw oTO m:pl-Yp ll TTC KOuMOUp C, Yw v oXTl TwoT:l TO oTOl . o CwTwolOC K w T TpOXwa TTC KlvToTC mpOoowOpl�OvT w mO TO Xpr

oTT, l: T K TaMMTM :p-Y M:l mOu ow eeT:w TO mpOYp ll .

Mla evolaqepOUOa KaTlyOp(a eqapfOywv nOU a�lOnOlOuv Tl oUvaToTlTa ene�epyaO(ac elKovac Kal napayWyrc �(vTeO ano TOv UnOAOylOTr e(val Ta npOypoffaTa nOU npayfaTOnOlOuv feTafOpqwOelc ano fla fOpqr Oe oAAl. LTOv UnOAOylOTr o(vOvTal l apxlKr Kal l TeAlKr fOpqr. TO OuOTlfa UnOAOy(

mO.Ult a

�el Tlc evolofeOec fOpqec, wOTe oAec fa�( Ol elKovec va anOTeAeOOUv Ta Kape evoc �(vTeO fe TO OnO(O 8a npO�oAAeTal O OTaolaKoc feTaOxlfaTlOfoc ano Tlv apxlKr OTlv TeAlKr fOpqr. Me Tlv TexvlKr aUTr fnOpOufe va napayoyOUfe �(vTeO fe Tlc nlO an(8avec feTafOpqwOelc. LTlc napanovW elKovec, fnOpe(Te va napaKOAOU8rOeTe Tlv napayWyr evoc OuvTOfOU �(vTeO feTafopqWOlc, fe 8efa Tlv Texvl OTlv AvayevvlOl. LKOnoc TOU �(vTeO e(val l en(oel�l TeOOopWv fOpqwv ano epya Tlc enOxrc fe fl OTaTlKo TponO. H feTafopqWOl oev e(val anAr. nepvo ano TO OTlAnvo fopfapO TOU MlKeAovT�eAO OTO �a8uxpWfO Kaf�o TOU NTa B(vTOl.

LTO m paeupO TTC :C plOYrC MOR�� umapXOuv OM T :pY M:l K w Ow :vTOMeC Yw TTv mp Yl TOmOlToT TTC l:T lOpCwoTC mO lw lOpCr o: aMMT, pK:l v eXOul: TwC :wKOv:C mavw oTwC OmOl:C e :pY oT:l O umOMOYwoTrC. LTO lwKpO m paeupO o:�wa (�tory�oard Window) eXOuv TOmOe:TTe:l l: TT o:wpa, va �:UYT, Ow lOpCeC val:o oTwC OmOl:C e Ylv:w T l:T lOpCwoT. LT pwoT:pa fMem:T: T m paeup l: TTv p-XwKr K w TTv T:MwKr :wKOv (�tart-End Image) TOu mpWTOu �:UYOuC.

Ta ouO KeqoAla TOU MlKeAovT�eAO OTO npwTO �euyOc olaqepOUv pl�lKo oxl fovO Wc npOc Ta xapaKTlplOTlKo, aAAo Kal Wc npOc Tl OToOl Kal Wc npOc Tlv KA(Ol. Me Ta epyaAe(a Tlc eqap fOyrc UnOoelKvuOUfe OTOv UnOAOylOTr feplKo ano Ta Olfe(a OTa neplypoffaTa nOU npenel KaTo Tlv eKT(flOr fac va UnOOTOuv lola(Tepl aAAayr. Me �oOl TOUc feTaOxlfaTlOfOuc avo feOa OTa neplypoffaTa aUTo UnOAOy(�OvTal ano TO OuOTlfa Ol feTaOxlfaTlOfO( Kal oAWv TWv oAAWv Olfe(Wv Kal neplOxwv Kal Wc npOc Tl 8eOl, aAAo Kal Wc npOc Ta oAAa Olfe(a nOU OUv 8eTOUv Tlv elKova (xpwfaTa, qWTlOfoc, KAn.). LTO Tp(TO napo8UpO eAeyxOUfe fe Tl �Or8ela TOU opOfea Tl feTa�OAr TWv neplypaffoTWv. Av oev fac lKavOnOle(, feTa�oAAOUfe KonOla a no Ta Olfe(a OTlv apxlKr elKova Kal �lTofe va y(vel eK veOU feTafopqWOl, wOnOU va fac l KavOnOle( TO anOTeAeOfa. Ol feTaOxlfaTlOfO( ano Tl f(a fOpqr OTlv oAAl xWp(�OvTal Oe OToola, wOTe va napax8Ouv Ol evolofeOec elKovec nOU 8a anOTeAeOOUv Ta Kape TOU �(vTeO. Me TOv (olO TponO y(veTal l ene�epyaO(a Kal OTa oAAa ouO �euyl. TO TeAlKo anOTeAeOfa a nO8lKeueTal Oe apxe(O �(vTeO.

H l:o l :wKOv eX:w m p Xe:l mO TOv umOMOYwoTr K w mOT:M:l lw mO TwC :vowal:o:C lOpCeC. n p -TTproT: TwC v MOYl:C, T X p KTTpwoTwKa K w T XpWl T mOu eXOuv mpOKUL:w mO umOMOYwolOUC Yw TT l:Taf oT mO TT ll lOpCr oTTv aMMT.

Mla eqapfOyr nOAUfeOWv fnOpe( va e(val flKpOu feye8OUc, onWc fla napOUO(aOl, l OnO(a KaTaOKeUo�eTal euKOAa Kal ypryOpa. YnopxOUv ofWc, Kal eqapfOyec feyoAec Oe eKTaOl, onWc nOAAo nalxv(ola, Talv(ec Kal eqapfOyec TlAeKna(oeUOlc, nOU e�eA(OOOvTal Oe nOAAec qoOelc Kal yla Tl olflOUpy(a TOUc epyo�OvTal Ofooec olaqOpeTlKwv elolKOTrTWv. Mla TeTOla eqapfOyr exel nOAAec OfOloTlTec fe Tl olaolKaO(a nOU aKOAOU8e(Tal OTlc KlvlfaTOypaqlKec napayWyec. Mla eqapfOyr nOAUfeOWv apx(�el fe Tl OuAAl4l TOU 8efaTOc Kal Tlc feAeTec OKOnlfoTlTac (&laaywylK� qoOl), evw l avonTU�r Tlc aKOAOU8e( OplOfevec qoOelc (nOU fe Tl Oelpo TOUc anOTeAOuvTal ano OToola), evw aKOAOU8Ouv OUyKeKplfevec fe8OoOAOy(ec avonTU�lc (onWc OUf�a(vel Oe eqapfOyec avonTU�lc AOylOflKOu).

Tlc qoOelc avonTU�lc flac eqapfOyrc nOAUfeOWv fnOpOufe va Ta OUvO4( OOUfe OTlc aKoAOU8ec: a) <oOl avaAua1� . E(val l qoOl eKe(vl, nOU:

KaTaypoqOvTal, avaAuOvTal Ol analTrOelc nOU UnopxOUv Kal Ka8Op(�OvTal Ol OToxOl Tlc eqapfOyrc
UnOAOy(�eTal TO KoOTOc avonTU�lc
Ka8Op(�OvTal Ol npoilaypaq&� Tlc Kal olflOUpye(Tal TO nAavo &pyaafa� yla Tlv eKTeAeOl TOU epyOU.

�) <oOl ax&ifaa1� . E(val l qoOl KaTo Tlv OnO(a �aOl�ofevOl OTa anOTeAeOfaTa Tlc npOlyOufevlc qoOlc npOxWpofe Oe fla iol1l&v1 A&nTol&p� n&plypaq� Tlc eqapfOyrc. vTOl, Oxeolo�eTal OAoKAlpl l eqapfOyr ano AelTOUpylKr Kal TexvlKr onO4l. neplypoqeTal l efqovlOr Tlc, TO neplexofevO Kal O TponOc napOUO(aOrc TOU, Ko8e AelTOUpy(a Tlc, onWc Kal Ko8e oAAO enlnAeOv xapaKTlplOTlKo. AnOTeAe(Tal ano ouO Kupla OToola:

• TO OToolO Tlc A&lToupylK�� ax&ifaa1� , onOU neplypoqeTal l olenaqr xprOTl, Ol AelTOUpy(ec Kal TO neplexofevO Tlc eqapfOyrc (elKOv(ola, TponOc nAOrylOlc, xapaKTlplOTlKo neplexOfevOU, K.o.)

mO.Ult a

• TO OToolO Tlc T&xvlK�� ax&ifaa1� , onOU olflOUpye(Tal eva AenTOfepec OxeolO Tlc apxlTeKTOvlKrc Tlc. KaTo TO OToolO aUTo Aaf�ovOvTal anOqoOelc yla Tlv nAaTqopfa Kal TO AOylOflKo avonTU�lc, Tl fOpqr TWv apxe(Wv yla Ta oOflKo OTOlxe(a nOAUfeOWv, K.o.

y) LTl qoOl uAonof1a1� y(veTal fla Oelpo ano epyaO(ec onWc:

H OUyypaqr KwolKa Tlc eqapfOyrc Kal l olop8WOl TWv Aa8wv.
H OUyKevTpWOl, l olflOUpy(a Kal l ene�epyaO(a TWv oOflKwv OTOlxe(Wv nOAUfeOWv nOU 8a xplOlfOnOll8Ouv OTlv eqapfOyr. llAaor TWv KelfevWv, TWv elKovWv, TWv rxWv, TWv �(vTeO, K.o.
H olevepyela KaToAAlAWv oOKlfwv. npoKelTal yla TOv nOlOTlKo eAeyxO Tlc eqapfOyrc Kal y(veTal ano Tlv Ofooa avonTU�lc aAAo Kal ano enlAeyfevec Ofooec xplOTwv.

Ol epyaO(ec aUTec y(vOvTal Oe OToola. LTO npwTO OToolO neplAaf�oveTal l olflOUpy(a flac nlAOTlKrc eqapfO yrc fe Tl xprOl flKpOu apl8fOu avTlnpOOWneUTlKwv oeoOfevWv. H eK oOOl aUTr Tlc eqapfOyrc KaAe(Tal «&Kioa1 aAqa» (alpha edition). LTO oeuTepl OToolO neplAaf�oveTal l OAOKArpWOl Tlc eqapfOyrc Kal l OUAAOyr oAWv TWv oOflKwv OTOlxe(Wv nOAUfeOWv, olAaor TWv elKo vWv, TWv �(vTeO, K.o. TO npO�ov TOU OTao(OU aUTOu e(val l oeuTepl eK oOOl Tlc eqapfOyrc, olAaor l «&Kioa1 p�Ta» (beta edition). LTO Tp(TO OToolO y(vOvTal oOKlfec Kal olOp8wOelc npOypaffaTlOTlKwv Aa8wv Tlc eqapfOyrc Kal l TeAlKr enlfeAela oAWv TWv oeoOfevWv Tlc. vTOl npOKunTel l Tp(Tl eKoOOl Tlc eqapfOyrc, olAaor l «&Kioa1 ya lla» (gamma edition). LTO T&TapTo aTailo y(vOvTal TeAlKec oOKlfec Kal olOp8wOelc TUxov aTe Aelwv Tlc eqapfOyrc, olflOUpye(Tal l eKoOOl nOU 8a oO8e( yla xprOl, olAaor l «xpua� &Kioa1» goodde) editio)�. nOAAec qOpec TO OToolO aUTo evOWfaTwveTal OTO npOlyOufevO.

o) LTl qoOl Tlc oAoKA�pwa1�, nOU aOxOAe(Tal:

fe TponOUc npOOTaO(ac Tlc eqapfOyrc (vOflKr npOOTaO(a, npOOTaO(a ano napovOfl avTlypaqr Kal xprOl)
fe Tl olflOUpy(a npOypoffaTOc eyKaToOTaOlc aneyKaToOTaOlc (install uninstall)
fe Tl fa�lKr avanapayWyr TOU npO�ovTOc, avoAOya fe Tlv eqapfOyr, Kal TOU OUvOoeUTlKOu UAlKOu (OnTlKO( o(OKOl, eyxelp(olO eyKaToOTaOlc, OUvOoeUTlKo qUAAoola, eyyUrOelc OUOKeUaO(a K.o.).

e) <oOl A&lToupyfa� Kal auvT�p1a1� . H qoOl aUTr, Oe OUOTrfaTa AOylOflKOu, apx(�el fe Tlv evap�l Tlc AelTOUpy(ac Tlc eqapfOyrc Kal TeAelwvel oTav aUTr anOOUp8e(. KaTo TO oloOTlfa aUTo y(vOvTal AelTOUpy(ec OUvTrplOlc Tlc eqafOyrc fe OKOno: 1) va Tlv eneKTe(vOUv r va Tlv �eATlwOOUv 2) va olOp8wOOUv Ka8lfeplvo npO�ArfaTa nOU napOUOlo�OvTal KaTo Tl xprOl. i(veTal avTlAlnTo oTl oAa aUTo OxeT(�OvTal fe TO e(oOc Tlc eqapfOyrc. Ta OUvavTofe Oe eqapfOyec nOU exOUv eyKaTaOTa8e( Oe OUyKeKplfeva Olfe(a Kal �p(OKOvTal Uno OUvexr napaKOAOu8lOl Kal eAeyxO, Oe nalxv(ola fe fOpqr evlfepwOeWv nOU OUxvo «KaTe�o�OUfe» ano TO llao(KTUO, evw oev exOUv eqapfOyr Oe feplKec eqapfOyec Oe CD nOU feTo Tlv ayOpo oev Unopxel KonOla evlfepWOl TOU npO�ovTOc.

H avonTU�l flac eqapfOyrc nOAUfeOWv, Oe avT(8eOl fe Tlc OUf�aTlKec eqapfOyec, analTe( Tl OUffeTOxr nOAAwv elolKOTrTWv, TWv OnO(Wv TO nAr8Oc e�apToTal ano Tlv eKTaOl Tlc eqapfOyrc. vTOl Oe fla flKpr Kal anAr eqapfOyr, Ol oloqOpOl poAOl OUyKevTpwvOvTal OTOv (olO TO olflOUpyo, nOU npenel va ola8eTel Tlc avoAOyec yvwOelc yla Ta oloqOpa neo(a Tlc. AvT(8eTa Oe fla feyoAl eqapfOyr Ol oloqOpOl poAOl avaT(8evTal Oe nOAAo olaqOpeTlKo npoOWna avT(OTOlxWv elolKOTrTWv, nOU olaqepOUv ano eqapfOyr Oe eqapfOyr. Mla KaAr npOOeyylOl yla Tlv Ofooa avonTU�lc e(val l aKoAOU8l: a) O olaxelplOTrc TOU epyOU, nOU e(val O yevlKoc oleU8uvWv fe apfOoloTl

Tec yla oAa Ta 8efaTa, OUvTOvlOTlKo, olOlKlTlKo, OlKOvOflKo, KAn.

�) O napayWyoc Kal O �Ol8oc napayWyrc, fe apfOoloTlTec:

Tl OUvexr OpyovWOl TWv OfooWv Kal TO OUvTOvlOfo TWv epyaOlwv
Tl olaOqoAlOl Tlc enlKOlvWv(ac avofeOa OTO OevaplOypoqO Kal TOUc olflOUpyOuc TWv oOflKwv OTOlxe(Wv nOAUfeOWv
TOv eAeyxO TOU pU8fOu Tlc e�eAl�lc Kal Tlv TrplOl TWv xpOvlKwv Kal

OlKOvOflKwv oeOfeuOeWv Tlc napayWyrc. y) O OevaplOypoqOc, OxeolaOTrc�OKlvO8eTlc Kal O avaAUTrc. o) Ol olflOUpyO( oOflKwv OTOlxe(Wv nOAUfeOWv, onWc e(val:

O OUyypaqeac, yla Ta Ke(feva
O lxOArnTlc
O fOUOlKoc
O qWTOypoqOc
O ypaq(OTac
O elolKoc yla �lvTeOOKOnrOelc. e) Ol elolKO( OTlv 4lqlaKr ene�epyaO(a oOflKwv OTOlxe(Wv nOAUfeOWv.

OT) O npOypaffaTlOTrc nOAUfeOWv. �) TO npOOWnlKo UnOOTrpl�lc.

O OevaplOypoqOc Kal O OxeolaOTrc feAeTOuv TO 8efa, Tlc analTrOelc TWv xplOTwv Kal olflOUpye(Tal TO avoAOyO OevoplO. Me TOv avaAUTr enlAeyOUv TO neplexofevO, evw Oxeolo�OvTal Ol AenTOfepelec OTl fOpqr Tlc napOUO(a Olc. O LxeolaOTrc aOxOAe(Tal fe TOUc olflOUpyOuc TWv oOflKwv OTOlxe(Wv nOAUfeOWv Kal TOUc elolKOuc OTlv 4lqlaKr ene�epyaO(a TOUc. O avaAUTrc anOqaO(�el yla Tlc fOpqec oeoOfevWv nOU 8a xplOlfOnOll8Ouv OTlv eqap fOyr, OUvepyo�eTal fe TOUc elolKOuc OTl 4lqlaKr ene�epyaO(a TOUc onWc Kal fe TOv npOypaffaTlOTr.

Ol elolKO( yla Tl olflOUpy(a TWv oOflKwv OTOlxe(Wv nOAUfeOWv e(val eKe(vOl nOU olflOUpyOuv Ta Ke(feva, qWTOypaq(�OUv, lxOypaqOuv KAn. Ol elolKO( yla Tlv ene�epyaO(a TWv oOflKwv OTOlxe(Wv nOAUfeOWv ene�epyo

�OvTal TO UAlKo Tlc npOlyOufevlc Ofooac r aUTo nOU OUveAe�av ano oAAec nlyec Kal TO npOOapfo�OUv OTlc npOolaypaqec nOU exOUv Te8e(. AUTo Olfa( vel oTl e(val elolKO( OTOv xelplOfo AOylOflKOu ene�epyaO(ac KelfevOU, rxOU, elKovac, �(vTeO, KAn.

O npOypaffaTlOTrc nOAUfeOWv, e(val aUToc nOU olflOUpye( Tlv eqapfOyr OufqWva fe Tlc npOolaypaqec nOU exOUv olafOpqW8e(.

TO npOOWnlKo UnOOTrpl�lc anOTeAe(Tal ano:

TO vOflKo Ouf�OUAO
TexvlKOuc UnOAOylOTwv Kal olKTuWv
npOOWnlKo yla ypaffaTelaKr UnOOTrpl�l
npOOWnlKo yla KaTaypaqr Kal OUAAOyr OTOlxe(Wv Oe �oOelc oeoOfevWv (data entry)
npOOWnlKo yla TUxov OUvevTeu�elc fe nl8avOuc xprOTec fe OKOno Tl OUAAOyr OTOlxe(Wv nOU xplOlfOnOlOuvTal OTl Oxeo(aOl Tlc eqapfOyrc.

Enelor, onWc e(nafe, Oe fla eqapfOyr nOAUfeOWv Unopxel l avoyKl xelpl OfOu Kal OUyxpOvlOfOu TWv olaqopWv fOpqwv nAlpOqOp(ac nOU neplAaf�o vel, Ol analTrOelc Oe AOylOflKo Kal Oe UAlKo e(val feyaAuTepec Oe OxeOl fe Tlc OUf�aTlKec eqapfOyec, ToOO ano Tlv nAeUpo TOU olflOUpyOu, oOO Kal ano Tlv nAeUpo TOU xprOTl. Ol avoyKec TOU xp�aT1 KaAunTOvTal OUvr8Wc ano eva OuyxpOvO UnOAOyl OTr, O OnO(Oc ano Tlv nAeUpo TOU uAlKou ola8eTel:

• lOxUpo ene�epyaOTr, feyoAl fvrfl, KopTa rxOU, lxe(a, KaToAAlAl O8ovl fe avoAOyl KopTa ypaqlKwv, fOvooa avoyvWOlc OnTlKwv o(OKWv Kal yla KonOlec eqapfOyec KopTa olKTuOU, O8ovl aqrc, K.o.

Kal ano Tlv nAeUpo TOU AoylallKou:

• AelTOUpylKo OuOTlfa fe ypaqlKo nepl�oAAOv olenaqrc Kal KaToAAlAO AOylOflKo nOU fnOpe( va UnOOTlp(�el Tlv eKTeAeOl TWv fOpqwv nAlpOqOp(ac nOU analTOuv TeTOlec eqapfOyec n.x. TO �(vTeO.

Ano Tlv nAeUpo TOU i1lloupyou ofWc Ol analTrOelc e(val aKofa feyaAuTepec, ToOO Oe UAlKo, oOO Kal Oe AOylOflKo.

TO UAlKo npenel va e(val U4lAoTepWv npOolaypaqwv ano aUTo nOU OUvr8Wc

ola8eTel O xprOTlc, fla Kal Ol analTrOelc Oe nOloTlTa Kal lOxu e(val feyaAuTepec KaTo TO OToolO Tlc olflOUpy(ac.

vTOl, OUxvo analTOuvTal enlnAeOv fOvooa eyypaqrc OnTlKwv o(OKWv, KopTa �(vTeO, OapWTrc, flKpoqWvO, 4lqlaKr qWTOypaqlKr flxavr, �lvTeOKofepa,

K.o. En(Olc, enelor Unopxel l avoyKl anO8rKeUOlc TOU feyoAOU oyKOU OTOlxe(Wv, nOU OUOOWpeuOvTal Oe TeTOlec eqapfOyec, e(val

anapa(TlTO eva avoAOyO OuOTlfa anO8rKeUOlc. AUTo fnOpe( va e(val fOvooa eyypaqrc OnTlKwv o(OKWv, fOvooa olOKeTac, l fOvooa fa

yvlTlKrc Talv(ac xWplTlKoTlTac nOAAwv M�, K.o.

E�oAAOU yla Tl olflOUpy(a r Tlv ene�epyaO(a Ko8e oOflKOu OTOlxe(OU nOAU feOWv xplOlfOnOle(Tal TO KaToAAlAO Ko8e qOpo AOylOflKo. TeAOc, yla Tl olflOUpy(a Tlc eqapfOyrc nOAUfeOWv e(val anapa(TlTO TO AOyl OflKo nOU Opyavwvel Kal napOUOlo�el oAec Tlc napanovW OUOTaTlKec fOpqec.

mO.Ult a

O olflOUpyoc xpelo�eTal:

epyaAe(a AOylOflKOu (software tools) yla Tlv avonTU�l TWv oOflKwv OTOlxe(Wv nOAUfeOWv, aAAo Kal
AOylOflKo yla Tl Ouv8eOl TWv oOflKwv OTOlxe(Wv nOAUfeOWv Kal Tl olflOUpy(a TOU TeAlKOu npO�ovTOc.

iAwOOec npOypaffaTlOfOu yla olflOUpy(a eqapfOywv nOAUfeOWv e(val eKooOelc Tlc C, Tlc �asic, K.o.

ila Tl olflOUpy(a flac eqapfOyrc nOAUfeOWv analTe(Tal AOylOflKo fe Tl oUvaToTlTa va evOWfaTwvel, va Opyavwvel Kal va OUvTOv(�el olaqopWv fOpqwv nAlpOqOp(ec. vTOl, fnOpe( va olflOUpyl8Ouv eqapfOyec eKTeAeOlfec Oe napa8UplKo nepl�oAAOv, olKTUaKec r fl, e(Te eKTeAeOlfec OTO llao(KTUO. Ol xprOTec eKTeAOuv Tlv eqapfOyr avoAOya fe Tl fOpqr olavOfrc Tlc. vTOl yla napooelyfa, av npoKelTal yla ave�opTlTl eqapfOyr, ToTe OUvr8Wc y(veTal l avoAOyl eyKaToOTaOl fe Tl xprOl elolKOu npOypoffaTOc (setup r install), nOU avaAaf�ovel Tl feTaqOpo TWv KaToAAlAWv apxe(Wv OTO o(OKO OTl OWOTr 8eOl, onWc en(Olc Kal TUxov evlfepWOl TOU AelTOUpylKOu, OUOTrfaTOc wOTe OTl OUvexela va fnOpe( va eKTeAe(Tal OWOTo.

JOylOflKo nOU xplOlfOnOle(Tal OTl avonTU�l eqapfOyrc nOAUfeOWv e(val:

OplOfeva npoypallaTlaTlKa n&plpaAAovTa
elolKo n&plpaAAovTa auyypaq�� eqapfOywv nOAUfeOWv.

OplOfevec yAwOOec npOypaffaTlOfOu (nOAAec qOpec fa�( fe npoO8eTO AOylOflKo) napexOUv Tl oUvaToTlTa xelplOfOu TWv oOflKwv OTOlxe(Wv nOAUfeOWv TWv eqapfOywv, Ka8wc Kal Tlc OpyovWOlc Kal TOU OUvTOvlOfOu TOUc. H xprOl evoc TeTOlOU AOylOflKOu nOAAec qOpec analTe( ano TO olflOUpyo elolKec yvwOelc npOypaffaTlOfOu aAAo Kal e�elo(KeUOl OTO nepl�oAAOv.

Le aUTo ol flOUpyOu fe Tlv eqapfOyr xplOlfOnOlwvTac avTlKe(feva OTlv O8ovl yla Ke(fevO, elKovec, rxO, K.o. O KwolKac nOU eAeyxel Tl pOr eKTeAeOlc Tlc eqapfOyrc ypoqeTal

ano TOv npOypaffaTlOTr, Oe feplKec ofWc neplnTwOelc olflOUpye(Tal aUTofaTa ano TO

npOypaffaTlOTlKo nepl�oAAOv.

LTTv :wKOv C lv:T w T OeOvT, o: :mlm:oO ouY-Yp Ce , :vOC m:pwfaMMOvTOC OmTwKOU mpOYp l-l TwolOU mOu :lv w T �isual �asic TTC Microso�t

ila aKofl feyaAuTepl oleUKoAUvOl TOU olflOUpyOu OTlv avonTU�l flac eqapfOyrc nOAUfeOWv exel avanTUx8e( elolKo AOylOflKo, nOU fe TO ypaqlKo nepl�oAAOv TOU Kal Ta avT(OTOlxa elKOv(ola TWv avTlKelfevWv nOU ola8eTel, KaTeU8uvel fe OnTlKo TponO TO xelplOfo, Tlv OpyovWOl Kal Tlv napOUO(aOl Tlc eqapfOyrc. MnOpe( va olflOUpyrOel aUTofaTa TOv avT(OTOlxO KwolKa, evw neplexel nAl8wpa epyaAe(Wv yla Tlv UnO�Or8lOl TOU olflOUpyOu OTlv ene

�epyaO(a TWv oOflKwv OTOlxe(Wv nOAUfeOWv Tlc eqapfOyrc, OTl ypaqr npoO8eTOU KwolKa, OTl olop8WOl Aa8wv, K.o. Tlv anAOuOTepl fOpqr TeTOlWv nepl�aAAovTWv anOTeAOuv Ta naKeTa olflOUpy(ac napOUOloOeWv n.x. TO Microsoft PowerPoint Ta OnO(a exOUv evOWfaTWfevec OplOfevec oUvaToTlTec xelplOfOu TWv oOflKwv OTOlxe(Wv nOAUfeOWv TWv eqapfOywv.

LTTv :wKOv C lv:T w T oX:TwKr OeOvT o: m:pwfaMMOv m pOuowao:wv �ower �oint TTC Microso�t, o: :mlm:oO ouYYp Ce K w m pOuol oTC vTloTOwX

ila Tl olflOUpy(a Ouv8eTWv Kal OAOKAlpWfevWv eqapfOywv exOUv avanTUx8e( Ta &pyaA&fa auyypaq�� eqapfOywv nOAUfeOWv (multimedia authoring tools) Ta OnO(a exOUv neplOOoTepec oUvaToTlTec ano Ta npOlyOufeva. Ta epyaAe(a OUyypaqrc e(val ypaqlKo nepl�oAAOvTa, OTa OnO(a O olflOUpyoc fnOpe( va OUv8eTel Tlv eqapfOyr fe Tl �Or8ela epyaAe(Wv, nOU TOU enlTpenOUv va Op(�el TOv TponO napOUO(aOlc Kal TO OUyxpOvlOfo TWv oOflKwv OTOlxe(Wv Tlc. LTl OUvexela, TO (olO TO nepl�oAAOv avaAaf�ovel aUTofaTa va olflOUpyrOel Tlv KaToAAlAl UnOoOfr, Oe oOfec Kal Oe KwolKa, nOU avTlOTOlxe( OTO epyO nOU olflOupylOe fe OnTlKo TponO O OUyypaqeac. H xprOl aUTwv TWv epyaAe(Wv analTe( KaAr yvwOl TOU nepl�oAAOvTOc OUyypaqrc nOU npOOqepOUv aAAo Kal yvwOelc npOypaffaTlOfOu, avoAOya fe

Ep�aA&ia oU��pa�lc

TO �a8fo oUOKOA(ac Tlc eqapfOyrc nOU 8a olflOUpyl8e(. llaqepOUv feTa

�u TOUc KUp(Wc Wc npOc Tlc fe8ooOUc OpyovWOlc Kal Ouv8eOlc TWv oOflKwv OTOlxe(Wv nOAUfeOWv TWv eqapfOywv. ila Tlv KoAU4l neplOOoTepWv analTrOeWv, feplKo ano aUTo ola8eTOUv olKr TOUc yAwOOa npOypaffaTlOfOu, fe oUvaToTlTa OuvoeOrc Tlc Kal fe oAAec yAwOOec fe lOxUpoTepec oOfec Ka8wc Kal nOAAo oAAa xapaKTlplOTlKo nOU ola8eTOUv Ol yAwOOec npOypaffaTlOfOu. LTa neplOOoTepa epyaAe(a OUyypaqrc OUvavTofe nOAAo ano Ta aKoAOU8a xapaKTlplOTlKo:

• eUKOA(a eKfo8lOlc Kal lKavOnOllTlKo �a8fo anooOOlc KaTo TO OToolO

Tlc OUyypaqrc • oUvaToTlTa OnTlKOu Kal oOflfevOU npOypaffaTlOfOu • oUvaToTlTa OorylOlc Tlc eqapfOyrc ano yeyOvoTa (eventdriven), yla

OplOfevec KaTlyOp(ec eqapfOywv

unap�l epyaAe(Wv �Or8elac yla olop8WOl Aa8wv KaTo Tl OUyypaqr (debugging)
lKavOnOllTlKr TaxuTlTa KaTo Tlv eKTeAeOl
OUf�aToTlTa fe oloqOpOUc TunOUc OUOTlfoTWv Kal nepl�aAAovTWv (nAaTqopfec), onWc Windows, MacOS, NT, OS�2
avayvwplOl fOpqwv oeoOfevWv ano oAAec eqapfOyec • oUvaToTlTa OUvepyaO(ac fe oAAa nepl�oAAOvTa
unap�l epyaAe(Wv olavOfrc Kal epyaAe(Wv olflOUpy(ac OUOTrfaTOc eyKaToOTaOlc
unap�l epyaAe(Wv yla TO xelplOfo TWv oOflKwv OTOlxe(Wv nOAUfeOWv

Tlc eqapfOyrc. LTlv elKova nOU aKOAOU8e( qa(veTal l O8ovl OUyypaqrc ano TO nepl�oAAOv Toolbook Tlc Asymetrix, fe Tl OxeTlKr epyaAelO8rKl TOU Kal Tlc naAeTec fe Ta xpwfaTa. Me Ta epyaAe(a aUTo, aAAo Kal fe oAAec fe8ooOUc, olflOUpyOufe OTlv enl8UflTr 8eOl Tlc O8ovlc Ta oloqOpa avTlKe(feva yla elKova, Ke(fevO,

rxO K.o., evw OTl OUvexela Op(�OvTal Ol oloqOpec napofeTpO( TOUc nOU Ka8Op(�OUv TOv TponO efqovlOrc TOUc, Tl 8eOl TOUc Kal TO neplexofevo TOUc.

:mlm:oO ouYYp Ce K w

mO TO m:pwfaMMOv �isual �asic

aT1yopf&� &pyaA&fwv auyypaq��

H OpyavWTlKr oOfr, OTlv OnO(a evOWfaTwveTal l nAlpOqOp(a Kal xplOlfO nOle(Tal yla Tlv napOUO(aOl TWv neplexOfevWv Tlc eqapfOyrc KaAe(Tal l& Taqopa (metaphor) Kal anOTeAe( TO �aOlKo xapaKTlplOTlKo TWv epyaAe(Wv OUyypaqrc. Ta epyaAe(a OUyypaqrc, avoAOya fe Tl qlAOOOq(a nOU aKOAOU8Ouv Wc npOc Tlv OpyavWTlKr aUTr oOfr yla Tlv napOUO(aOl evoc 8efaTOc, xWp(�OvTal Oe Tpelc �aOlKec KaTlyOp(ec:

a&Afia� r KapTa�
xpovoilaipOlou
&lKovlifwv.

Me TO AOylOflKo TOU npwTOU TunOU Ta OUOTaTlKo Tlc eqapfOyrc OpyavwvO vTal Oe OeA(oec r KopTec, OTlc OnO(ec OUfneplAaf�ovOvTal Kal Ol UnOoe(�elc yla TOv TponO aAAlAen(opaOlc eqapfOyrcxprOTl, Ka8wc Kal Ol OuvoeOfOl yla TOv TponO feTo�aOlc ano f(a OeA(oa Oe oAAl. TO TeAlKo npO�ov fOlo�el fe eva lAeKTpOvlKo �l�A(O r fe OWpo ano KopTec. LTO OToolO Tlc eKTeAeOlc O xprOTlc fnOpe( va feTaqepeTal ano OeA(oa Oe OeA(oa TOU �l�A(OU, feOa ano TOUc OUvoeOfOUc, nOU OlfaTOoOTOuvTal fe Ke(fevO, fe elKova, fe nArKTpa eAeyxOU, K.o. Eow l feTaqOpo e(val l OeA(oa.

napooelyfa: ila Tlv KaAuTepl KaTavolOl TWv TexvlKwv nOU neplypoqlKav, ac napaKO AOU8rOOUfe eva flKpo napooelyfa, fe TO nOllTlKo anoOnaOfa ano TOUc «EAeu8epOUc nOAlOpKlfevOUc» TOU l. LOAWfOu:

«�Kp TOu TaCOu owwmr oTOv KalmO f owM:U:w � M:l mOuMl, m lpv:w omupl, Kw T lav TO �TM:U:w. T laTw T m:lv :l Upwo: oT laTw T lav lve:w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . »

ZlTOufe va napOUOlo�eTal OTlv O8ovl l elKova TOU llOvUO(OU LOAWfOu o( nAa ano TO nO(lfa Kal OUyxpovWc va aKOuyeTal anayyeA(a TOU anOOnoOfa TOc. ila va y(vel aUTo, npenel npOlyOUfevWc va exOUfe olflOUpyrOel TO UAlKo nOAUfeOWv, olAaor TO Ke(fevO, Tlv elKova TOU nOllTr Kal Tlv lxOypoqlOl Tlc anayyeA(ac. LTl OUvexela olaAeyOUfe eva OUyypaqlKo epyaAe(O OeA(oac, yla napooelyfa TO Toolbook. H olaolKaO(a nOU 8a aKOAOU8rOOUfe yla Tl olflOUpy(a Tlc eqapfOyrc e(val Oe yevlKec ypaffec l aKoAOU8l: a) Me Tl xplOlfOnO(lOl e(Te Tlc epyaAelO8rKlc, e(Te oAAWv enlAOywv TOU

nepl�oAAOvTOc, olflOUpyOufe OTl OeA(oa Ta avTlKe(feva OTa OnO(a 8a elOayoyOUfe Ke(fevO, elKova Kal rxO.

�) npOO8eTOUfe, av TO Kp(vOUfe anapa(TlTO, nArKTpa eAeyxOU Kal o(vOUfe Tlfec OTlc napafeTpOUc TOUc, OxeTlKo fe TOv TponO nOU 8a napOUOlo�OvTal OTl OeA(oa, Tl 8eOl TOUc Ka8wc Kal Tl OUfneplqOpo TOUc OTlc oloqOpec enlAOyec TOU xprOTl.

y) LTl OUvexela, TO nepl�oAAOv olflOUpye( aUTofaTa TOv avT(OTOlxO KwolKa TWv enlAOywv fac, evw yla lola(Tepec analTrOelc fnOpOufe va ypo4OUfe npoO8eTO KwolKa fe Tl �Or8ela epyaAe(Wv TOU nepl�oAAOvTOc

mO.Ult a

Le eva �l�A(O TO avT(OTOlxO Tlc feTaqOpoc anOTeAe( l OeA(oa, l OnO(a fnOpe( va qlAO�evrOel Tlc oloqOpec fOpqec nAlpOqOp(ac, onWc e(val l elKova, TO Ke(fevO, K.o.

Ep�aA&ia oU��pa

�lc o&Aiiac

LUyypaqlKo epyaAe(a OeA(oac e(val TO Toolbook Tlc Asymetrix yla nepl�oAAOv Windows, TO Hypercard Tlc Micromedia yla nepl�oAAOv Macintosh, K.o.

Ep�aA&ia oU��pa

�lc xp0v0iIaipOf0U

LUyypaqlKo epyaAe(a xpOvOolaopofOU e(val TO Director Tlc Macromedia, yla nepl�oAAOv PC fe Windows, aAAo Kal Macintosh, K.o.

LTa epyaAe(a Tlc oeuTeplc KaTlyOp(ac xpovoilaipOlou (time based), Ol OUvlOTwOec TOnO8eTOuvTal Oe a�ova xpOvou (time line). TO Tfrfa nOU KaTaAaf

�ovel l avT(OTOlxl OUvlOTwOa Op(�el TO noTe aUTr 8a evepyOnOll8e( Kal noTe 8a olaKOne(, evw Ol AOlnec napofeTpOl nOU evOWfaTwvOvTal Ka8Op(�OUv TOv TponO e�eAl�rc Tlc OTO oloOTlfa aUTo. H olaolKaO(a fOlo�el fe OKlvr 8eoTpOU, onOU nOAAO( l8OnOlO( �ya(vOUv OTl OKlvr Kal napafevOUv yla KonOlO xpOvlKo oloOTlfa, KovOvTac OUyKeKplfevec evepyelec. Me aUTov TOv TponO Oe Ko8e xpOvlKo oloOTlfa �p(OKeTal OTl OKlvr O OWOToc apl8foc l8OnOlwv, y(vOvTal napoAAlAa Ol enl8UflTec evepyelec Kal eTOl e�eA(OOeTal OWOTo l napoOTaOl. Eow l feTaqOpo e(val l ypaffr TOU xpovOU.

LTTv :wKOv C lv:T w lw OeOvT mO TO Director TTC Macromedia. ( lvOvT w T oOlwKa oTOwX:l mOMuleowv -:wKOv , rXOC, K:ll:vO- K w T vTloTOwX K vaMw -OmwC uTa mOK MOUvT w oTO ouYK:KpwlevO mpOiOv

napooelyfa:

ila va npayfaTOnOlrOOUfe TO npOlyOufevO napooelyfa Oe eva TeTOlO nepl�oAAOv, enlAeyOvTac n.x. TO Director, npenel:

mO.Ult a

a) Na elOayoyOUfe OTO nepl�oAAOv Ta oOflKo OTOlxe(a nOAUfeOWv. �) Na olflOUpyrOOUfe TOUc o�Ovec xpovOU (KavoAla) nOU avTlOTOlxOuv OTl xprOl aUTwv TWv oOflKwv OTOlxe(Wv nOAUfeOWv. y) Na Op(OOUfe Tlc napafeTpOUc nOU Ka8Op(�OUv TOv TponO napOUO(aOrc TOUc, n.x. nOloTlTa rxOU.

LTTv :wKOv	m p TTpOUl: TTv T uTOXpOvT :lCavwoT TOu K:wlevOu K w TTC :wKOv C. o rXOC :v:pYOmOw:lT w Yw ouYK:KpwlevO XpOvwKO owaoTTl
LTlv Tp(Tl KaTlyOp(a, Ta &pyaA&fa auyypaq�� &lKovlifwv / ilaypallaTwv po�� , e(val OpyavWfeva Oe loeaTec ypaffec pOrc. AUTec OxlfaT(�OUv eva oloypaffa pOrc (flow control), TO OnO(O KaTeU8uvel Tlv e�eAl�l oAlc Tlc napOUO(aOlc. Eow l feTaqOpo e(val TO elKOv(olO Kal l e�eAl�l Tlc eqapfOyrc e�apToTal ano Tl Oelpo TOnO8eTlOlc aUTwv TWv elKOvlo(Wv OTO oloypaffa pOrc.		Ep�aA&ia &IK0vIiiwv / iIa�paff6Twv p0lc

EpyaAe(O OUyypaqrc elKOvlo(Wv e(val TO Authorware Tlc Micromedia yla nepl�oAAOv Windows Kal Macintosh.

LTTv :wKOv C lv:T w T OeOvT mO ev TeTOwO m:pwfaMMOv, TO Authorware TTC Macromedia

ila va npayfaTOnOlrOOUfe TO npOlyOufevO napooelyfa Oe eva TeTOlO nepl�oAAOv, feTaqepOUfe ano Tlv epyaAelO8rKl Ta KaToAAlAa elKOv(ola OTl ypaffr pOrc, OUvoeOUfe TO Ka8eva ano aUTo fe Tlv avT(OTOlxl OUvlOTwOa Kal Op(�OUfe Tlc napafeTpOUc TOU. MnOpOufe va napef�oAOUfe oloqOpa elKOv(ola yla TOv eAeyxO Tlc pOrc. LTO Oxrfa qa(veTal eva TeTOlO elKOv(olO nOU exel TO poAO Tlc Ka8UOTeplOlc.

LTTv :wKOv C l-

v:T w lw OeOvT

mO TO Author-ware TTC Macro-media, mOu :lv w :pY M:lO :wKOvwolwv

AvaK&qaAafwa1

H npoO�aOl OTlc anO8lKeUfevec nAlpOqOp(ec fnOpe( va y(vel fe ypafflKo r oxl TponO. LTlv nep(nTWOl Tlc fl ypafflKrc npoO�aOlc:

Ol nAlpOqOp(ec anO8lKeuOvTal Oe KOlpou�
Ol Kof�Ol OUvoeOvTal fe auvi&alou� Kal
l feTaK(vlOl, feOW TWv OUvoeOfWv, ano evav Kof�O Oe oAAO fnOpe( va y(veTal xWp(c OUyKeKplfevl Oelpo.

Ta un&pK&fl&va e(val OpyavWfeva fe fl ypafflKo TponO Kal Ol Kof�Ol TOUc neplexOUv TfrfaTa KelfevOU. Av, eKToc ano Ke(fevO neplexOUv Kal oAAec fOpqec nAlpOqOp(ac elKova, rxO, �(vTeO K.o. ToTe exOUfe Ta un&pl&aa. Mla eqapfOyr UnepfeOWv anOTeAe(Tal, evvOlOAOylKo, ano Tp(a �aOlKo en(neoa:

TO en(neoO enlKOlvWv(ac fe TO xprOTl
TO en(neoO TWv OUvoeOfWv
TO en(neoO Tlc anO8rKeUOlc. Ol &qaploy&� noAul&awv e(val Ol eqapfOyec nOU exOUv evOWfaTWfeva Ke(feva, rxOUc, ypaqlKo, elKovec, �(vTeO Kal Ko8e fOpqrc oAAl nAlpOqOp(a nOU fnOpe( va anO8lKeUTe(, va feTaoO8e( Kal va oex8e( ene�epyaO(a fe 4lqlaKo feOa. 'Tav Oe fla TeTOla eqapfOyr O xprOTlc fnOpe( va enef�a(vel OTl pOr Tlc napOUO(aOlc Kal va enlAeyel olaqOpeTlKOuc TponOUc e�eAl�lc, Aefe oTl exOUfe aAA1A&nlipaaTlKa noAul&aa (interactive multimedia). H aulnf&a1 oeoOfevWv e(val l olaolKaO(a fe Tlv OnO(a TfrfaTa nAlpOqOplwv avTlKa8(OTavTal ano oAAa flKpoTepOU oyKOU, fe Tl xprOl npOypaffoTWv nOU neplAaf�ovOUv elolKOuc aAyopl8fOUc.

Ta iollKa aTolx&fa noAul&awv flac eqapfOyrc fnOpe( va e(val TO Ke(fevO, O rxOc, l elKova, TO �(vTeO Kal l OUv8eTlKr K(vlOl. ila Tl olflOUpy(a, Tlv 4lqlO nO(lOl Kal Tlv ene�epyaO(a TOUc analTe(Tal KaToAAlAO UAlKo Kal AOylOflKo. O rxOc olaKp(veTal Oe l1qlonol1l&vo rxO Kal Oe rxO M�D�. Ol elKovec olaKp(vOvTal Oe xapToypaqlK&� Kal Oe ilavualaTlK&� . Tlc xapTO ypaqlKec Tlc xelp(�eTal O UnOAOylOTrc Wc eva OuvOAO elKOvOOTOlxe(Wv, evw Tlc olavUOfaTlKec Wc OuvOAO yeWfeTplKwv avTlKelfevWv nOU yla TO Ka8eva exel anO8lKeuOel TO fOvTeAO olflOUpy(ac TOU. TO pfvT&o anOTeAe( Tl olaoOxlKr npO�OAr flac aKOAOU8(ac elKovWv fe KaToA AlAO pU8fo nOU feTpleTal Oe Kape avo oeUTepoAenTO (fps). H auve&TlK� Kfv1a1 enlTUyxoveTal ano npoypaffa TO OnO(O olflOUpye( Kal npO�oAAel Ta KaToAAlAa ypaqlKo, wOTe va napOUOlo�eTal l K(vlOl.

H avanTu�1 flac eqapfOyrc nOAUfeOWv e�eA(OOeTal Oe qaa&l� Kal aKOAOU 8e( OUyKeKplfevec l&eoioAoyf&�, onWc OUf�a(vel OTa epya KaTaOKeUrc AO ylOflKOu. Ol Kuplec qoOelc avonTU�lc flac eqapfOyrc nOAUfeOWv e(val l elOayWylKr Kal aUTec Tlc avoAUOlc, Tlc Oxeo(aOlc, Tlc UAOnO(lOlc, Tlc OAOKArpWOlc, Tlc AelTOUpy(ac Kal Tlc OUvTrplOlc.

H olaia avanTu�1� flac eqapfOyrc nOAUfeOWv anOTeAe(Tal ano:

mO.Ult a

TO olaxelplOTr TOU epyOU.
TOv napayWyo Kal TO �Ol8o napayWyrc.
TO OevaplOypoqO, OxeolaOTr�OKlvO8eTl Kal TOv avaAUTr.
TOUc olflOUpyOuc TWv oOflKwv OTOlxe(Wv nOAUfeOWv.
TOUc elolKOuc OTlv 4lqlaKr ene�epyaO(a oOflKwv OTOlxe(Wv nOAUfeOWv.
TOv npOypaffaTlOTr nOAUfeOWv.
TO npOOWnlKo UnOOTrpl�lc.

O &�onAlalO� nOU analTe(Tal ano Tlv nAeUpo TOU xp�aT1 KaAunTeTal OUxvo ano eva OuyxpOvO UnOAOylOTr, evw ano Tlv nAeUpo TOU i1lloupyou Ol anal TrOelc e(val neplOOoTepec ToOO Oe AOylOflKo oOO Kal Oe UAlKo.

Mla &qaploy� nOAUfeOWv fnOpe( va avanTUx8e( e(Te fe OplOfevec yAwOOec npOypaffaTlOfOu e(Te fe Ta &pyaA&fa auyypaq�� . Ta epyaAe(a OUyypaqrc olaKp(vOvTal Oe OUyypaqlKo epyaAe(a OeA(oac, xpO vOolaopofOU Kal elKOvlo(Wv � olaypoffaTOc pOrc.

EpwT�a&l�

. Tl OvOfo�OUfe Kof�O Kal Tl OuvoeOfO Oe fla fl ypafflKo olap8pWfevl uAl�

Me nOlOUc TponOUc fnOpe( va OlfaTOoOTl8e( l unap�l evoc OUvoeOfOU Oe evav Kof�O UnepfeOOU nOU npO�oAAeTal OTlv O8ovl�
Na avTlOTOlx(OeTe Ta neplexofeva Tlc npwTlc OTrAlc fe aUTo Tlc oeuTeplc.

Kof�Oc � � Olfe(O TOU Kof�OU eKK(vlOlc

� evoTlTa nOU anapT(�el Tl fl

OuvoeOfOc � ypafflKo olap8pWfevl uAl evoc 8efaTOc

� fla OxeOl nOU OUvoeel ouOoyKUpa � Kof�OUc

Ta e(ol olaOUvoeOeWv nOU fnOpOufe va xplOlfOnOlrOOUfe OTl fl ypafflKr OpyovWOl Tlc nAlpOqOp(ac e(val: a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . �) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tl e(val Ta UnepKe(feva�
nOlec e(val Ol olaqOpec UnepKelfevWv Kal UnepfeOWv� . Le eva UnepKe(fevO olaKp(vOUfe Ta e�rc xapaKTlplOTlKo: a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . �) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

�. Na avTlOTOlx(OeTe Ta neplexofeva Tlc npwTlc OTrAlc fe aUTo Tlc oeuTeplc. Le fla eqapfOyr UnepfeOWv exOUfe:

en(neoO enlKOlvWv(ac � � neplexel oAec Tlc OUvlOTwOec yla Tlv fe TO xprOTl napOUO(aOl Tlc eqapfOyrc

� neplAaf�ovel oAa Ta nAlpOqOplaKoen(neoO � epyaAe(a nOU oleUKOAuvOUv TO xprTWv OUvoeOfWv

OTl OTlv a�lOnO(lOl Tlc eqapfOyrc en(neoO � � OTO en(neoO aUTo Ka8Op(�OvTal Ol anO8rKeUOlc OxeOelc feTa�u TWv Kof�Wv

mO.Ult a

. Le fla eqapfOyr UnepfeOWv l npOOneAaOl Oe KonOla nAlpOqOp(a fnOpe( va y(vel:

fe nAOrylOl, ano ........................ Oe ........................
fe ava�rTlOl, xplOlfOnOlwvTac .........................

0. ila va e(val AelTOUpylKr fla eqapfOyr UnepfeOWv npenel va fac napexel: a) nOlKlA(a olaopOfwv �) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. Ta OUOTrfaTa nOAUfeOWv e(val lOxUpo UnOAOylOTlKo OUOTrfaTa fe elolKo e�OnAlOfo Oe UAlKo, nOAAo neplqepelaKo Kal AOylOflKo yla: a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . �) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tl OvOfo�OUfe aAAlAenlopaOTlKo nOAUfeOa�
nOu a�lOnOlOufe Ta aAAlAenlopaOTlKo nOAUfeOa�
Tl e(val l OUfn(eOl oeoOfevWv Kal nOlOc AoyOc Tlv UnayOpeuel�
Tl e(oOUc UAlKo xpela�ofaOTe yla va lxOypaqrOOUfe qUOlKr qWvr OTOv UnOAOylOTr�

�: flKpoqWvO
�: KopTa ypaqlKwv
�: fovTef
�: KopTa rxOU
�: lxe(a
�: OapWTr

6. nOla olaqOpo Unopxel avofeOa OTlv 4lqlOnO(lOl rxOU Kal OTl olflOUpy(a rxOU MIDI �

.	TO UAlKo nOU avaqepeTal OTlv npwTl OTrAl va avTlOTOlxlOTe( fe Tlc epyaO(ec OTlc OnO(ec fnOpe( va xplOlfOnOll8e(. � KlvOufeva Oxeola � olflOUpy(a ypaqlKwv � ene�epyaO(a �(vTeO � olflOUpy(a �(vTeO flKpoqWvO � KopTa �(vTeO � 4lqlaKr Kofepa � � 4lqlOnO(lOl rxOUKopTa rxOU � � OopWOl elKovacOapWTrc �
�.	Ol elKovec nOU olflOUpyOuvTal fe UnOAOylOTr olaKp(vOvTal Oe ............................ Kal olavUOfaTlKec. nOlO e(val TO KuplO nAeOveKTlfa TWv oeuTepWv�
	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.	Na OUvoeOeTe Ka8ef(a ano Tlc e�l elKovec fe Tlv KaTlyOp(a OTlv OnO(a avrKel.

� xapTOypaqlKec

� olavUOfaTlKec

20. H 4lqlOnO(lOl rxOU Kal �(vTeO y(veTal fe Tl fe8OoO Tlc .................................. MnOpe(Te va alTlOAOyrOeTe ylaT(� (eyypaqr, oelyfaTOAl4(a, avanapayWyr)

mO.Ult a

2 . TO MIDI e(val:

�: eva fOUOlKo opyavO
�: npWToKOAAO enlKOlvWv(ac fOUOlKwv OpyovWv Kal UnOAOylOTr
�: epyaAe(O yla Tl Ouv8eOl fOUOlKrc
�: olaOuvoeOl yla Tlv enlKOlvWv(a fOUOlKwv OpyovWv Kal UnOAOylOTr

Na avaqepeTe Ta OToola nOU fnOpe( va Unop�OUv KaTo Tlv avonTU�l flac eqapfOyrc nOAUfeOWv.
Na avaqepeTe feplKec eqapfOyec nOAUfeOWv nOU yvWp(�eTe ano TO nepl�oAAOv Oac, xWp(�OvToc Tlc Oe KaTlyOp(ec.
Na avaqepeTe TOv e�OnAlOfo nOU e(val anapa(TlTOc OTO xprOTl nOU eKTeAe( eqapfOyec nOAUfeOWv.
ilaT( O olflOUpyoc flac eqapfOyrc nOAUfeOWv xpelo�eTal e�OnAlOfo feyaAuTepWv oUvaTOTrTWv ano aUTov TOU xprOTl�
nOla e(val Ta nAeOveKTrfaTa Kal Ta felOveKTrfaTa Tlc xprOlc epyaAe(OU OUyypaqrc, avT( yAwOOac npOypaffaTlOfOu yla Tlv avonTU�l eqapfOyrc nOAUfeOWv�

2�. nOla e(val Ta Kupla xapaKTlplOTlKo nOU olaKp(vOUv eva epyaAe(O OUyypaqrc� 2�. Ol �aOlKec KaTlyOp(ec TWv epyaAe(Wv OUyypaqrc e(val: a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . �) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

y) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2� .. nOla e(val l feTaqOpo OTlc Tpelc �aOlKec KaTlyOp(ec TWv epyaAe(Wv OUyypaqrc�

rAwaaaplo

�yKupa		Llfe(O Oe Kof�O UnepfeOOU r UnepKelfevOU nOU oe(xvel Tlv unap�l OUvoeOfOU npOc oAAO Kof�O r Olfe(O.
AAA1A&nlipaaTlKa Aul&aa	no	EqapfOyec onOU O xprOTlc fnOpe( va enef�a(vel OTl pOr Tlc napOUO(aOlc Kal va enlAeyel olaqOpeTlKOuc TponOUc e�eAl�lc Tlc eqapfOyrc.
.lavualaTlK&� &lKOv&�		ElKovec nOU olflOUpyOuvTal fe Tl xprOl elolKOu AOylOflKOu Kal Ta apxe(a TOUc anOTeAOuvTal ano yeWfeTplKo avTlKe(feva, nOU fnOpe( va e(val anAo OxrfaTa (eU8e(ec ypaffec r KafnuAec) aAAo Kal nOAunAOKa Oxeola r OTepeo OwfaTa.
Eqaploy&� noAul&awv		EqapfOyec onOU exOUfe eAeyxofevl ano TOv UnOAOylOTr evOWfoTWOl Ko8e fOpqrc nAlpOqOp(ac, nOU fnOpe( va anO8lKeUTe(, va feTaoO8e( Kal va oex8e( ene�epyaO(a fe 4lqlaKo feOa.
Olpol		Ol aUTOTeAe(c evoTlTec nOU anapT(�OUv Tl fl ypafflKo olap8pWfevl uAl evoc 8efaTOc.
JoylallKO napoualaa&wv JoylallKO auyypaq�� naA&Ta &pyaA&fwv		JOylOflKo yla olflOUpy(a eqapfOywv napOUO(aOlc. JOylOflKo yla olflOUpy(a eqapfOywv nOAUfeOWv. LUxvo avaqepeTal Kal Oav «epyaAe(O OUyypaqrc» eqapfOywv nOAUfeOWv (multimedia authoring tool). H Ofooa elKOvlo(Wv yla euKOAO xelplOfo TWv avTlKelfevWv Oe epyaAe(a OUyypaqrc.
nAo�y1a1		H olaolKaO(a e�epeuvlOlc nAlpOqOplwv OTa UnepfeOa, fe Tl feTo�aOl Oe aUTec ano fla fl Ka8OplOfevl olaopOfr feOW OUvoeOfWv.
npOTuno M�D�		npoTUnO olaOuvoeOlc fOUOlKwv OpyovWv Kal UnOAOylOTr.
Iulnf&a1 i&iol&vwv		H olaolKaO(a KaTo Tlv OnO(a TfrfaTa nAlpOqOplwv avTlKa8(OTavTal ano oAAa flKpoTepOU oyKOU.
Iuvi&alo�		Mla OxeOl nOU OUvoeel Kof�OUc r Olfe(a TWv UnepKelfevWv r TWv UnepfeOWv.
Yn&pK&fl&va		Ta apxe(a onOU Ol nAlpOqOp(ec e(val OpyavWfevec fe fl ypafflKo TponO Kal Ol Kof�Ol anOTeAOuvTal ano TfrfaTa KelfevOU.
Yn&pl&aa		Ta apxe(a onOU Ol nAlpOqOp(ec e(val OpyavWfevec fe fl ypafflKo TponO Kal Ol Kof�Ol eKToc ano Ke(fevO neplexOUv Kal oAAec fOpqec nAlpOqOp(ac (elKova, rxO, �(vTeO K.o.).
XapToypaqlK� &lKOva		ElKova nOU yla Tlv avanapoOTaOr Tlc xplOlfOnOle(Tal evac n(vaKac KOUK(oWv fe nAlpOqOp(a xpwfaTOc yla Ka8eflo.

mO.Ult a

Evilaq&poua&� Kal xp�all&� il&ueuva&l� Tou .lailKTuou

http://www.asymetrix.com

H TOmOe:ol TTC K T oK:uaoTpw C :T wp:l C TOu Tool�ook.

http://www.midi.org/

TOmOe:ol Yw TO mpOTumO Midi.

http://www.mpeg.org/mpeg/

IoTOo:Mlo Yw TT leeOoO oulml:oTC K w T pX:l M�EG.

http://www.imtc.org/main.htm

H woTOo:Mlo TTC IMTC Yw TTM:ow oKeL:wC l: mOMuleo .

http://www.videoconference.com/glossary.htm

LTT ow:UeuvoT uTr lmOp:lT: v fp:lT: YMwooapwO l: OpOuC TTC TTM:owaoK:LTC.

http://www.w3.org/terms.html

LTTv woTOo:Mlo uTr lmOp:lT: v o:lT: OpOuC mOu XpTowlOmOwOUvT w oT um:pK:ll:v .

http://www.yahoo.com/arts/humanities/literature/criticism and theory/hypertext theory/

H woTOo:Mlo TTC TOmOe:ol C yahoo mOu v Cep:T w oTT e:wpl TOu um:pK:wlevOu.

http://www.yahoo.com/computers and internet/multimedia/

H woTOo:Mlo TTC TOmOe:ol C yahoo mOu v Cep:T w oT mOMuleo .

http://www.yahoo.com/computers and internet/multimedia/hypermedia/

H woTOo:Mlo TTC TOmOe:ol C yahoo mOu v Cep:T w oT um:pleo .

http://www.macromedia.com

H TOmOe:ol TTC K T oK:uaoTpw C :T wp:l C Twv MOYwolwKWv Director K w Authorware.

http://www.monash.edu.informatics/techme/

TOmOe:ol l: eel T :pY M:lwv ouYYp CrC.

BlpAloypaqfa

Antre Persidsky, Director 6 for Wi)dows Peachpit Press

ooTYOC Yw TO Director.

G.P. Landow, Hypertext 2.0, John Hopkins University Press

BwfMlO mOu v Cep:T w oT um:pK:ll:v .

Greg �aker, Tom �owwen, First Byte. A practicad byte to i)formatio) tech)odooy, Oxford

BwfMlO mOu oT K:CaM wa TOu Graphics & Multimedia, umapXOuv :vow CepOvT eel T oX:TwKa

l: TO K:CaM wO uTO.

Judith Jeffcoat, Mudtimedia i) Practice

BwfMlO l: v MuTwKr m:pwYp Cr Twv f owKWv :vvOwWv K w Twv :C plOYWv Twv mOMuleowv.

�ris Jansa, Mudtimedia aT1 aTlyl�, Anubis

BwfMlO l: Y:vwKa oTOwX:l Yw T mOMuleo .

Lida Tway, .ouA&lT& l& Ta noAul&aa

BwfMlO mOu mpOT:lv:w TpOmOuC :pY ol C l: T mOMuleo .

Ofooa OUyypaqrc, Macromedia Authorware 4 Authorized, Macromedia Press

ooTYOC Yw TO Authorware.

Ofooa TOU EpyaOTlp(OU nOAUfeOWv TOU TfrfaTOc nAlpOqOplKrc , Ane, Mudtimedia anO T1 e&wpfa aT1v npa�1, EKooOelc T�loAa, 1996

BwfMlO l: :KT:vr v COpa oTT e:wpl mOMuleowv, oTO oX:TwKO MOYwolwKO K w oTTv �wOmOlToT Twv mOMuleowv oTwC woTOo:Mlo:C TOu tw owKTUOu.

nav. nOA(Tlc, Yn&pK&fl&va Yn&pl&aa Kal noAul&aa, EKooOelc NeWv TexvOAOylwv

BwfMlO Yw T mOMuleo , Yw TO MOYwolwKO K w uMwKO mOu XpTowlOmOw:lT w oTTv :m:�:pY ol Twv oOlwKWv oTOwX:lwv mOMuleowv K w oTT oTlwOupYl :C plOYWv.

LTaupOc KWTOlylovvlc, navOpala Twv noAul&awv, vKoOOl 1994

f:vwKa eel T Yw T mOMuleo l: vamTu�T vTloTOwXT TTC XpOvOMOYl C eKoOorC TOu.

LTaupOc KWTOlylovvlc, nA1poqoplK� Kal noAul&aa, Conceptum

BwfMlO mOu ev Tlrl TOu COpa T mOMuleo .

LUyypaqlKr Ofooa Tlc Exodus, O laylKO� KOalo� Twv Mudtimedia, Anubis

K MUmT:w Y:vwKa eel T mOMuleowv l: v COpeC oTO :pY M:lO ouYYp CrC Tool�ook.

A�pavTlvrc, AvaOTaOonOUAOc, MneAeOlwTlc, navaylWTonOUAOc, LyOupOc, LWTrpxOc, Eqaploy&� noAul&awv gEEE 2o� KuKAo��, YnEne, vKoOOl 2000

BwfMlO Yw T TEE l: UMT Yw T mOMuleo K w TwC Cao:wC vamTu�TC EC plOYWv nOMuleowv.

EniKOiNfNiEI - .iKTYA - .iA.iKTYO & iITOIEJi.EI

12.1 H &�&AI�' TwV l&awV &mIKoIVwVfo� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .357

12.2 HA&KTpoVIK� &mIKoIVwVfo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .358

12.2.1 LrfOTO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359

12.2.2 TpOnol feTOooole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .360

12.2.3 KOTeuSUvol feTOooole TWv olfOTWv . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361

12.2.4 MeTOoool llqlOKwv olfOTWv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361

12.2.5 npWTOKoAAO KOl AoYloflKO enlKolvWvlwv . . . . . . . . . . . . 362

12.3 .fKTUo UmoAoyIaTIK�V aUaT'loTwV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362

12.3.1 ApXlTeKTovlKr olKTuoU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363

12.3.2 MovTeAo OvOqopOe OSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .364

12.3.3 lepOpX(O TWv KOf�Wv olKTuoU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366

12.3.4 Luvoeol UnoAoYloTwv KOl neplqepelOKwv oe o(KTUo . . . 368

12.3.5 TonoAoY(ee olKTuWv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369

12.3.6 VAlKO ouvoeole TonlKou olKTuoU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .370

12.3.7 Ethernet, IEEE-802.3 KOl TCP/IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371

12.4 T'A&mIKoIVwVIoK&� KoI iIKTUoK&� &qoploy&� . . . . . . . . . . . . . .372

12.4.1 TlAeqWv(O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .372

12.4.2 TlAeofoloTUn(O (<O�) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376

12.4.3 TlAeKelfevoYpOq(O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376

12.4.4 KOTOveflfevl ene�epYOo(O oeoofevWv . . . . . . . . . . . . .377

12.4.5 On Line Unlpeo(ee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377

12.4.6 LUoTrfOTO IOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377

12.4.7 EDI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377

12.4.8 HAeKTpovlKO TOXUopofe(o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377

12.4.9 MeTOqopO OpXe(Wv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377

12.4.10 HAeKTpovlKOe n(vOKOe OvOKolvwoeWv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378

12.4.11 TlAeolOoKell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378

12.4.12 LUoTrfOTO evTonlofou Seole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378

12.5 .IoifKTUo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379

12.5.1 ievlKO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379

12.5.2 OvOfOTO, oleUSuvoele, ouvoeol fe To blOo(KTUo . . . . . . 381

12.5.3 blo(Klol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382

12.5.4 Ol Unlpeo(ee ToU blOolKTuoU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .383

12.5.5 To feAAov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .396

12.6 iaToa&Afi&� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .396

12.6.1 BOolKO XOpOKTlploTlKO Tle HTML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .397

12.6.2 KOTOoKeUr loTooeA(oWv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .399

AVoK&qoAofwa' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .401 EpwT�a&I� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403 rAwaaopIo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405 EViIoq&poUa&� KoI xp�aIl&� iI&Ueua&I� ToU .IoiIKTuoU . . . . . 407 BIPAIoypoqfo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .409

EnIKOIVwV{ec - l{KTua - lIao{KTuO & lOTOOe.{oec

OvOYKl enlKolvWv(Oe ToU OvSpwnoU fe ToUe oUvOvSpwnoUe ToU OpXloe vO eKolAwveTOl OnO ToUe npo'oToplKoue XpOvoUe. E�eTOOovTOe loToplKO Tlv e�eAl�l TWv TpOnWv enlKolvWv(Oe olOnloTwvoUfe KOl Tlv noAlTloflKr e�eAl�l ToU OvSpwnoU, Oqou ol nenOvOoTOoele» oTlv e�eAl�l TWv feoWv enlKolvWv(Oe OnoTeAeoOv oTOSfoue oTlv nope(O ToU noAlTlofou. Me KplTrplo, AolnOv, Tov TpOno enlKolvWv(Oe ToU OvSpwnoU fnopoufe vO olOKp(voUfe oTlv OvSpwnlvl loTop(O Tlv OKoUoTlKr (r npo-OAqO

�lTlKr), Tlv onTlKr KOl Tlv lAeKTpovlKr enoXr.

ApXlKO, l qWvr ToU OvSpwnoU rTOv To fovOolKO feoov enlKolvWv(Oe, evw l feTOqopO TWv nAlpoqoplwv oe OnOoTOol YlvOTOv fe OYYeAloqOpoUe KOl oTl oUveXelO fe onTlKO r fe OKoUoTlKO orfOTO.

H feTO�(�Ool flvUfOTWv fe qWTlee, ol AeYOfevee qpUKTWp(ee, e(Xe oUoTlfOTonollSe( oTlv OpXOlOTlTO YlO oTpOTlWTlKoue KUp(We oKonoue. nAlpoqop(ee en(ole feTOo(oovTOv fe Tl feTO�oAr Tle nooOTlTOe KOnvou noU npoe-KUnTe OnO flO qWTlO. 'Tol efqOv(oTlKe l OvOYKl OvOnTU�le evOe KwolKO, noU npenel vO YvWp(Oel TOoo o nofnOe Ooo KOl o oeKTle. TO orfOTO KOnvou SeWpouvTOl o npOYovoe TWv olfeplvwv llqlOKwv oUoTlfOTWv noU Xplolfonolouv KwolKee nOAfwv. O nOvOpXOloe OUTOe TpOnoe feTOooole nAlpoqoplwv KOSwe KOl l feTO�(�Ool nAlpoqoplwv fe TUfnOvoKpoUo(ee (TOf TOf) e�OKoAoUSouv KOl orfepO OKOfl vO XplolfonolouvTOl OnO oplofevee qUAee.

MeTOYeveoTepO eXoUfe Tl Xprol qOpWv, evw fe Tl olOoool Tle YpOqre Op-Xloe l OvTOAAOYr YpOnTwv flvUfOTWv KOl OvOnTuXSlKe eTol l TOXUopoflKr enlKolvWv(O. AnoTeAeoe To feoo enlKolvWv(Oe YlO feYOAee OnooTOoele feXpl TO feoO ToU 19oU OlwvO KOl e�OKoAoUSe( vO fOe e�UnlpeTe( OKOfl, nOpOA-AlAO fe TO OAAO feoO enlKolvWv(Oe.

H feAeTl TWv qOlvofevWv ToU lAeKTplofou oorYloe oTlv epeUvO veWv TpOnWv enlKolvWv(Oe. 'Tol fe Tlv O�lono(lol TWv vOfWv Tle lAeKTpofOYvlTlKre enOYWYre ToU Faraday, o Samuel Morse enlvoe( KOl e�eA(ooel Tov TlAeYpOqo oTo TeAoe Tle oeKOeT(Oe ToU 1830. H nAlpoqop(O feTOo(oeTOl KWolKonollfevl fe To oUvoUOofO ouo oTolXe(Wv, evOe nOAfou peufOToe feYOAle olOp-KelOe -nOuAO- KOl evOe OAAoU flKpre olOpKelOe -TeAe(O. O TlAeYpOqoe, AolnOv, OnoTeAe( oUolOoTlKO evO nllqlOKO feoo». H Arll Tle nAlpoqop(Oe fnope( vO Y(vel e(Te fe Tl Xprol YpOqlKwv olfOTWv -TeAe(ee KOl nOuAee- e(Te fe OKoUoTlKO orfOTO -KTunoUe. LTle OpXee ToU 20ou OlwvO TeAelonole(TOl l OoupfOTl TlAeYpOq(O noU OpXloe vO eneKTe(veTOl OAo KOl neplooOTepo, evw TO TlAeTUnO, opYOvWfevO oe o(KTUO, fnope( vO SeWplSouv npOopofol TWv olKTuWv UnoAoYloTwv. TO TlAeYpOqlKO OfWe flvufOTO e(vOl OvUnOYpOqO. npOKTlKO e(vOl OouvOTl l OvTOAAOYr OnOleWv. AnO TO npwTO �rfOTO Tle TlAeYpOq(Oe evTe(veTOl l epeUvO YlO KOnolo TpOno oUvoflA(Oe oUo npoownWv, noU �p(oKovTOl oe OnOoTOol. H loTop(O Tle TlAeqWv(Oe fnope( vO SeWplSe( OTl OpX(Oel KOTO Tlv oeKOeT(O ToU 1870 evw OnO TOTe �p(oKeTOl oe oUveXr e�eAl�l.

O OvSpWnoe oTlv npoonOSelO ToU vO feTOowoel OAo KOl feYOAuTepo OYKo

OTmIKa aKoUOmIKa flvufama

H nooOTlTO nAlpoqoplwv noU feTOqepeTOl OnO To ouoTlfO KOnvou e(vOl fl-Kpr, l OnOoTOol neploplofevl KOl ol nlSOvOTlTee oqOAfOToe noAu feYO-Aee.

rpaTma flvufama maXUCpofIKI eTIKoIvWvia

TlAeypacoc

TlAeTIKoIvWviec

LrfepO, fe Tov Opo TlAenlKolvWv(O, evvooufe Tl feTO�(-

�Ool nAlpoqoplwv fe oUoTrfOTO feTOooole lAeKTplKwv r lAeKTpofOYvlTlKwv olfOTWv.

nAlpoqoplwv, oe OAo KOl feYOAuTepee OnooTOoele, Xplolfonole( evOeplee r UnOYelee YpOffee KOAWo(Wv olOqOpWv fopqwv OAAO KOl Tlv OTfOoqOlpO. MeoO OnO OUTrv olOo(oovTOl TO lAeKTpofOYvlTlKO KufOTO, noU feTOqepoUv Tlv nAlpoqop(O oe feYOAee OnooTOoele, evw l oUXvO OnOpO(TlTl onTlKr enOqr nofnou-oeKTl oolYe( oTlv KOTOoKeUr TOoo UnepYelWv oTOSfwv OvOfeTOooole, Ooo KOl TlAenlKolvWvlOKwv oopUqOpWv. 'Tol olfloUpYe(TOl oTOolOKO evO nOYKOoflo TlAenlKolvWvlOKO o(KTUo. KUp(OpXee fopqee oTO orfO-TO noU olOKlvouvTOl OnO KOl npoe OUToue ToUe oTOSfoue OvOfeTOooole oe TpoXlO, nOpOfevoUv TO orfOTO rXoU KOl elKOvOe. H e�eAl�l, KOTO Tlv nep(ooo ToU B� nOYKOofloU noAefoU, feSOoWv Ov(XveUole olfOTWv KOl UnoAoYlofou ef�eAelOe, olAOor TWv pOvTOp, oorYloe oTl Xprol TWv flKpoKUfOTWv. AUTO eXoUv Tl oUvOTOTlTO vO feTOqepoUv KOTO noAu neplooOTepee nAlpoqop(ee OnO TO pOoloKufOTO KOl olYO olYO XplolfonolouvTOl TOoo oe UnepOoTlKee oUvolOAe�ele, Ooo KOl oe TlAeonTlKee oUvoeoele. H KOTOoKeUr ToU npwToU Laser To 1960 KOl l KOTOoKeUr TWv onTlKwv lvwv To 1980, eoWoOv veO wSlol oTl feTOoool nAlpoqoplwv.

AnO TO feoO Tle oeKOeT(Oe ToU �80 ol elolKo( TWv TlAenlKolvWvlwv, opOfOT(-OovTOl evO evlO(o o(KTUo nAlpoqoplwv noU SO oUveoee TeAlKO OAee Tle enlXelproele, ToUe opYOvlofoue KOl TO volKoKUplO ToU ouYXpovoU KOofoU. 'vO Te-Tolo o(KTUo SO nOpe(Xe eUpu qOofO Unlpeolwv, fe KUplOTepl Tlv OvTOAAOYr nAlpoqoplwv feTO�u UnoAoYloTlKwv oUoTlfOTWv, pOoloqWvlKwv oTOSfwv, TlAeonTlKwv KOvOAlwv KOl YevlKO feTO�u TWv XploTwv ToU olKTuoU. KOTl Te-Tolo rol eXel OpX(oel KOl l Yev(KeUor ToU SO OnoTeAeoel Tlv oAoKArpWol TWv enlKolvWvlwv.

LTo KOTwqAl ToU 21oU OlwvO, o OvSpWnoe oleKnepOlwvel evO feYOAo fepoe OnO Tle OvOYKee Tle KOSlfeplvre ToU OWre feoW Tle 'A&KTpoVIK�� &mIKoIVw-Vfo� . Me OUTOv Tov TpOno evlfepwveTOl OnO To pOolOqWvo Tlv TlAeOpOol, oUvOAAOooeTOl oTlv TpOneOO, OnooTeAAel KOl AOf�Ovel qO�, enlKolvWve( fe OA-AoUe OvSpwnoUe feoW Tle TlAeqWv(Oe KOl OnoAOf�Ovel nolK(Aee Unlpeo(ee, feoO OnO Tlv OvTOAAOYr oeoofevWv feTO�u UnoAoYloTlKwv oUoTlfOTWv.

H lAeKTpovlKr enlKolvWv(O enlTUYXOveTOl fe Tl �orSelO elolKwv oUoKeUwv (OnWe To TlAeqWvo, l oUoKeUr qO�, o UnoAoYloTre, K.O.) feoW TWv ono(Wv Y(veTOl OvTOAAOYr olfOTWv. ilO Tl feTOoool OUTwv TWv olfOTWv Xplolfonole(-TOl KOnolo feoo feTOooole.

EnIKOIVwV{ec - l{KTua - lIao{KTuO & lOTOOe.{oec

TO orfOTO (signals) noU OvTOAAOooovTOl OnO Tle oUoKeUee enlKolvWv(Oe olO-Kp(vovTOl, OvOAoYO fe Tl fopqr ToUe, oe OvOAoYlKO KOl llqlOKO.

TO oVoAoyIKo a�loTo (analog signals) efqOv(OoUv oUveXr feTO�oAr evOe fe-YeSoUe oTo XpOvo, n.X. Tle lAeKTplKre TOole. To OvT(oTolXo qUolKO feYeSoe oTO l'qIoKo a�loTo (digital signals) efqOv(OeTOl vO nO(pvel ouo olOKplTee Tlfee (n.X. 5 Volt KOl 0 Volt), noU OvTloTolX(OovTOl oTle Tlfee 1 KOl 0. To e(ooe ToU orfOToe noU SO XplolfonollSe( KOSe qopO, e�OpTOTOl OnO Tl oUoKeUr, Tlv Unlpeo(O KOl To feoo feTOooole. 'Tol, noAAee qopee npoKunTel l OvOYKl feTOTponre ToU OvOAoYlKou orfOToe oe llqlOKO KOl OvTloTpOqWe. AUTO oUf�O(vel, YlO nOpOoelYfO, KOTO Tlv enlKolvWv(O ouo UnoAo-YloTwv feoW ToU nKolvou» TlAeqWvlKou olKTuoU. TO orfOTO noU feTOo(oovTOl Ofq(opofO feTO�u oUvopoflTr KOl TlAeqWvlKou KevTpoU e(vOl OvOAoYlKO, evw TO orfOTO noU Xelp(OeTOl o UnoAoYloTre ToU oUvopoflTr e(vOl llqlOKO, onOTe UnOpXel l OvOYKl Tle nOpOnOvW feTOTponre.

H olOolKOo(O feTOTponre OnO Tl flO KOTOoTOol oTlv OAAl ovofOOeTOl olOfOpqWol (modulation) KOl OnoolOfOpqWol (demodulation) OvT(oTolXO, evw -OnWe rol OvOqepSlKe oTo KeqOAOlo 3- l oUoKeUr fe Tlv ono(O enlTUYXOveTOl OUTr l feTOTponr ovofOOeTOl fOvTef (modem, modulator -demodulator).

To fOvTef oToUe fl-KpoOnoAoYloTee oUvrSWe e(vOl :

eoWTeplKO, oe fopqr KOpTOe noU TonoSeTe(TOl oe Seol ene-KTOole Tle flTpl-Kre KOpTOe (motherroard)
e�WTeplKr oUoKeUr
KOpTO TunoU PCMCI, YlO qopl-Toue UnoAoYloTee.

OolYe(TOl OnO KO-TOAAlAo AoYloflKO. LXeoOv OAO TO fOvTef npooqepoUv Unlpeo(ee olOpSWole AOSwv, OnWe KOl Tl oUvOTOTlTO Arlle KOl OnooTo-

Are qO�.

LTO aX/Ja ca{VFTal 1 oloTa�1 TWV aUaKFUwV Kaewr Kal 1 JFTaTpOm/ a1JoTWV KaTo T1 JFTooOa/ TOUr Jtaa amO TO KOlVO T1AFcWVlKO o{KTUO

H lAeKTpovlKr enlKolvWv(O, OnWe npoOvOqepSlKe, enlTUYXOveTOl fe Tlv OvTOAAOYr olfOTWv KOl fnope( vO Y(veTOl fe evoupfOTo r OoupfOTo TpOno.

EvOupfama H &VauploT' feTOoool enlTUYXOveTOl feoO OnO qUolKee YpOffee, olAOor

^fiOaOnO KOAwolO. AUTO fnope( vO e(vOl olOqOpWv KOTlYoplwv, OnWe OeuYl oUveoTpOffevWv KOAWo(Wv, ofoO�ovlKO KOAwolO r onTlKee (vee.

TO �&uy' aUV&aTpoll&VwV KoAwifwV (twisted pair

wires) OnoTeAouvTOl OnO oeofl OeUYwv KOAWo(Wv oUveoTpOffevWv, feoO oe evlO(o nep(�AlfO OnO fovW-TlKO UAlKO. TeTolO e(vOl TO KolvO TlAeqWvlKO KOAwolO. 'XoUv flKpO KOoToe, evw enlTUYXOvovTOl lKOvonollTl-Kee TOXuTlTee feTOooole oeoofevWv.

TO oloo�oVIKo KoA�iIo (coaxial carles), OnoTeAouvTOl OnO evO ofoO�ovlKO ouoTlfO ouo KOTOAAlAO fo

vWfevWv feTO�u ToUe l&ToAAIK�V OYWYwv. 'XoUv AoYlKO KOoToe (UllAOTepo Tle npolYoufevle KOTlYop(Oe) KOl XplolfonolouvTOl YlO feTOoool nAlpoqop(Oe oUvrSWe oe flKpee OnooTOoele.

TO KOAwolO omTIK�V IV�V (firer optic carles) OnoTe-AouvTOl OnO oeofl onTlKwv lvwv KOl e(vOl o nAeov O�lOnloToe Tunoe OYWYou evoupfOTWv enlKolvWvlwv YlO llqlOKO orfOTO. TO oeoofevO feTOTpenovTOl oe nOAfoue qWTOe KOl feTOo(oovTOl feoW TWv onTlKwv lvwv fe UllAO pUSfO feTOooole KOl KOAO en(neoo OoqOAelOe. Ol onTlKee (vee e(vOl noAu flKpre olOTo

fre KOl �OpoUe KOl OnoTeAouvTOl oUvrSWe OnO KOSOpO YUOA(. 'XoUv feYO-AuTepo KOoToe OnO TO KolvO KOAwolO OAAO KOl oUvOTOTlTO feTOooole ToU orfOToe oe feYOAee OnooTOoele fe KOAuTepl nolOTlTO feTOooole.

H feTOoool olfOTWv Y(veTOl KOl fe oauploTo TpOno feoW lAeKTpofOYvlTl

Oupfama fiOa

Kwv KUfOTWv, ol� enlYe(Wv oTOSfwv r oopUqOpWv.

Ol &mfy&IoI aToelof (microwa�e transmission towers) �p(oKovTOl oUvrSWe oe llAO olfe(O, KT(plO r �oUvO KOl XplolfonolouvTOl TOoo YlO Tlv eKnofnr KOl Tl Ar

ll ToU orfOToe, Ooo KOl YlO Tlv OvOfeTOooor ToU evw o pO-

Aoe TWv TlAenlKolvWvlOKwv oopUqOpWv (satelites) neplop(Oe-TOl oTlv OvOfeTOoool ToU orfOToe oe OAAo oopUqOpo r en(Yelo oTOSfO.

EnIKOIVwV{ec - l{KTua - lIao{KTuO & lOTOOe.{oec

KOTO Tlv enlKolvWv(O ouo oUoKeUwv, l KOTeuSUvol pore TWv olfOTWv fnope( vO e(vOl fovOopofl, eK neplTponre Ofq(opofl KOl nArpWe Ofq(opofl.

LTl loVoipol' (simplex) feTOoool eXoUfe flO fOvo KOTeuSUvol pore TWv olfOTWv, OnWe oUf�O(vel oTlv nKolvr» TlAeOpOol KOl oTo pOolOqWvo, OnoU TO orfOTO feTOo(oovTOl fOvo OnO Tov nofnO KOl AOf�OvovTOl OnO To oeKTl.

LTlv &K m&pITpom�� olqfipol' (half - duplex) UnOpXel l oUvOTOTlTO pore olfOTWv KOl npoe Tle ouo KOTeUSuvoele OAAO OXl TOUTOXpovO, OnWe oTl oUvoflA(O ouo OoUpfOTWv (n.X. TO CB), OnoU o KOSe oUvoflAlTre oe oeoofevl XpovlKr oTlYfr eXel Tl oUvOTOTlTO e(Te fOvo eKnofnre, e(Te fOvo Arlle orfOToe.

LTlv olqfipol' (full- duplex) oUvUnOpXoUv KOl ol ouo KOTeUSuvoele, OnWe oTo TlAeqWvo, OnoU fnopouv vO flAouv KOl ol ouo oUvoflAlTee oUYXpOvWe.

H feTOoool Tle nAlpoqop(Oe fe llqlOKO orfOTO fnope( vO Y(veTOl r fe Tl olOooXlKr OnooToAr rit e(Te fe Tlv TOUTOXpovl feTOoool evOe OplSfou rit.

'TOv l feTOoool Tle nAlpoqop(Oe Y(veTOl fe olOooXlKr OnooToAr TWv rit, evO oe KOSe fovOoO XpOvoU, TOTe ovofOOeTOl a&IpIoK� l&Toioa' (serial transmission).

LFlplaK/ JFTooOa1: Ta bit JFTao{oOVTal olaoOXlKo Jtaa amO tVa o{aUAO

'TOv l feTOoool Y(veTOl fe Tlv TOUTOXpovl OnooToAr evOe OplSfou rit oTl fovOoO ToU XpOvoU, TOTe KOAe(TOl mopoAA'A' l&Toioa' (parallel transmission).

MovoCpofl

EK TepImpoTIc afciCpofl

fciCpofl

eIpIaKI

apaAAlAl

napoAA1A1 JFTooOa1: Ta bit JFTao{oOVTal aUyXpOVWr, Jtaa amO mOAAOur ayWyOur

MeAl evOe olKTuoU fnopouv vO e(vOl UnoAoYloTee, neplqepelOKO, OnWe eKTUnWTee olKTuoU, OKOfl KOl OAAO o(KTUO.

Ta ociAl

ilO nOpOoelYfO, TO rit evOe XOpOKTrpO oTl fev oelplOKr feTOoool OnooTeA-AovTOl olOooXlKO feoW evOe KOAWo(oU, evw oTlv nOpOAAlAl feTOo(oovTOl oUYXpOvWe, feoW OvT(oTolXoU OplSfou KOAWo(Wv.

H nOpOAAlAl ouvoeol npooqepel feYOAuTepl TOXuTlTO feTOooole oeoofevWv OnO Tl oelplOKr KOl Xplolfonole(TOl KUp(We oTl ouvoeol UnoAoYloTr fe neplqepelOKee KOl fl fovOoee, OnWe fe To oKAlpO o(oKo, Tlv TOlv(O, Tov eKTUnWTr. H oelplOKr Xplolfonole(TOl oTl ouvoeol oplofevWv TepfOTlKwv fe Tov UnoAoYloTr, oTo fOvTef KOl ev Yevel oe neplnTwoele noU e(Te l TOXuTlTO oev e(vOl Kp(olfoe nOpOYovTOe e(Te To KOoToe Tle nOpOAAlAle ouvoeole e(vOl OnOYopeUTlKO.

LTlv lAeKTpovlKr enlKolvWv(O UnOpXoUv KOvOvee KOl feSoool KolvO OvTlAlnTo( KOl OnooeKTo(, noU ovofOOovTOl mpwToKoAAo &mIKoIVwVfo� , TO ono(O op(OoUv Tov TpOno ouvoeole TWv oUoKeUwv KOl OvTOAAOYre TWv olfOTWv, woTe l enlKolvWv(O OqevOe vO KOS(oTOTOl oUvOTr, OqeTepoU vO e�eA(ooeTOl ofOAO KOl OpfovlKO. H OAl olOolKOo(O oolYe(TOl OnO elolKO AoYloflKO noU KOAe(TOl AoyIalIKo &mI-KoIVwVI�V.

AnO TO npwTO oTOolO Tle e�eAl�le TWv UnoAoYloTlKwv oUoTlfOTWv feXpl orfepO enlvorSlKOv olOqopol TpOnol, npoKelfevoU vO enlTeUXSe( OU�lfevl UnoAoYloTlKr loXue. ApXlKO XplolfonolrSlKe To fovTeAo ToU evOe loXUpou UnoAoYloTr fe noAAO TepfOTlKO, feoW TWv ono(Wv ol XproTee SO fnopouoOv vO XplolfonolrooUv ToUe nOpoUe ToU. AKoAouSloe evO olOqopeTlKO fovTeAo, OUTO Tle iIKTuwa'� , oTo ono(o eXoUfe OUTOvofoUe KOl olOoUvoeoefevoUe UnoAoYloTee KOl neplqepelOKO fe oUvOTOTlTO OqevOe OvTOAAOYre oeoofevWv, OqeTepoU olOSeole KOl Xprole TWv nOpWv, olAOor ToU e�onAlofou, TWv npoYpOffOTWv KOl TWv oeoofevWv. Me OUTOv Tov TpOno, o KOSe XproTle olKTuoU fnope( vO eXel npooneAOol oTo UAlKO OAAoU UnoAoYloTr, OnWe oTo oKAlpO r onTlKO o(oKo KOl vO OvTAe( nAlpoqop(ee r vO eKTeAe( npoYpOffOTO noU �p(oKovTOl eKe(, vO TUnwvel oe eKTUnWTr ToU olKTuoU KOl YevlKO vO eXel oTl olOSeor ToU feoO, UAlKO KOl Ao-YloflKO noU oe olOSeTel o (oloe.

Me Tl olKTuWol enlTUYXOveTOl : • oUvOTOTlTO enlKolvWv(Oe TWv feAwv flOe ofOoOe

nAlpeoTepl nAlpoqOplol, AOYW Tle oUvOTOTlTOe oUoXeTlole nAlpo
qoplwv noU �p(oKovTOl oe OnofOKpUofevO olfe(O r oe olOqopeTlKee �Ooele oeoofevWv

O�lonloT(O oTl oUvoAlKr AelToUpY(O ToU oUoTrfOToe, olOTl oe nlSOvr
�AO�l evOe UnoAoYloTr fnope( vO e�UnlpeTlSe( To OAo ouoTlfO KOl feoO OnO OAAov olOSeolfo UnoAoYloTr

eUKoAOTepl oUvOTOTlTO eneKTOole ToU UnoAoYloTlKou oUoTrfOToe.

EnIKOIVwV{ec - l{KTua - lIao{KTuO & lOTOOe.{oec

Le evO o(KTUo fnopouv vO oUvoeSouv UnoAoYloTee KOl neplqepelOKO olOqOpWv TunWv KOl KOTlYoplwv KOl fe nolK(AoUe TpOnoUe KOl pOAoUe. LrfepO, enelor ol flKpoOnoAoYloTee OqevOe OnoKTouv OAo KOl feYOAuTepee oUvOTOTlTee KOl OqeTepoU eXoUv Y(vel nlo npoolTo( olKovoflKO, l nOpoUo(O ToUe oe o(KTUO Y(veTOl OAo KOl oUXvOTepl. LUvoeovTOl fe feYOAoUe UnoAoYloTee r KOl feTO�u ToUe KOl fnopouv vO oUYKpoTouv loXUpO o(KTUO.

npenel vO oleUKplvloTe( OTl: • ouo UnoAoYloTee noU OnAwe enlKolvWvouv oev e(vOl KOT� OvOYKl o(KTUo

• evO ouoTlfO noAAwv XploTwv oTo ono(o TO TepfOTlKO enlKolvWvouv fe Tov KevTplKO UnoAoYloTr, oev OnoTeAe( o(KTUo.

KOTOveflfevo ouoTlfO e(vOl evO ouoTlfO fe noAAoue OUTOvofoUe UnoAoYloTee, oTo ono(o To AelToUpYlKO ouoTlfO OvOAOf�Ovel vO Xelp(OeTOl OAoUe ToUe nOpoUe fe nOOpOTo» TpOno YlO To XproTl, oe OvT(Seol fe To o(KTUo, OnoU l Xprol TWv nOpWv OnO To XproTl Y(veTOl fe efqOvr TpOno. 'vO KOTOveflfevo ouoTlfO fnopoufe vO noufe OTl OnoTeAe( elolKr nep(nTWol olKTuoU.

Le evO o(KTUo UnoAoYloTwv o TeAlKOe oTOXoe e(vOl l en(TeU�l enlKolvWv(Oe feTO�u npoYpOffOTWv noU eKTeAouvTOl oe olOqopeTlKoue UnoAoYloTee. ilO vO Y(vel OfWe OUTO oUvOTO, npenel vO pUSfloTe( evOe feYOAoe OplSfOe nOpOfeTpWv. Ae e�eTOooUfe YlO nOpOoelYfO flO O(Tlol YlO eKTunWol flOe eqOpfoYre noU eKTeAe(TOl oe evOv UnoAoYloTr A KOl lKOvonole(TOl OnO evO npOYpOffO olOXe(plole eKTUnWTwv oe evOv UnoAoYloTr B. nwe enlKolvWvouv OUTO TO ouo npoYpOffOTO� nwe, oe TeAeUTO(O OvOAUol, TO npoe eKTunWol oTolXe(O feTOTpenovTOl oe lAeKTplKO orfOTO, nTO�loeuoUv» feoO OnO KOAwolO KOl TeAlKO Y(ve-TOl l eKTunWol�

ilO vO enlTuXoUv ol oXeolOoTee olKTuWv fe(Wol Tle noAUnAoKOTlTOe, Xplolfonolouv Tlv TeXvlKr Tle iIoaTpwloTwa'� , olAOor Tl oOflol TWv olKTuWv oe en(neoO.

ApXImeKmovIKI CIKmuoU

051

CUOIKo eTiTeCo

ETiTeCo OuvCe Olc CeCofivWv

Le flO TeTolO TeXvlKr, KOSe en(neoo enlTeAe( flO KOSoplofevl epYOo(O. A�lonole( Tle Unlpeo(ee noU ToU npooqepel To OfeoWe KOTwTepo en(neoo KOl npooqepel oUYKeKplfevee Unlpeo(ee oTo OfeoWe OvwTepo. To KOSe en(neoo oTov evOv UnoAoYloTr enlKolvWve( fe To ofOTlfO ToU oTov OAAov, olAOor To npwTo en(neoo enlKolvWve( fe To OvT(oTolXo npwTo en(neoo, To oeuTepo fe To oeuTepo, K.o.K. O TpOnoe fe Tov ono(o enlKolvWvouv TO ofOTlfO en(neoO feTO�u ToUe neplYpOqeTOl OnO npWTOKoAAO, noU OvTlnpooWneuoUv flO oUfqWv(O feTO�u TWv ouo fepwv, oXeTlKO fe Tov TpOno feTOqopOe TWv oeoofevWv. To ouvoAo TWv enlneoWv KOl TWv npWToKOAAWv ovofOOeTOl opxIT&KToVIK� iI-KTuoU.

TO SefOTO TWv enlneoWv KOl TWv npWToKOAAWv OvOAuovTOl nAlpeoTepO KOTO Tlv e�eTOol ToU fovTeAoU OvOqopOe OSI noU OKoAoUSe(.

O bleSvre OpYOvlofOe TUnono(lole (ISO -International Standards Organisation) eXel npoTe(vel YlO Tlv OpXlTeKTovlKr TWv olKTuWv To npOTUno OSI (Open System Interconnection - blOouvoeol AvolXTwv LUoTlfOTWv). To OSI OnoTeAe( orfepO evO KolvO OnooeKTO fovTeAo OvOqopOe YlO Tl feAeTl TWv olKTuWv UnoAoYloTwv, nOp� OAo noU TO olKTUOKO npo'OvTO Tle OYopOe oev OKoAoUSouv OnOpO(TlTO OUTO To fovTeAo. LXeolOoTlKe fe TeTolo TpOno, woTe vO enlTpenel Tl olfloUpY(O evOe oUoTrfOToe oTo ono(o UAlKO OnO olOqopeTlKoue KOTOoKeUOoTee oUvUnOpXoUv KOl enlKolvWvouv feTO�u ToUe.

TO en(neoO enlKolvWv(Oe ToU OSI e(vOl TO OKOAoUSO.

O) <UolKO en(neoo.

�) En(neoo olOouvoeole oeoofevWv.

Y) En(neoo olKTuoU.

o) En(neoo feTOqopOe.

e) En(neoo oUvOooU.

oT) En(neoo nOpoUo(Oole.

O) En(neoo eqOpfoYwv.

LTl oUveXelO SO OvOqepSoufe oUvonTlKO oTO enTO en(neoO ToU OSI.

To qUaIKo &mfm&io (physical layer) e(vOl To KOTwTepo en(neoo ToU fovTeAoU OSI. AoXoAe(TOl fe Tov TpOno feTOooole TWv rit feoO OnO evO KOvOAl enlKolvWv(Oe, e�OoqOA(OovTOe OTl OTOv l flO nAeUpO oTeAvel To rit fe Tlfr 1, l OA-Al vO To AOf�Ovel We 1 KOl OXl We 0. AUTO fe Tl oelpO ToU olfO(vel, feTO�u OAAWv, nOoO �olt nOploTouv To 1 KOl nOoO To 0, nOoo olOpKe( l feTOoool evOe rit, KAn. blAOor To en(neoo OUTO OoXoAe(TOl fe Tov TpOno feTOooole feoO OnO onoloornoTe feoo feTOooole (KOAwolo, OoupfOTl Oeu�l, K.O.).

H �OolKr eUSuvl ToU enlneooU auVi&a'� i&iol&VwV (data link layer) e(vOl o eAeYXoe Tle pore TWv oeoofevWv feTO�u TWv ouo oUoTlfOTWv KOl l O�lOnloTl nOpOooor ToUe oTov npooplofO. blAOor l nOpOKoAouSlol Tle oWoTre feTOooole KOl Arlle TWv oeoofevWv OnO To qUolKO en(neoo. AUTO To enlTUY-XOvel fe Tlv olfloUpY(O moK&TwV (packages) oeoofevWv, noU To KOSevO

EnIKOIVwV{ec - l{KTua - lIao{KTuO & lOTOOe.{oec

eKTOe OnO TO npoe feTOoool oeoofevO nepleXel oTlv OpXr KOl oTo TeAoe npOoSeTO rit, TO ono(O O�lonolouvTOl oe olOqopee AelToUpY(ee. nOpOoelYfO OnoTeAe( o eAeYXoe AOSwv. Le oUoTrfOTO �OolofevO oe flKpoOnoAoYloTee, Tle AelToUpY(ee ToU enlneooU ouvoeole oeoofevWv Tle eKTeAouv elolKO oAoKAlpWfevO KUKAwfOTO noU �p(oKovTOl nOvW oTlv KOpTO olKTuoU, OvT( YlO �eXWploTO npoYpOffOTO.

To &mfm&io iIKTuoU (network layer) OoXoAe(TOl fe SefOTO opofoAOYlole TWv oeoofevWv. Le o(KTUO eUpe(Oe neploXre, UnOpXoUv ev Yevel noAAee qUolKee olOopofee noU fnope( vO OKoAoUSroel evO nOKeTo Klvoufevo OnO evO YeW- YpOqlKO olfe(o npoe KOnolo OAAo. �efOTO nOpOKoAouSlole -YlO AOYoUe XpeWole- Tle K(vlole, OnWe en(ole KOl SefOTO noU Oqopouv Tl feTOqopO oeoofevWv feTO�u olKTuWv olOqopeTlKwv TeXvoAoYlwv, e(vOl OpfoolOTlTO OU- Tou ToU enlneooU. En(ole To en(neoo OUTO OoXoAe(TOl KOl fe Tov eAeYXo pore, olAOor Tle olOolKOo(ee eKe(vee noU eAeYXoUv Tlv e(oooo veWv nOKeTWv oTo o(KTUo, eTol woTe vO OnoqeUXSe( l oUfqOplol. TO Tp(O nOpOnOvW en(neoO OnoTeAouv To UmoifKTUo.

H �OolKr OnooToAr ToU &mIm&ioU l&Toqopo� (transport layer) e(vOl vO oeXe- TOl oeoofevO OnO To OfeoWe OvwTepo en(neoo oUvOooU, vO TO olOonO, Ov XpelOoTe(, oe TfrfOTO KOl vO olOoqOA(Oel Tl oWoTr feTO�Ool oTov npooplofO ToUe. To AoYloflKO noU UAonole( To en(neoo feTOqopOe noUvoflAe(» fe evO ofOTlfO ToU oTov UnoAoYloTr npooplofou, oe OvT(Seol fe TO XOflAOTepO en(neoO oTO ono(O l noUvoflA(O» Y(veTOl OvOfeoO oTov UnoAoYloTr KOl oToUe OfeoO YelTovlKoue ToU . nOpOoe(YfOTO AoYloflKou noU UAonole( AelToUpY(ee enlneooU feTOqopOe oe npooWnlKoue UnoAoYloTee e(vOl To NetBeui oe o(KTUO Microsoft KOl To IP� oe No�el.

To &mfm&io aUVoioU (session layer) npOYfOTonole( AelToUpY(ee noU enlTpenoUv oe ouo eqOpfoYee vO enlKolvWvouv feoW ToU olKTuoU. Xelp(OeTOl SefO- TO OnWe e(vOl l OoqOAelO KOl l OvOYvwplol ovOfOToe r eloOooU oTo ouoTlfO. Mepoe TWv eUSUvwv ToU OnoTeAe( l olfloUpY(O flXOvlofwv oUYXpovlofou Tle feTOooole r KOl OnoKOTOoTOole Tle ouvoeole oTlv nep(nTWol noU olfloUpYlSe( KOnolo npO�AlfO.

Evw TO KOTwTepO en(neoO OoXoAouvTOl fe Tlv O�lOnloTl feTOqopO TWv rit OnO To evO olfe(o oTo OAAo, To &mfm&io mopoUafoa'� (presentation layer) npoop(OeTOl YlO To e(ooe TWv nAlpoqoplwv noU feTOo(oovTOl. Xelp(OeTOl, YlO nOpOoelYfO, SefOTO noU Oqopouv Tle olOqopeTlKee nOpOoTOoele TWv XOpO- KTrpWv r TWv OKepO(Wv OplSfwv oToUe olOqopoUe UnoAoYloTee KOl Tl oWoTr nOpoUo(Oor ToUe oTov KOSevOv OnO OUToue. �efOTO noU en(ole enlAuovTOl eow e(vOl l oUfn(eol TWv oeoofevWv, l KpUnToYpOqlol KOSwe KOl l YvlolO- TlTO Tle AOf�OvOfevle nAlpoqop(Oe (OTl olAOor npoepXeTOl OnO eKe( noU olAwveTOl OTl npoepXeTOl).

To &mfm&io &qoploy�� (application layer), OnoTeAe( To OvwTepo en(neoo. Eow �p(oKovTOl ol eqOpfoYee noU UnlpeTouv To XproTl. nOpOoe(YfOTO OnoTeAouv To lAeKTpovlKO TOXUopofe(o, l feTOqopO OpXe(- Wv, l olOXe(plol epYOolwv eKTunWole, l olOXe(plol �OoeWv oeoofevWv, KAn.

KOTO Tl feTOqopO TWv oeoofevWv OvOfeoO oe ouo olfe(O, KOSe &ViIol&ao

ETiTeCo CIKmuoU

ETiTeCo femacopac

ETiTeCo OUvoCoU

ETiTeCo TapoUOiaOlc

ETiTeCo ecapfoyIc

KOf�oe nloTonole( fe TO Tp(O npwTO en(neoO, Tov npooplofO ToU flvufOToe noU nOpOAOf�Ovel. Av To frvUfO npoop(OeTOl Yl OUTOv, TO oeoofevO OKo-AoUSouv nope(O npoe TO OvwTepO en(neoO evw oTlv OvT(SeTl nep(nTWol fe To Unoo(KTUO ToU npoeTolfOOel KOl opofoAoYe( To frvUfO npoe Tov enOfevo olOSeolfo KOf�o. Me OUTOv Tov TpOno KOSe nOKeTo, OKoAoUSwvTOe Tl olOSeolfl olOopofr, qSOvel oTov TeAlKO nOpOArnTl.

LTO aX/Ja mapaT1pOuJF T1 pO/ TOU J1VuJaTOr Jtaa amO Ta FmTo Fm{mFoa TOU amOaTOAta, Ta Tp{a Fm{mFoa FVoloJFaOU KOJ{OU Kal Ta FmTo TOU mapaA/mT1

IoYloflKO ofOTlfO o(KTUO:

Lantastic/Arisoft
Windows 9X/Microsoft.

Le evO o(KTUo UnoAoYloTwv UnOpXel oUvOTOTlTO KOSoplofou olOqOpWv pO-AWv YlO Tov KOSe KOf�o. Me KplTrplo Tlv lepOpX(O TWv KOf�Wv, TO o(KTUO olO-Kp(vovTOl oe ouo feYOAee KOTlYop(ee, TO ofOTlfO KOl TO o(KTUO �OolofevO oe e�UnlpeTlTr.

'vO o(KTUo OnoU o KOSe UnoAoYloTre, eXel loOTlfO olKOlwfOTO Xprole TWv nOpWv fe ToUe OAAoUe ovofOOeTOl oloTIlo (pear to pear network).

OJOTlJO o{KTUO

'vOe UnoAoYloTre fnope( vO eXel Tov KevTplKO pOAo oTov eAeYXo evOe olKTuoU, nOpeXovTOe �OolKee Unlpeo(ee oTO feAl ToU. O UnoAoYloTre OUTOe ovofOOeTOl &�Um'p&T'T�� (ser�er) KOl TO o(KTUO OUTou ToU TunoU ifKTUo PoaI-al&Vo a& &�Um'p&T'T� (Ser�er Based Networks).

Le evO TeTolo o(KTUo, o e�UnlpeTlTre eAeYXel Tlv OAl AelToUpY(O KOl enlTpenel, YlO AOYoUe OoqOAelOe ToU oUoTrfOToe, Tlv npOo�Ool fOvo oe ne�oUoloooTlfevoUe XproTee», nOpOXWpwvTOe ToUe nOpoUe OvOAoYO fe To �OSfO olKOlWfOTWv noU eXoUv. H eKXwplol olKOlWfOTWv npoe ToUe XproTee KOl l olOXe(plol ToU olKTuoU Y(veTOl OnO evOv elolKO XproTl noU ovofOOeTOl Administrator r Supervisor. Tov pOAo OUTOv Tov eXel evO npOoWno r flO ofOoO ToU qopeO oTov ono(o OvrKel To o(KTUo.

LToUe flKpoOnoAo-YloTee, o e�Unlpe-TlTre npenel vO e(vOl e�onAlofevoe fe KOpTO olKTuoU, fOvTef, fovOoO rackup, O�lOnloTo ouoTlfO o(oKWv feYOAle XWplTlKO-TlTOe KOl ouvoeol fe fovOoO YlO OolO-AelnTl Tpoqoooo(O.

AeoveKmIfama

feIoveKmIfa

IoYloflKO YlO o(KTUO �OolofevO oe e�UnlpeTlTr:

NetWare / No�ell
Windows NT / Microsoft
Unix.

ToTIKa CiKmUa

LUvrSWe o e�UnlpeTlTre e(vOl eqoolOofevoe fe AoYloflKO ol-KTuoU, olAOor elolKO npoYpOffOTO YlO Tl olOXe(plol ToU ol-KTuoU (Network Management Systems), Tov eAeYXO ToU, Tlv e�OYWYr oTOTloTlKwv oTolXe(Wv, Tlv KOTOYpOqr YeYovOTWv,

K.O. AUTO To AoYloflKO oUXvO e(vOl UnoouoTlfO ToU AelToUpYl-Kou oUoTrfOToe.

TO o(KTUO OUTou ToU TunoU oTlp(OovTOl oTl oXeol m&AoT' (e�UnlpeToufevoU)

-&�Um'p&T'T� (��ient - server), fe Tov e�UnlpeTlTr vO nOpeXel oTolXe(O, vO eAeYXel KOl vO KOTOvefel ToUe nOpoUe, OvOAoYO fe To O(TlfO ToU KOSe neAOTl.

To o(KTUo fe e�UnlpeTlTr nAeoveKTe( TWv ofOTlfWv olKTuWv, We npoe:

Tl oUvOTOTlTO Xprole Kolvwv, oUYKevTpWfevWv oTov e�UnlpeTlTr, Op-Xe(Wv
Tl oUvOTOTlTO eAeYXoU Tle npOo�Oole TWv XploTwv oTo o(KTUo
Tlv OU�lfevl OoqOAelO Tle nAlpoqop(Oe KOl KOAuTepo eAeYXo ToU ol-KTuoU oUvoAlKO

• Tl oUvOTOTlTO eqOpfoYre ToU oe feYOAo nArSoe UnoAoYloTwv KOl feloveKTe(:

• oTo KOoToe

• oTlv noAUnAoKOTlTO eYKOTOoTOole KOl oUvTrplole

• oTlv KOTOppeUol ToU olKTuoU, OTOv nOpoUolOoTe( npO�AlfO oTov e�U

nlpeTlTr.

TO o(KTUO olOKp(vovTOl, OvOAoYO fe Tlv neploXr oTlv ono(O eKTe(vovTOl KOl Tov TpOno Xprole ToUe, oe TonlKO KOl eUpe(Oe neploXre.

TO TomIKo ifKTUo (�ocal Area Networks -�AN) e(vOl eKe(vO oTO ono(O ol olOoUvoeoefevol UnoAoYloTee eKTe(vovTOl oe flKpr eKTOol npooqepovTOe Ull-Aee TOXuTlTee feTOooole KOl Arlle oeoofevWv KOl e�UnlpeTwvTOe Tle OvO-YKee oUYKeKplfevle ofOoOe XploTwv. nOpOoe(YfOTO Xprole TonlKou olKTuoU fnopouv vO �peSouv oe KTrplO op-YOvlofwv, oXoAe(Wv, enlXelproeWv, KAn.

L evO TonlKO o(KTUo ol UnoAoYloTee oUvoeovTOl oUvr-SWe evoupfOTO KOl oe nolK(Aee olOTO�ele, oe ofO-Tlfo r o(KTUo fe e�UnlpeTlTr.

YmOAOylaTtr Kal mFplcFpFlaKo aF TOmlKO o{KTUO

'TOv evO o(KTUo KOAunTel eUpuTepl YeW-YpOqlKr neploXr, Xwpee KOl lne(poUe KOAe(TOl o(-KTUo &Up&fo� m&pIox�� (�ide Area Network -�AN). 'vO o(KTUo eUpe(Oe neploXre fnope( vO OnoTeAe(TOl OnO Uno

EnIKOIVwV{ec - l{KTua - lIao{KTuO & lOTOOe.{oec

AoYloTee olOqOpWv TunWv OAAO KOl OnO OAAO o(KTUO TonlKO r KOl eUpe(Oe ne

ploXre, evw YlO Tl feTOoool TWv olfOTWv Xplolfonole(TOl oUXvO To TlAeqW	liKmUa EUpeiac
vlKO o(KTUo KOl l OoupfOTl enlKolvWv(O. L OUTO To e(ooe olKTuoU OvrKel To blO	epIoXIc
o(KTUo KOl TO o(KTUO noAAwv feYOAWv eTOlpelwv KOl opYOvlofwv noU eKTe(vo
vTOl oe noAAee nOAele KOl Xwpee, oUvoeovTOe TO nOpOpTrfOTO ToUe.

M(O Tp(Tl evolOfeol KOTlYop(O e(vOl TO M'TpomoAITIKo ifKTUo (Metropolitan Area Networks -MAN). EKTe(vovTOl oTO OplO flOe nOAeWe KOl KOAunToUv OnooTOoele feplKwv oeKOoWv XlAlofe-TpWv. E(vOl o(KTUO UllAwv TOXUTrTWv, fe UllAOTepoUe pUSfoue feTOooole OnO TO WAN OAAO flKpOTepoUe OnO TO LAN.

Ol UnoAoYloTee KOl TO neplqepelOKO evOe olKTuoU fnopouv vO KOTOveflSouv KOl vO oUvoeSouv OnO qUolKr Onoll fe olOqopeTlKoue TpOnoUe, OnO ToUe ono(oUe o KOSevOe ovofOOeTOl TomoAoyfo iI-KTuoU (Network Topology). Ol TonoAoY(ee noU olOKp(voUfe oe o(KTUO e(vOl OUTr Tle ApT'pfo�� ToU AaT&po KOl ToU .oKTUAfoU.

pmlpiac

LTlv TonoAoY(O Tle ApT'pfo� - (IeWqopelOKre YpOffre r ipOfflKou olOuAoU -Bus Network), ol UnoAoYloTee e(vOl oUvoeoefevol nOvW oe flO KevTplKr YpOffr Tlv ono(O KOl folpOOovTOl, XWp(e vO nO(Oel KOnolo pOAo l qUolKr ToUe Seol. H TonoAo-Y(O OUTr Xplolfonole(TOl KUp(We oe TonlKO o(KTUO.

LTlv TonoAoY(O ToU AaT&po (Star) ol UnoAoYloTee e(vOl oUvoeoefevol OKTlvW-TO fe evOv KevTplKO (hur computer), oTov ono(o OAol eXoUv fefovWfevO npooneAOol. O pOAoe ToU KevTplKou Uno-AoYloTr e(vOl l Arll TWv flvUfOTWv OnO Tov eKOoToTe OnooToAeO KOl l OvOfeTOooor ToUe oTov OvT(oTolXo nOpO-ArnTl. LTlv TonoAoY(O OUTr, eOv TeSe( eKTOe

AelToUpY(Oe onolooornoTe Omipac

UnoAoYloTre (eKTOe ToU

KevTplKou), oev olfloUp-

Ye(TOl oo�OpO npO�AlfO

oTo UnOAolno o(KTUo, enelor

ol UnOAolnol fnopouv vO enlKolvWvouv fe

oW ToU KevTplKou. AvT(SeTO, oe nep(nTW

ol �AO�le ToU KevTplKou UnoAoYloTr To

o(KTUo KOTOppeel.

'vO TeTolo o(KTUo e(vOl KOTOAAlAo lolO(TepO YlO neplnTwoele opYOvlofwv r eTOlpelwv, OnoU UnoKOTOoTrfOTO enlKolvWvouv fe TO KevTplKO ToUe YpOqe(O. To oUvOvTOfe oUvrSWe oe oUoTrfOTO noAAwv XploTwv KOl onOvlO oe flKpoOnoAoYloTee.

TeAoe, oTlv TonoAoY(O ToU .o

laKmuAIoc

KTUAfoU (Oing), KOSe UnoAoYloTre oUvoeeTOl fe ouo YelTovl- Koue ToU, eTol noU OAol fOO( vO oXlfOT(OoUv �pOXo. To KOSe frvUfO TO�loeuel OnO Tov KOSe KOf�o oTov olnAOvO ToUe (npoe f(O KOTeuSUvol) feXpl vO qSOoel

oTov npooplofO ToU.

H TonoAoY(O OUTr fnope( vO

eqOpfooTe( oe TonlKO OAAO KOl

oe eUpe(Oe neploXre o(KTUO.

noAu oUXvO oUvOvTOTOl l UPpIiIK� TomoAoyfo� OnoU oUvUnOpXoUv neplooO-Tepol Tunol TonoAoYlwv.

Le evO TonlKO o(KTUo ol oTOSfo( enlKolvWvouv evoupfOTO (r OoupfOTO), evw XplolfonolouvTOl olOqopee oUoKeUee KOl e�OpTrfOTO, OnWe l KOpTO olKTuoU, o KOTOveflTre KOAWo(Wv, TO KOTOAAlAO KOAwolO, ol OnOpO(TlTol ouvoeofol (connectors), K.O.

ilO Tl ouvoeol ToU KevTplKou fepoUe ToU UnoAoYloTr fe To o(KTUo OnOlTe(TOl evolOfeoo UAlKO. To pOAo OUTO nO(OoUv KUKAwfOTO evoWfOTWfevO oUXvO oe

�apma CIKmuoU

KOpTee, Tle KopT&� iIKTuoU (Network Interface Cards). H enlKolvWv(O feTO�u Tle KOpTOe KOl ToU AoYloflKou ToU olKTuoU Y(veTOl fe elolKO AoYloflKO, OvT(oTolXo Tle KOSe KOpTOe, noU YevlKO ovofOOeTOl

oi'yo�

(dri�er).

LToUe flKpoOnoAo-YloTee, l KOpTO ol-KTuoU oUvrSWe To-noSeTe(TOl eoWTepl-KO oe UnoooXr ene-KTOole (expansion slot) Tle KuplOe KOp-TOe (motherroard) ToU UnoAoYloTr. �opTa olKTuOU LToUe qoplToue UnoAoYloTee e(vOl KOpTO TunoU PCMCI.

EnIKOIVwV{ec - l{KTua - lIao{KTuO & lOTOOe.{oec

LUXvO, oTO TonlKO o(KTUO, YlO AOYoUe O�lonloT(Oe Tle KOAWo(Wole Xplolfonole(TOl o KoToV&l'T�� KoAwifwV (hub). H oUoKeUr OUTr KOTOvefel TO KO-AwolO OnO evO KevTplKO olfe(o npoe noAAO OAAO KOl e�OoqOA(Oel Tl AelToUp-Y(O ToU olKTuoU OKOfl KOl oTlv nep(nTWol noU evO TfrfO ToU oev AelToUp-Ye(. MlO TeTolO ouvoeol fnopoufe vO noufe OTl UAonole( nqUolKO» OoTepO, evw nAoYlKO» e(vOl oUvOTOv vO UAonole( onolOornoTe TonoAoY(O.

To Ethernet OnoTeAe( ouoTlfO olKTuWole noU OqopO To qUolKO en(neoo ToU OSI KOl OKpl�eoTepO To Unoen(neoo npooneAOole feooU (Medium Access Control - MAC). AUTO To Unoen(neoo e(vOl lolO(TepO olfOvTlKO oTO TonlKO o(KTUO, TO ono(O eXoUv We �Ool ToUe evO KOvOAl noU Xplolfonole(TOl OnO noA-Aoue, oe OvT(Seol fe TO o(KTUO eUpe(Oe neploXre noU Xplolfonolouv oUvoeoele OnO evO olfe(o oe OAAo olfe(o (point to point). To Ethernet �eK(vloe OnO Tlv eTOlpe(O XEOOX, evw OpYOTepO eneKTOSlKe fe Tl oUvepYOo(O TWv eTOlpelwv Intel KOl Digital. E(vOl To nAeov olfoqlAee oe TonlKO o(KTUO KOl UloSeTrSlKe OnO To lEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), OnoTeAwvTOe Tl �Ool YlO To npOTUno lEEE 802.3. AUTO To npO-TUno oUveX(Oel vO e�eA(ooeTOl oe elolKO olfe(O oXeTlKO fe Tlv UAono(lol ToU olKTuoU, OnWe Tunol KOAWo(Wv, K.O.

LTo npOTUno OUTO TO oeoofevO XWp(OovTOl oe ofOoee (nOKeTO) KOl TOoo YlO Tl feTOooor ToUe Ooo KOl YlO Tlv npOo�Ool oTo feoov OKoAoUSe(TOl o OA-YOplSfoe CSMA / CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection), noU oe OnAr feTOqopO olfO(vel nnoAAOnAr npOo�Ool fe O(oSlol qepovToe, fe oUvOTOTlTO Ov(XveUole oUYKpouoeWv». Me Tlv TeXvlKr OUTr KOSe oUoKeUr ToU olKTuoU, npoKelfevoU vO feTOowoel orfO oe OAAl, OvlXveuel Tlv unOp�l onoloUornoTe orfOToe oTo o(KTUo KOl OpX(Oel Tl olKr Tle feTOoool fOvov oTlv nep(nTWol OnOAUTle nlpef(Oe». LTlv nep(nTWol noU OpX(ooUv TOUTOXpovO Tl feTOoool nOpOnOvW Tle flOe oUoKeUee, Aefe OTl eXoUfe ou-YKpoUol (collision). TOTe l feTOoool olOKOnTeTOl OnO OAoUe KOl l olOolKOo(O npoonOSelOe OnooToAre enOvOAOf�OveTOl OnO Tov KOSevO uoTepO OnO evO TUXO(o XpovlKO olOoTlfO.

HUB

Ethernet

T�P � 1�

noAu YvWoTO npWTOKoAAo olKTuoU e(vOl To TCP/IP noU OnoTeAe( KOl To �Ool-KO npWTOKoAAo ToU blOolKTuoU. npOKelTOl oUolOoTlKO YlO ouo npWTOKoAAO. To T�P (Transmission �ontrol Protocol) KOl To IP (Internet Protocol). LUYKpl-TlKO fe To fovTeAo OSI, To TCP OvTloTolXe( nep(noU fe To en(neoo feTOqopOe, evw To IP fe To en(neoo olKTuoU. H TeXvlKr noU eqOpfOOeTOl YlO Tl feTOoool Tle nAlpoqop(Oe OnO Tov OnooToAeO oTov nOpOArnTl folOOel fe Tov TpOno OnooToAre evOe oefOToe fe To TOXUopofe(o, OnoU OKoAoUSe(TOl l �eATloTl olOopofr OnO TO olOSeolfO TO-XUopoflKO YpOqe(O feXpl Tov nOpOArnTl. EKTOe OnO To (olo To oefO OnOlTouvTOl KOl KOnolO nAlpoqoplOKO oTolXe(O, OnWe l oleuSUvol ToU OnooToAeO -YlO vO eloonollSe( oe nep(nTWol enloTpoqre ToU oefOToe- KOl l oleuSUvol ToU nOpOArnTl -YlO Tov KOSoplofO Tle nope(Oe ToU oefOToe npoe OUTOv.

ilO vO olOKlvlSe( l nAlpoqop(O OnO Tov OnooToAeO oTov nOpOArnTl feoO OnO flO fl KOSoplofevl olOopofr, TO oeoofevO XWp(OovTOl oe nOKeTO fe nAlpoqop(ee oXeTlKO fe:

Tl oleuSUvol noU eXel KOSe KOf�oe, l ono(O e(vOl fovOolKr oTo o(KTUo KOl KOAe(TOl IP-Address
Tl oleuSUvol ToU nOpOArnTl, noU KOl OUTr e(vOl fovOolKr
Tov Ou�ovTO OplSfO ToU nOKeToU, YlO To (olo frvUfO. Me Tov nOpOnOvW TpOno To KOSe nOKeTo Y(veTOl Ove�OpTlTo OnO KOSe OAAo KOl fnope( vO nTO�loelel» fOvo ToU oTo o(KTUo.

Ol TUnlKee epYOo(ee ToU TCP, e(vOl vO XWp(Oel oe TfrfOTO TO npoe OnooToAr oeoofevO KOl vO qpovT(Oel YlO Tlv O�lOnloTl feTOqopO ToUe oTov nOpOArnTl. Ol epYOo(ee ToU IP e(vOl l olfloUpY(O nOKeTWv oeoofevWv OnO TO TCP TfrfOTO KOl l opofoAOYlor ToUe npoe Tov TeAlKO npooplofO ToUe.

LTl oUveXelO TO nOKeTO opofoAoYouvTOl npoe Tov npooplofO ToUe, feTOqepOfevO oTov enOfevo KOf�o noU e�eTOOel Tov npooplofO ToU nOKeToU KOl OvOAoYO To KpOTO r To OvOopofoAoYe( oTov enOfevo KOf�o.

O ouYXpovoe OvSpWnoe oUvOvTO oTlv KOSlfeplvr ToU OWr nOfnoAAee eqOpfoYee Tle lAeKTpovlKre enlKolvWv(Oe, noAAee OnO Tle ono(ee rol YvWp(oOfe oe npolYoufevO KeqOAOlO OUTou ToU �l�A(oU. nArSoe OnO OUTee eKTeAouvTOl oe o(KTUo UnoAoYloTlKwv oUoTlfOTWv KOl lolO(TepO oTo blOo(KTUo.

H TlAeqWv(O Xplolfonole( OoupfOTO KOl evoupfOTO feoO feTOooole, fe OAo KOl neplooOTepoUe TpOnoUe KOl feSOooUe noU e�eA(ooovTOl pOYoO(O. TO nlo YvWoTO oUoTrfOTO TlAeqWv(Oe e(vOl TO OKOAoUSO:

To nKolvO» TlAeqWvlKO ouoTlfO, noU ovofOOeTOl blfOolo EnlAeYOfevo TlAeqWvlKO b(KTUo (Purlic Switched Telephone Network -PSTN), OnoTeAe(TOl OnO To o(KTUo TWv oUvopoflTwv -on(TlO, eTOlpe(ee, opYOvlofo(- KOSwe KOl To o(KTUo TWv TlAenlKolvWvlOKwv KevTpWv. Ol oUvopoflTee oUvoeovTOl, orfepO KOAWolOKO, fe To nAloleoTepo oe OUToue KevTpo KOl enlKolvWvouv fe OvOAo-YlKO orfOTO. TO ouYXpovO KevTpO e(vOl llqlOKO KOl oUvoeovTOl feTO�u ToUe OAAO KOl fe OAAO eUpuTepO TlAeqWvlKO oUoTrfOTO (evoupfOTO, r OoupfO-TO) OvTOAAOooovTOe llqlOKO orfOTO. 'Tol, ol oUvopoflTee fnopouv vO oTeAvoUv r vO AOf�OvoUv OvOAoYlKO orfOTO, noU OvTlnpooWneuoUv qWvr r oeoofevO, TO ono(O �e�OlO, Ov npoep-XovTOl OnO llqlOKr fovOoO, Uq(oTOvTOl npwTO OvOAoYl feTOTponr OnO fOvTef.

Ol opYOvlofo( KOl ol eTOlpe(ee, YlO vO KOAuloUv eoWTeplKee TlAeqWvlKee ToUe OvOYKee, opYOvwvoUv evO eoWTeplKO lolWTlKO TlAeqWvlKO o(KTUo. MlO elolKr fovOoO, feoO oTlv enlXe(plol, nO(Oel Tov pOAo ToU TlAeqWvlKou KevTpoU KOl fe OUTrv oUvoeovTOl OAol ol XproTee Tle enlXe(plole. To TlAeqWvlKO OUTO KevTpo e(vOl en(ole oUvoeoefevo fe To olfOolo TlAeqWvlKO o(-KTUo.

ilO neplooOTepo OnO evO OlwvO l �OolKr enlKolvWvlOKr Unooofr rTOv To Tl-AeqWvlKO ouoTlfO noU npoOvOqepOfe, To ono(o oXeolOoTlKe YlO OvOAoYlKr feTOoool qWvre. To ouoTlfO OUTO OnooelKvueTOl OvenOpKee YlO noAAee OvOYKee Tle ouYXpovle enlKolvWv(Oe, OnWe l feTOoool oeoofevWv, qO� KOl

�(vTeo. Ol OnOlTroele TWv XploTwv YlO TeToloU e(ooUe Unlpeo(ee oorYloOv oe flO nOYKOoflO npoonOSelO OvTlKOTOoTOole fepoUe ToU TlAeqWvlKou ol-KTuoU PSTN OnO evO veo llqlOKO ouoTlfO noU ovofOOeTOl ISDN (Integrated Ser�ices Digital Network - LlqlOKO b(KTUo OAoKAlpWfevWv Vnlpeolwv), To ono(o eXel oKonO Tlv oAoKArpWol qWvlTlKwv KOl fl Unlpeolwv. To ISDN nOpeXel Tl oUvOTOTlTO unOp�le flOe KOl fOvo YpOffre YlO Tl Ael-ToUpY(O OvOfolWv Unlpeolwv, OnWe e(vOl l TlAeqWv(O, l ouvoeol fe To blOo(KTUo, To qO�, KAn., oTle ono(ee UnOpXel l oUvOTOTlTO nOpOAAlAle Xprole feoO OnO Tlv (olO nOvTO YpOffr. npoKelfevoU vO Y(vel OUTO KOAuTepO OvTl-AlnTO, OvOqepoUfe OTl XWp(e Tlv unOp�l ToU ISDN, npenel evOe XproTle vO olOSeTel ouo qUolKee YpOffee, eqOoov enlSUfe( l ouvoeor ToU fe To blOo(-KTUo vO npOYfOTonole(TOl TOUTOXpovO fe KOnolO TlAeqWvlKr KArol. LTlv ne-p(nTWol ToU ISDN OpKe( f(O qUolKr ouvoeol. Le ouvoeol ISDN e(vOl oUvO-TOv, YlO nOpOoelYfO, o XproTle vO eXel ouvoeol fe To blOo(KTUo KOl nOpOA-AlAO vO AOf�Ovel r vO npOYfOTonole( TlAeqWvlKee KAroele.

P5TN

15DN

MF TO KOlVO T1AFcWVlKO auaT1Ja XpFlo�FMF TO ISDN JmOpOuV mOAAtr Um1pFa{Fr aTF mOAAtr T1AFcWVlKtr ypaJJtr yla T1V Va F�FA{aaOVTal amO J{a ypaJJ/ umap�1 olocOpWV Um1pFalwV TaUTOXpOVa. TaUTOXpOVa. TOaFr, OaFr Kal Ol Um1pFa{Fr.

H TeXvoAoY(O ToU ISDN enlTpenel Tl feTOoool nAlpoqoplwv fe UllAr KOl oTOSepr TOXuTlTO feTOqopOe oeoofevWv, oe oXeol fe To PSTN, npOYfO noU KOvel eqlKTee Unlpeo(ee OnWe l TlAeolOoKell.

LTo ISDN UnOpXoUv ouo Tunol KOvOAlwv: O) TO KoVoAIo &mIKoIVwVfo� noU ovofOOovTOl TumoU B KOl feTOqepoUv nAlpoqop(ee TWv XploTwv, OnWe Ke(fevo, rXoe, �(vTeo KOl qO�.

�) TO KoVoAIo a'loToioafo� , noU ovofOOovTOl TumoU D KOl feTOqepoUv nAlpoqop(ee YlO Tov eAeYXo feTO�u TWv KOvOAlwv enlKolvWv(Oe. AUTO e(vOl UneuSUvO YlO Tlv OnoKOTOoTOol KOl Tov TepfOTlofO Tle enlKolvWv(Oe TWv nOpOnOvW KOvOAlwv TunoU B.

LrfepO UnOpXoUv ouo Tunol oUvoeoeWv ISDN.

O npwToe Tunoe, noU evolOqepel XproTee fe flKpee OvOYKee, ovofOOeTOl BoaIKou PUelou (Basic Rate Interface -BRI), KOl OnoTe-Ae(TOl OnO ouo B KOvOAlO TWv 64 :rps KOl evO KOvOAl D TWv 16 :rps (ouvoAo 144

Unlpeo(O noU o(vel Tl oUvOTOTlTO ouo TOUTOXpovWv KAroeWv, e(Te YlO TlAeqWvlKr Xprol e(Te YlO OvTOAAOYr oeoofevWv OAAO KOl oUvoUOofO TWv ouo. npenel vO olfelWSe(, e�OAAoU, OTl ol ouo KAroele noU npOYfOTonolouvTOl TOUTOXpovO fnopouv vO OneUSuvovTOl oe olOqopeTlKoue npooplofoue.

EnlTpenel oTo oUvopoflTr vO enlKolvWve( OoupfOTO XplolfonolwvTOe Tl qoplTr ToU oUoKeUr, olAOor To KlvlTO TlAeqWvo, fe OAAoUe oUvopoflTee e(Te Tle KlvlTre TlAeqWv(Oe, e(Te ToU TlAeqWvlKou olKTuoU (oTOSepO TlAeqWvo). AUTO e(vOl eqlKTO, olOTl evO o(-KTUo KlvlTre TlAeqWv(Oe oUvoeeTOl KOl fe OAAO o(

KTUO KlvlTre TlAeqWv(Oe, OnWe en(ole KOl fe To TlAeqWvlKO o(KTUo. H enlKolvWv(O Y(veTOl llqlOKO. TO KevTpO Tle KlvlTre TlAeqWv(Oe enlKolvWvouv fe Tl oUoKeUr ToU oUvopoflTr fe evO ouoTlfO OvOfeTOooTwv oleonOpfevWv KOTOAAlAO YeWYpOqlKO. 'Tol, UnOpXel flO neploolKr enlKolvWv(O ToU oUoTrfOToe fe To TlAeqWvo ToU oUvopoflTr KOl eAeYXoe Tle TOUTOTlTOe ToU, woTe vO e(vOl oUveXwe oUvOTr l e�UnlpeTlol (KArol r OnoooXr KArole) flO KOl YvWp(Oel oe nolO KUleAl �p(oKeTOl. EKTOe Tle qWvlTlKre enlKolvWv(Oe, feoO OnO Tlv KlvlTr TlAeqWv(O nOpeXovTOl KOl OAAee Unlpeo(ee, OnWe e(vOl l OnooToAr YpOnTwv flvUfOTWv, qO� r oeoofevWv OnO UnoAoYloTr, l ouvoeol fe To blOo(KTUo fe Tl Xprol ToU �AP -�ireless Application Protocol, evOe nOYKOofloU npoTunoU YlO enlKolvWv(ee blOolKTuoU KOl npolYfevee Unlpeo(Oe TlAeqWv(Oe YlO llqlOKee OoupfOTee oUoKeUee, OnWe KlvlTO TlAeqWvO, PDA s K.An., Unlpeo(ee noU e-

�eA(ooovTOl KOl OU�OvovTOl pOYoO(O.

'vO OAAo ouoTlfO KlvlTre TlAeqWv(Oe e(vOl eKe(vo OnoU l fovOoO ToU oUvopoflTr enlKolvWve( OfeoO fe evO ouoTlfO oopUqOpWv. 'Tol, e(vOl oUvOTr l enlKolvWv(O evOe XproTl fe OAAoUe oe OAl Tl Yl, flO KOl oev UnOpXoUv OvOfeTOoOTee noU KOAunToUv oUYKeKplfevl neploXr, OAAO oopUqOpol KO

ni�ersal Morile Telecommunications System -

MlO oUoKeUr qO� nepleXel fOvTef, oOpWTr, flXOvlofO eKTunWole, fvrfl KOl KME

'nWe e(oOfe, fe Tl ouYXpovl TlAeqWv(O feTOqepoUfe rXo, oeoofevO r el-KOvO. 'AO OUTO fnopoufe vO TO enlTuXoUfe KOl feoO OnO To blOo(KTUo. LTlv nep(nTWol OUTr l nAlpoqop(O -elKOvO OnO KOfepO, rXoe OnO flKpOqWvo, K.O.- oe llqlOKr fopqr, oUfnleOeTOl oTov UnoAoYloTr ToU OnooToAeO KOl fe-TOo(oeTOl feoO OnO To blOo(KTUo oTov UnoAoYloTr ToU nOpOArnTl (oUvoflAl-Tr). EKe( OnooUfnleOeTOl KOl Y(veTOl OvTlAlnTr feoO OnO KOTOAAlAO neplqepelOKO - oSOvl, lXe(O, OKoUoTlKO. MeTO�u TWv oUvoflAlTwv OnOlTe(TOl ouvoeol fe lKOvonollTlKr KOl oTOSepr TOXuTlTO feTOqopOe oeoofevWv (TUnlKO fe-YOAuTepl OnO 28,8 :rps YlO Tlv nep(nTWol ToU rXoU). LTo Ofeoo feAAov TeTolee AelToUpY(ee SO Tle OvOAO�oUv noAUfopqlKee oUoKeUee, OnWe e�eAlYfevO KlvlTO TlAeqWvO fe oUvOTOTlTee npooWnlKou UnoAoYloTr, llqlOKee TlAeopOoele, olKlOKee oUoKeUee noU SO oUvoeovTOl fe To blOo(KTUo, KAn.

npOKelTOl YlO Tl feTOoool ToU OvTlYpOqoU evOe eYYpOqoU (paper copy image) feoO OnO TlAeqWvlKee YpOffee. H enlKolvWv(O OUTr enlTUYXOveTOl fe Tle YvWoTee elolKee oUoKeUee qO�. Mnope( OfWe vO npOYfOTonollSe( KOl OvOfeoO oe flO oUoKeUr qO� KOl evOv Uno-AoYloTr noU olOSeTel fOvTef fe oUvOTOTlTO OnooToAre qO�. MlO oUoKeUr qO� KOTO Tlv OnooToAr oOpwvel Tlv enlqOvelO ToU XOpTlou, oUfnleOel TO llqlOKO oeoofevO Tle oOpWole KOl TO feTOo(oel feoW Tle TlAeqWvlKre YpOffre, evw KOTO Tl Arll OnooUfnleOel TO oeoofevO KOl TO eKTUnwvel. ilO Tlv OnooToAr qO� fe Tl Xprol UnoAoYloTr, To eYYpOqo npenel vO e(vOl oe lAeKTpovlKr fopqr (OpXe(o), onOTe Ov OUTO e(vOl oe evTUnl fopqr npenel vO oOpWSe(. MeloveKTlfO Tle Xprole UnoAoYloTr YlO Arll qO� OnoTeAe( l OvOYKl oUve-Xoue AelToUpY(Oe ToU UnoAoYloTr fe evepYO To OvT(oTolXo npOYpOffO. LrfepO, l feTOoool qO� fnope( vO enlTeUXSe( KOl feoW Tle KlvlTre TlAeqWv(-Oe r ToU blOolKTuoU.

H TlAeKelfevoYpOq(O (teletext) e(vOl evO ouoTlfO TOUTOXpovle feTOooole oeA(oWv KelfevoU fOO( fe To TlAeonTlKO orfO KOl fe oUvOTOTlTO efqOvlore ToUe oTlv oSOvl Tle TlAeOpOole noU olOSeTel TO OvOAoYO KUKAwfOTO. Le flO TeTolO nep(nTWol o XproTle enlAeYel Tle oeA(oee noU enlSUfe( vO efqOvloTouv fe To TlAeXelploTrplO ToU. AUTee nepleXoUv nAlpoqop(ee noU OvOvewvel oUveXwe o OvT(oTolXoe TlAeonTlKOe oTOSfOe, oUvrSWe YlO evlfepWol, olOoKeoOol, npwTee OvOYKee, K.O.

EnIKOIVwV{ec - l{KTua - lIao{KTuO & lOTOOe.{oec

H KOTOveflfevl ene�epYOo(O oeoofevWv (distriruted data processing) e�eA(ooeTOl oe olKTUWfevoUe UnoAoYloTee, oToUe ono(oUe KOTOvefovTOl AelToUpY(ee ene�epYOo(Oe KOl OnoSrKeUole oeoofevWv. Tl oUvOvTOfe oUXvO oe eTOlpe(ee, OnoU l OpXlKr ene�epYOo(O oeoofevWv Y(veTOl oTO KOTO TOnoUe UnoKOTOoTrfOTO ToUe, evw oTl oUveXelO TO oTolXe(O OUTO oUAAeYovTOl oTO KevTplKO YpOqe(O YlO nepOlTepW ene�epYOo(O.

TO neplooOTepO UnoAoYloTlKO oUoTrfOTO, fe Tl Xprol TWv TlAenlKolvWvlwv, enlTpenoUv Tlv Ofeol (on line) enlKolvWv(O evOe XproTl fe OUTO OnO fOKplO. TeTolO oUoTrfOTO oUvOvTOfe oe eTOlpe(ee, opYOvlofoue, nOvenloTrflO, TpOneOee KOl OAAou. nOpOoe(YfOTO OnoTeAouv ol ATM TWv TpOneOwv, ol OYopee fe nloTWTlKee KOpTee, Unlpeo(ee nAlpoqOplole, K.O.

H ovofOo(O npoepXeTOl OnO To Inter Organization Systems. E(vOl UnoAoYloTl-KO oUoTrfOTO fe TO ono(O TO UnoKOTOoTrfOTO flOe eTOlpe(Oe r TpOneOOe e(vOl on line oUvoeoefevO fe To KevTplKO.

npoepXeTOl OnO TO OpXlKO ToU Electronic Data Interchange KOl npOKelTOl YlO Tlv lAeKTpovlKr OvTOAAOYr efnoplKwv oeoofevWv-eYYpOqWv fe npoKOSoplofevoUe TunoUe (format). Me OUTOv Tov TpOno flO eTOlpe(O fnope( vO oTeAvel TO nOpOoTOTlKO OnO Klvroele Tle -OnWe nWAroele, OYopee, elonpO�ele, K.O.- oe flO OAAl fe OUTOfOTl evlfepWol TWv oTolXe(Wv Tle.

AqopO Tlv lAeKTpovlKr OnooToAr KOl Arll flvUfOTWv (e-mails) OvOfeoO oe XproTee UnoAoYloTwv noU �p(oKovTOl oe o(KTUo KOl olOSeToUv lAeKTpovlKr oleuSUvol. LTl olfeplvr fopqr fnope( To frvUfO vO nepleXel onoloornoTe OpXe(o KOl vO Kolvonole(TOl oe noAAoue XproTee. H Unlpeo(O OUTr oUvOvTOTOl oe noAAO o(KTUO KOl lolO(TepO oTo blOo(KTUo.

npOKelTOl YlO Tl oUvOTOTlTO feTOqopOe OpXe(Wv feTO�u ouo olfe(Wv olKTuoU. H oUvOTOTlTO OUTr nOpeXeTOl oXeoOv oe KOSe o(KTUo KOl qUolKO oTo blOo(KTUo.

npOKelTOl YlO Unlpeo(O l ono(O enlTpenel Tlv enlKolvWv(O feTO�u XploTwv feoW evOe lAeKTpovlKou n(vOKO OvOKolvwoeWv (Bulletin Board Ser�ices BBS). KOSe XproTle fnope( vO oTe(Ael r vO olO�Ooel TO flvufOTO noU eXoUv oTe(Ael ol OAAol. AUTr l Unlpeo(O rTOv lolO(TepO olfoqlAre nplv Tlv e�OnAWol ToU blOolKTuoU KOl nOpe(Xe KOl OAAee oUvOTOTlTee OnWe feTOqopO OpXe(-Wv, eoWTeplKO lAeKTpovlKO TOXUopofe(o, K.O.

MlO OnO Tle ouYXpovee fopqee enlKolvWv(Oe, noU eXoUfe oel oe npolYoufevo KeqOAOlo, e(vOl l T'A&iIoaK&l'. blAOor l oUvolOoKell evOe OplSfou OTOfWv, fe feTOoool elKOvOe, rXoU KOl oeoofevWv oe npOYfOTlKO XpOvo. ilO vO e�eA(ooeTOl ofOAO flO TeTolO feTOoool, OnOlTe(TOl elolKOe e�onAlofOe -OnWe KOfepO, flKpOqWvo, KAn.- KOSwe KOl ouvoeol noU vO e�OoqOA(Oel UllAr KOl oTOSepr TOXuTlTO feTOqopOe oeoofevWv. MlO TeTolO ouvoeol enl-TUYXOveTOl e(Te fe OneUSe(Oe TlAenlKolvWvlOKr ouvoeol feTO�u TWv oUffe-TeXOvTWv (n.X. ISDN) e(Te feoW ToU blOolKTuoU.

'vO ouoTlfO evTonlofou Seole (�loral Positioning System -�PS) e(vOl ouoTlfO noU UnoAoY(Oel Tl Seol evOe OvTlKelfevoU oTlv enlqOvelO Tle Yle. AUTO enlTUYXOveTOl fe elolKee oUoKeUee, ol ono(ee fnopouv vO npooolop(ooUv Tl YeWYpOqlKr Seol oTlv ono(O �p(oKovTOl O�lonolwvTOe TO orfOTO noU oe-XovTOl OnO evO o(KTUo oopUqOpWv noU �p(oKovTOl YupW OnO Tl Yl YlO To oKonO OUTO. TO oUoTrfOTO OUTO e(vOl lolO(TepO XprolfO oTl vOUolnAo�O, oe fefovWfevO OTofO OAAO KOl YlO oTpOTlWTlKoue oKonoue.

EnIKOIVwV{ec - l{KTua - lIao{KTuO & lOTOOe.{oec

To blOo(KTUo e(vOl evO o(KTUo noU OnoTeAe(TOl OnO XlAlOoee o(KTUO KOSe fopqre, olOoKopnlofevO oe oAOKAlpl Tlv UopOYelo.

blfloUpYrSlKe oTl oeKOeT(O ToU �60, OTOv To VnoUpYe(o �fUvOe TWv H.n.A. (Department of Defence - DoD) OnoqOoloe Tlv KOTOoKeUr evOe olKTuoU Uno-AoYloTwv eTepoYevwv KOl oleonOpfevWv, To ono(o SO fnopouoe vO AelToUp-Ye( OKOfl KOl oTlv nep(nTWol noU fepoe ToU SO e(Xe KOTOoTpOqe( OnO nlSOvr noAeflKr qSopO. ilO vO Y(vel OUTO oUvOTO, enpene vO flv UnOpXel KevTplKO olfe(o OnO To ono(o vO e�OpTOTOl l AelToUpY(O ToU olKTuoU, evw SO enpene vO OvOOlTlSe( l KOTOAAlAl feSoooe, fe Tlv ono(O TO olOqopO olfe(O SO fnopouoOv vO oUveX(ooUv vO enlKolvWvouv feTO�u ToUe, eoTW KOl Ov KOnolo TfrfO rTOv eKTOe AelToUpY(Oe. To 1969, To DoD olfloupYloe evO TeTolo o(KTUo noU ovofOoTlKe ARPANET, fe �OolKr oUvOTOTlTO Tlv enlKolvWv(O ouo UnoAoYloTwv feoO OnO Tle onoleoornoTe, KOSe oTlYfr, olOSeolfee oUvoeoele.

LTlv OpXr To o(KTUo OnoTeAouvTOv OnO UnoAoYloTee KU�epvlTlKwv Unlpeolwv KOl nOvenloTlf(Wv TWv H.n.A. LTl oUveXelO, e�eA(XTlKe oe o(KTUo Ono-TeAoufevo OnO Ove�OpTlTO TonlKO o(KTUO UnoAoYloTwv olOqopeTlKre TeXvoAoY(Oe, eTOlpelwv, opYOvlofwv KOl OKOolfO'Kwv lopUfOTWv. Ol �OolKee Unlpeo(ee ToU rTOv l feTOqopO OpXe(Wv, To lAeKTpovlKO TOXUopofe(o KOl l OnofOKpUofevl ouvoeol. Ol Unlpeo(ee OUTee e�OKoAoUSouv vO e(vOl OnO Tle

�OolKee ToU blOolKTuoU KOl SO OvOqepSoufe ole�oolKO oe OUTee oTl oUve-XelO. To 1990 To AOPANET, feTovofOoTlKe oe Internet (oTO eAAlvlKO oUvlS(OeTOl

o Opoe .IoifKTUo) KOl fe To OvofO OUTO, OAAO fe oUveXe(e TeXvoAoYlKee e�eA(�ele, oUveX(Oel KOl orfepO.

ilO Tl ouvoeol TWv UnoAoYloTwv ToU olKTuoU XplolfonolrSlKe flO olKoYevelO OnO npWTOKoAAO enlKolvWv(Oe, l ono(O nporASe OnO To nOvenloTrflo Berkley Tle KOAlqOpvlO, fe �OolKOTepO To TCP KOl To IP, TO ono(O KOSop(OoUv

iaTopIK� oVoipol� 1969� olfloUpY(O AOPANET 1972� efqOvlol npo-YpOffOToe lAeKTpovlKou TOXUopofe(oU YlO To AOPANET 1979� OpX(Oel l Ael-ToUpY(O TWv usenet newsgroups, feTO�u TWv nOvenloTlf(Wv Duke KOl UNC 1982� eYKplol TWv npWToKOAAWv TCP/IP, We �OolKwv ToU AOPANET 1988� ouvoeol TWv npwTWv enlXelproe-Wv oTo o(KTUo 1989� KOTOoKeUr ToU nOYKOofloU loTou OnO Tov �YYAo Timothy Berners Lee oTo eA�eTlKO epeUvlTlKO epYOoTrplo CEON 1990� feTovofOo(O ToU AOPANET oe Internet, fe nArpee OvolYfO oe OAoUe 1991� efqOvlol TWv epYOAe(Wv OvOOrTlole KOl nAorYlole WAIS, Gopher KOl ToU WWW 1992� olfloUpY(O ToU opYOvlofou Internet Society (ISOC) 1993� efqOvlol ToU npoYpOffOToe nAorYlole MOSAIC 1995� en(olfl OvOKo(vWol Tle YAwooOe npoYpOffOTlofou �AVA OnO Tlv eTOlpe(O SUN Microsystems.

H TeXvoAoY(O ToU blOolKTuoU fnope( vO eqOpfooTe( KOl oe neoWTeplKO o(-KTUo» eTOlpelwv, opYOvlofwv, eKnOloeUTlKwv lopUfOTWv KOl OAAWv qopeWv, olfloUpYwvTOe evO KAeloTO o(KTUo, fe OAee oXeoOv Tle Unlpeo(ee ToU blOol-KTuoU. 'vO TeTolo o(KTUo ovofOOeTOl intranet� YvWp(Oel feYOAl OvOnTU�l KOl UloSeTe(TOl OAo KOl neplooOTepo. noAAee qopee oe evO intranet UnOpXel eAeYXOfevl npOo�Ool KOl OnO OTofO eKTOe ToU opYOvlofou r Tle eTOlpe(Oe oTlv ono(O OvrKel, onOTe AeYeTOl e�tranet. VnOpXoUv olOqopO en(neoO npOo�Oole oe evO extranet, TO ono(O neplAOf�OvoUv TOoo To e(ooe TWv XploTwv noU fnopouv vO eXoUv npOo�Ool oe OUTO, Ooo KOl To TfrfO ToU olKTuoU oTo ono(o ToUe enlTpeneTOl l npOo�Ool. 'vO extranet oUvrSWe e�UnlpeTe( Tle OvOYKee oUvepYOo(Oe feTO�u Tle eTOlpe(Oe r ToU opYOvlofou KOl e�WTeplKwv oUvepYOTwv ToUe. bev e(vOl nOvolKTO» oe onolovornoTe KOl fnope( e�WTeplKO vO oUvoeeTOl fe onoloornoTe OAAo o(KTUo, OpO KOl fe To blOo(KTUo.

To blOo(KTUo oev OKoAoUSe( To fovTeAo ToU OSI, flO KOl To AOPANET OnO To ono(o npoepXeTOl npoOnrp�e KOTO flO oeKOeT(O. Mnopoufe vO noufe OTl To fovTeAo ToU blOolKTuoU OnoTeAe(TOl OnO nevTe en(neoO KOl OXl enTO. AUTO

MlO eTOlpe(O, SO fnopouoe YlO nOpOoelYfO, vO olO-SeTel evO intranet oTo ono(o eXoUv npOo�Ool neAOTee Tle KOl vO enlTpenel Tlv nTonoSeTlol» nOpOYYeA(Oe OnO OUToue on-line, eXovTOe npOo�Ool oTo UnoouoTlfO nOpOYYeAlwv Tle.

EnIKOIVwV{ec - l{KTua - lIao{KTuO & lOTOOe.{oec

noU Ae(noUv e(vOl To en(neoo oUvOooU KOl To en(neoo nOpoUo(Oole, olAOor To nefnTo KOl To eKTo en(neoo. noAAee qopee To blOo(KTUo KOl TO o(KTUO intranet/extranet OvOqepovTOl We TCP/IP o(KTUO. H OvOqopO OUTr oXeT(OeTOl fe TO ouo npWTOKoAAO To TCP KOl To IP TO ono(O OvTloTolXouv nep(noU oTo en(neoo feTOqopOe KOl oTo en(neoo olKTuoU ToU fovTeAoU OSI.

O KOSe UnoAoYloTre noU e(vOl oUvoefevoe oTo blOo(KTUo, YlO vO OvOYvWp(OeTOl OnO ToUe OAAoUe, eXel f(O KOl fovOolKr nOYKoof(We oleuSUvol, noU KOAe(TOl IP iI&ueUVa' (IP address). VnOpXel evO lepOpXlKO oXrfO nOpOXwplole IP oleUSuvoeWv, To ono(o e�OoqOA(Oel OTl l IP oleuSUvol evOe UnoAoYloTr oev SO ooSe( KOl oe KOnolov OA-Ao. lepOpXlKO To KOSe en(neoo olOSeTel neploXee oleUSuvoeWv oTo OfeoWe enOfevO ToU, OnO OUTee noU eXel oTl olKOloooo(O ToU. Tlv eUSuvl oe npwTo en(neoo Tlv eXel o opYOvlofOe IANA (Internet Assigned Numrers Authority). Le oeuTepo en(neoo UnOpXoUv Tpele opYOvlofo( noU eXoUv Tlv eUSuvl TWv oleUSuvoeWv YlO Tlv Ao(O KOl Tov ElplvlKO (APNI� -Asia & Pacific Network Information �entre), YlO Tlv EUpwnl (RIPE -Reseau IP Europeens) KOl YlO Tlv AfeplKr (ARIN -American Registry for Internet Numrers). Le Tp(To en(neoo, TeAoe, Tlv eUSuvl eXoUv ol eSvlKo( nOpoXe(e blOolKTuoU. O KOSe qopeOe olOXelp(OeTOl evO UnoouvoAo TWv IP oleUSuvoeWv noU ToU nOpOXWpe( o OfeoWe OvwTepOe ToU. 'Tol Ov KOnoloe -eTOlpe(O, opYOvlofOe KAn.- SeAel vO oUvoeoel To o(KTUO ToU oTo blOo(KTUo KOl enofevWe XpelOOeTOl IP oleUSuv

oele YlO ToUe UnoAoYloTee ToU, SO npenel vO OneUSuveTOl oTov nOpo-XeO blOolKTuoU noU SO oUvoeSe( KOl o ono(oe, feoO OnO To nlo nOvW oXrfO, qpovT(Oel vO ToU OnoooSouv ol fovOolKee oleUSuvoele noU XpelOOeTOl. AUTO noU Y(veTOl e(vOl vO ToU nOpOXWpe(TOl evO UnoouvoAo IP oleUSuvoeWv KOl oTl oUveXelO e(vOl eUSuvl ToU olOXelploTr ToU TonlKou olKTuoU vO owoel Tle oleUSuvoele OUTee oe KOSe UnoAoYloTr.

H IP oleuSUvol oTl olfeplvr fopqr Tle e(vOl evOe OplSfOe TWv 32 rit (4 ryte). LUvrSWe nOploTOveTOl fe Tl fopqr xxx.yyy.zzz.kkk OnoU l KO-Se TplOoO e(vOl To OvT(oTolXo ryte eKqpOofevo oe oeKOolKr fopqr. ilO nOpOoelYfO l oleuSUvol 194.177.196.1 OvTloTolXe( oe UnoAoYloTr ToU olKTuoU Tle EAAlvlKre MOSlfOTlKre ETOlpe(Oe, evw l 194.177.193.129 oe UnoAoYloTr ToU olKTuoU ToU nOloOYWYlKou lvoTlTouToU. H pOYoO(O e�OnAWol ToU blOolKTuoU oorYloe OvOnOqeUKTO oTlv KOAUll evOe feYOAoU fepoUe OnO To ouvoAo TWv olOSeolfWv oleUSuvoeWv. 'Tol To npOTUno IPV4 TWv 32 rit (2³²oUvOTee oleUSuvoele) e�eA(ooeTOl oTo npOTUno IPV6 oTo ono(o npo�AeneTOl oleuSUvol TWv 128 rit (2¹²⁸oUvOTee oleUSuvoele).

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LTo blOo(KTUo oev XplolfonolouvTOl OAee ol oUvOTee IP oleUSuvoele. VnOpXoUv oUYKe-Kplfevee neploXee oleUSuvoeWv noU nOpOfevoUv eAeu-Sepee YlO Xprol oe KAeloTO IP - o(KTUO (Intranets).

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�l KOl eKfeTOAAeUol ToU blOolKTuoU. LKonOe ToUe e(vOl l nOpOKoAouSlol KOl l oleUKOAUvol Tle ofOAre OvOnTU�re ToU.

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EnIKOIVwV{ec - l{KTua - lIao{KTuO & lOTOOe.{oec

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'nWe OvOqepSlKe, oTo e�oofo en(neoo ToU npoTunoU OSI, �p(oKovTOl ol eqOpfoYee, olAOor To AoYloflKO noU KOvel nopOTO» To o(KTUo oTo XproTl. To blOo(KTUo olOSeTel evO feYOAo OplSfO OnO TeTolee eqOpfoYee, oplofevee OnO Tle ono(ee UnOpXoUv OnO Tlv enoXr ToU AOPANET, evw OAAee OvOnTu-XSlKOv OpYOTepO KOl �e�OlO oUveX(OoUv vO OvOnTuooovTOl. Ol eqOpfoYee ToU blOolKTuoU e(vOl oXeolOofevee fe �Ool To fovTeAo neAOTl-e�UnlpeTlTr. ilO KOSe Unlpeo(O UnOpXel flO eqOpfoYr noU eKTeAe(TOl oe KOnolov UnoAoYloTr KOl nOpeXel oUYKeKplfevee oUvOTOTlTee oTo XproTl, YlO nOpOoelYfO npooqepel TO npOKTlKO evOe oUveop(oU. AUTr l eqOpfoYr e(vOl o &�Um'p&T'T��. ilO vO nOpel KOnoloe TO npOKTlKO, npenel vO eKTeAeoel flO OAAl eqOpfoYr oTo olKO ToU UnoAoYloTr, feoW Tle ono(Oe SO oUvoeSe( fe Tov e�UnlpeTlTr, SO ToU OlTroel TO oUYKeKplfevO OpXe(O, woTe vO TO feTOqepel oTov Uno-AoYloTr ToU. AUTr l eqOpfoYr e(vOl o m&AoT'�. H enlKolvWv(O feTO�u neAOTl KOl e�UnlpeTlTr Y(veTOl fe Tl Xprol ToU KOTOAAlAoU mpwToKoAAoU� To ono(o Ono-TeAe( Tl nYAwooO oUvevvOlole» feTO�u TWv ouo eqOpfoYwv. Ol nlo �OolKee Unlpeo(ee ToU blOolKTuoU e(vOl ol OKOAoUSee.

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AtKallKI TlII	XapaKTIpac	AtKallKI TlII	XapaKTIpac	AtKallKI TlII	XapaKTIpac
32		64	@	96	,
33	!	65	A	97	a
34	"	66	B	98	b
35	#	67	C	99	c
36	$	68	D	100	d
37	%	69	E	101	e
38	&	70	F	102	f
39	,	71	G	103	9
40	(	72	H	104	h
41	)	73	l	105	i
42	*	74	J	106	j
43	+	75	K	107	k
44	,	76	L	108	l
45	-	77	M	109	m
46	.	78	N	110	�
47	/	79	O	111	o
48	0	80	P	112	P
49	1	81	Q	113	q
50	2	82	R	114	r
51	3	83	S	115	s
52	4	84	T	116	t
53	5	85	U	117	u
54	6	86	V	118	v
55	7	87	W	119	w
56	8	88	X	120	x
57	9	89	Y	121	Y
58	�	90	Z	122	z
59	;	91	[	123	{
60	<	92	\	124	I
62	=	93	1	125	}
62	>	94	^	126	~
63	?	95		127

AtKallKI TlII	XapaKTIpac	AtKallKI TlII	XapaKTIpac	AtKallKI TlII	XapaKTIpac
32		64	@	96	,
33	!	65	A	97	a
34	"	66	B	98	b
35	#	67	C	99	c
36	$	68	D	100	d
37	%	69	E	101	e
38	&	70	F	102	f
39	,	71	G	103	9
40	(	72	H	104	h
41	)	73	l	105	i
42	*	74	J	106	j
43	+	75	K	107	k
44	,	76	L	108	l
45	-	77	M	109	m
46	.	78	N	110	�
47	/	79	O	111	o
48	0	80	P	112	P
49	1	81	Q	113	q
50	2	82	R	114	r
51	3	83	S	115	s
52	4	84	T	116	t
53	5	85	U	117	u
54	6	86	V	118	v
55	7	87	W	119	w
56	8	88	X	120	x
57	9	89	Y	121	Y
58	�	90	Z	122	z
59	;	91	[	123	{
60	<	92	\	124	I
62	=	93	1	125	}
62	>	94	^	126	~
63	?	95		127

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AtKallKI TlII	XapaKTIpac	AtKallKI TlII	XapaKTIpac	AtKallKI TlII	XapaKTIpac
32		64	@	96	,
33	!	65	A	97	a
34	"	66	B	98	b
35	#	67	C	99	c
36	$	68	D	100	d
37	%	69	E	101	e
38	&	70	F	102	f
39	,	71	G	103	9
40	(	72	H	104	h
41	)	73	l	105	i
42	*	74	J	106	j
43	+	75	K	107	k
44	,	76	L	108	l
45	-	77	M	109	m
46	.	78	N	110	�
47	/	79	O	111	o
48	0	80	P	112	P
49	1	81	Q	113	q
50	2	82	R	114	r
51	3	83	S	115	s
52	4	84	T	116	t
53	5	85	U	117	u
54	6	86	V	118	v
55	7	87	W	119	w
56	8	88	X	120	x
57	9	89	Y	121	Y
58	�	90	Z	122	z
59	;	91	[	123	{
60	<	92	\	124	I
62	=	93	1	125	}
62	>	94	^	126	~
63	?	95		127